E. Privacy Concerns and Security Assurances
2.1 Opportunities of 5G Network for IoT Application
Wherewith of mobile technologies, several generational changes have taken place, transforming the mobile communication environment to the global collection of interconnected networks. Currently, the 5G network supports voice and video streaming and highly sophisticated telecommunication services around ten billion users, as well as more than one billion of interconnected devices. Why exactly 5G network? 5G mobile network offers new way to research. This covers a complete network design to establish MTC. In addition, 5G mobile networks offer applications with different operating parameters and efficient support characteristic, which provides high flexibility for setting up services. If compared to previous mobile network generations, the 5G network is a compound of advanced network technologies that developed until nowadays [11,48] (Table8.1).
The future of 5G technology will have unlimited possibilities on the delivery of information by any person and everything for the society and businesses, the technological environment, as well as the benefit of individuals at any time and always. 5G technology is basically a set of new technologies that require a large- scale upgrade of equipment/tools or devices compared to the previous generations.
This technology’s goal is to rely on the achievements of telecommunications systems. Additional technologies (e.g., combination of cloud and core technologies) used in most of the real radio connectivity are applied to provide large amounts of data traffic and other types of devices beneath various operating requirements in diverse 5G network supply conditions. Figure8.2illustrates the performance level based on 5G mobile technology required for the above requirements. The main idea of the global agreement is not only to create a new 5G radio technology but also to integrate a number of techniques, devices, and applications based on IoT [11,12, 14].
Compared to the previous generation technologies, the capabilities of 5G tech- nology in terms of IoT-rated performance are as follows:
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Table8.1Comparisontableof1G,2G,2.5G,3G,3.5G,4G,and5Gmobilenetworktechnologies[11] Network generationsDefinitionsApplicable technologiesBandwidth/speedValidityperiodFeatures 1GAnalogAMPS,NMT, TACSMaximum:14.4kb/s1981–1990Onlydesignedtotransmitaudiodataovera wirelessnetwork 2GNarrowband digitalcircuit data
TDMA,CDMAAverage:9.6or14.4 kb/s1991–2000Communicationchannelsarecompactedbya multiplexer,anddatacanbetransmitted throughasinglechannelwiththevoiceofmany users 2.5GPacketdata transmissionGPRSMaximum:171.2 kb/s Average:20–40kb/s
2001–2004Supportsinternetconnection.Multimedia servicesarethefirstnetworktoprovidedata flow,andwebbrowsingviamobilephonesis available 3GDigital broadband packetdata
CDMA2000(1× EVDO,RTT) EDGE,UMTS Maximal:3.1Mb/s Average:500–700 kb/s
2004–2005Providesmultimediaservicesthroughdataflow. Portabilityanduniversalconnectivity 3.5GFullypacket dataHSPAMaximal:14.4Mb/s O’rtacha:1–3Mb/s2006–2010Provideshighthroughputandspeedtosupport largeamountsofdata 4GDigital, broadband, packetdata communication
WiMAXLTE Wi-FiMaximum: 100–300Mb/s Average:3–5Mbps 100Mbps(Wi-Fi)
CurrentlyactiveHighspeedandaccuratedataflow.Supports real-timeHDvideoandaudiostreaming.Ithas moreimprovedportability 5GFullyIP-based networkMC-UWB, CDMA, LAS-CDMA, OFDM, Network-LMDS
WithgigabitsItiscurrentlyinuseCurrently,begantobeusedinsomecountries. Itprovidesmoreefficientbandwidthandhigher speed
Fig. 8.2 5G demand-side capabilities
• Connected devices number – 10–100×more
• User data transfer rate – 10–100×higher
• Mobile data volume through each area – 1000×more
• Battery life with low-power devices – 10×longer
• End-to-end latency – 5×reduced
One of the key challenges is how to take full advantage of such opportunities.
New-generation network technology (5G) mainly allows for a large number of connections. The evolving next-generation network has an important position in shaping different factors such as cost and security and long-term stability and should present connectivity to billions of users and IoT devices. Although it is necessary to establish a comprehensive environment for the 5G network, the use of thousands of applications and IoT devices is one of the key capabilities of the 5G network. The parameters developed by 5G-enabled IoT network technology include:
• Low latency
• Data integrity
• Data transmission
• Traffic capacity
• Smart communication
• Technology convergence
• Energy consumption
The network model of 5G matches to interconnected (ISO/OSI) levels of the open system, which simplifies the methods of connecting any IoT devices to this
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Fig. 8.3 The relationship of 5G open wireless architecture with OSI model [25]
network. Four main layers are used in the 5G network. Figure8.3shows the relative levels of the OSI and 5G network layers. The open wireless architecture by 5G mobile network matches to OSI’s physical layer, known as Layer I and Layer II, and the data connection layer or intermediate connection management (MAC) layer, respectively [23].
The second network layer of 5G is divided into two parts, the upper and lower network layer, which corresponds to the third layer of the OSI model. This layer is based on IP. Today, two versions of IP are used in the 5G network: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is widespread around the world, so it faces various challenges such as the limited number of addresses and the inability to fully provide quality of service (QoS) for each data stream. These problems are solved through IPv6, but its disadvantage is that the packet header is much larger. Also in this version, the mobility characteristic of the device remains problematic as always. The current mobile IP standard has multiple mobility solutions. Mobile IP is used in all 5G mobile networks. This feature allows mobile phones and IoT apps to connect to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time [28].