The sustainability and performance of the whole system can be improved by well- designed network architecture. The road towards industry 4.0 is on its way, and there are no other criteria, rules, and certifications to observe them so far. As CC is the key enabling technology for IoT architecture to evolve. Its integration into the current architecture of IoT still faces some problems. To achieve an efficient CC network, complex software applications and solutions are required [17]. In terms of main performance metrics, which are bandwidth utilization, energy consumption, low latency, maximum throughput, and resource management, the CC network will be analyzed [18,19]. Critical technical networking and communication challenges in the context of CC for IoT applications are listed in this section. They all have the potential for future research.
Energy Efficiency (Eeff) According to the specifications, many intelligent devices implementing an IoT application can consume a large amount of energy on a different order of magnitude. Ensuring network QoS with minimal energy consumption in an optimized way for smart IoT applications, fog nodes, and CC is an open challenge for any future IoT application to come [20].
Throughput (Tc) Bandwidth, data rate, and throughput or network depend on how much data has been used and where information is stored in a CC network. This data positioning has an impact on cost, bandwidth, delay, and network coverage on fog/edge devices or cloud data servers. One of the main technological challenges of CC-IoT architecture is the optimum positioning of data on cloud servers or fog/edge cloudlets [21].
Resource Allocation (Rcc) Features such as multi-tenancy, heterogeneity, scala- bility, and fast provisioning of resources must be included in Fog computing. For these conditions, resource allocation is the most critical obstacle. Hence for better network performance that has to be addressed by architecture like cloud computing.
It has consequences for all other parameters of QoS [22].
Latency (Lt) Real-time networking is a prerequisite for IoT applications. The application of IoT and CC are time-sensitive and require streaming rather than
batch processing in real-time. Customizable data center positioning, allocation of resources, system architectures, node energy usage, and node storage capacity have an impact on latency. The number of transmission, propagation, encoding, and queuing delays is the latency for a network. Devices with good channel conditions were among the features that could be used to minimize the latency of the transmission and increase the efficiency of thetransmission link[23].
Security (Sc) Security is a very important thread, as, over the open network, the cloud is open to the entire planet [24].
An uplink is a path from data communications equipment(transmission link:T- Link) to the network center with regard to computer networks. This is often referred to as an upstream link and vice versa for the downlink. Radio waves are used by the cell phone for communication. It does by converting the audio and information into digital signals and sends this as radio waves. It links first via a radio access network (RAN) in order for your mobile phone to connect to a network or the internet [25]. To link you to the cloud, wireless access networks use radio transceivers.
C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) is a centralized, cloud computing-based radio access network (RAN) infrastructure that allows for large-scale deployment, support for interactive radio technology, and virtualization capacities in real-time.
The “integration of computation with physical phenomena” is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) that uses sensors and actuators to connect computational systems to the physical realm. This is a new vision of “computing as a physical act” inspired by the current CPS, where the real world is controlled by sensors that relay sensing data to cyberspace, where cyber services and applications use information in real-time to influence the physical environment. The CPS can help individuals understand the physical setting and take optimal action in a wide range of applications: healthcare, transport, energy consumption, production, agriculture, emergency management, critical infrastructure. The features of cloud computing with cyber-physical systems improve the advantages of data processing and management.
A Cyber-Physical Cloud Computing (CPCC) architectural framework is there- fore defined as “a system environment that can dynamically create, change and provide cyber-physical systems composed of a collection of the sensor, control, processing and data services based on cloud computing [26].” The digitalization shift of the industry in Industry 4.0 needs research and development in all fields (intelligent cities, D2D connectivity, transportation, healthcare management system, etc.). These are all that belong to 5G based IoT domains, which have the same essential communication and networking issues/challenges. While CC has countless applications in several research areas, few notable applications have been mentioned in Table7.1in the respective IoT domain to gain an idea of the diverse usage of CC [27].The primary aim here is to achieve maximum benefits with efficient, optimized QoS based measurements using CC for the industrial/agricultural revolution [28]. In recent years, several writers/researchers have suggested solutions to communication and connectivity problems in order to leverage the advantages of using CC in all IoT domains, and the same is mentioned in Table7.1.
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Table 7.1 Existing methods and their comparison Ref. No
Area of the IoT
application Rcc Lt Eeff Tc Sc T-link Architecture
[29] Smart IoT devices – – Downlink CC
[30] VANETS – – – – Downlink CC
[31] Healthcare – – – Down and uplink CC
[31] Virtualized Passive optical
network(VPON)/5G
– – – – Down and uplink Radio Access
N/w + CC
[32] 5G Network – – Downlink CC
[33] IoT and security – – Routing CC
[34] Heterogeneous IoT application
– – – – Downlink CC
[35] Heterogeneous IoT application
– – – Downlink CC
[36] Security and microgrid – – – – – Downlink CC
[37] Microgrid – – – Downlink CC
[38] Smart city – – – – Downlink CC
[39] Smart City – – – Routing Cyber-
Physical System+CC [40] Secure and time saving
multimedia
– – – – Downlink CC
[41] Mobility+VANETs – – – – Downlink CC
[42] Mobility + Smart City – – – – – Radio Access
N/w and CC [43] Big data analytics and
security
– – – – – – CC
[44] Smart Home – – – – – – CC
[45] Smart city video applications
– – – – Routing CC
3 Case Studies for Cloud Computing 5G Based IoT Systems
3.1 5G Patrol Robots Made by G Gosunch Robot Co., Ltd, China for Controlling COVID-19 in Public Areas
For COVID 19 pandemic prevention, its inspection and to assist police officers of China, the scientists have come up with patrol robots using the technologies such as 5G, edge computing, and cloud computing [46]. As the primary symptom of the disease is high temperature. Hence the robots are armed with the high- resolution cameras (a total of five cameras) and infrared red thermometer capable of measuring the temperature of the ten peoples simultaneously within a radius of 5–6 m. Doing these things physically/manually will lead to potential health threats and public safety will be exposed. If the conditions such as high temperature and
Fig. 7.4 Shopping mall security automation through 5G based robots
a person without the mask are identified, then the robot will send the alert to the concerned authorities (the central control system for making a real-time decision based on the responses). These robots can be handled through remotes and are self-driven and reduce the need for manpower and patrolling responsibilities too.
The same is depicted in Fig.7.4. There are various demands of such 5G based robots in every corner of the world and have already been spotted in areas such as shopping malls and airports. The technologies that these 5G robots will use are Big data, Cloud Computing, edge computing, AI, and IoT. By combining these aforementioned technologies, the robots can sense, do autonomous motion control, dynamic decision-making, and can do behavioral penetration and sensing.
To take action at run time the 5G patrol robots are power-driven by industrial edge computing (high performance-MIC-770 and is equipped with eighth Generation Intel Core i and aimed at IoT applications using GPU iModule i.e. MIC-75G20). The industrial-grade edge computer combined with MIC-75G20 GPU iModule delivers a high-performance system for AI inference and training. Its cast aluminum heatsink and ruggedized chassis protect against shock and vibration, the passive thermal solution ensures silent setup.
3.2 5G Based IoT and Smart Cities Healthcare Systems
The impenetrable population of the cities stretches the healthcare services during any pandemic and can speed up the blow-out of the disease, such as COVID-19.
How will the technology become a shield for this? The answer is to go with 5G
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and IoT technology, which will reduce the workforce and avoid the necessity for the human being while reducing its physical presence. These technologies will improve the monitoring capabilities of the health of city populations, and the services will have a reduced response time in emergencies. The following case study will focus on working of this.
The impact of 5G based IoT system on medical healthcare will be of great use [47]. Through 5G and the IoT devices, the healthcare benefactors can gather health-related data from the patients immediately and monitor their conditions for preventive and personalized care. This can be used for training junior doctors for doing surgery through AR/VR with high bandwidth 5G and low latency. The replacement of the wired connections in the operating theatres could be replace with the powerful, secure wireless connections of 5G and low latency. The other usages are to enrich the remote real-time diagnostics by delivering good quality video using 5G. The 5G based network with high bandwidth connectivity and low latency can be used in robotics technologies for dispensing medicines, support for diagnostics, and even for performing surgery. The usages of cloud connectivity will support for doing data analytics across the records of the medical information. This information will contain data about the CT scans and can help with treatment prioritization.
Figure7.5reflects about the information on various health parameters of the patients is detected using the wireless IoT devices and the information’s are collected and passed to the cloud with the help of 5G technology [48]. The doctors and other services will be connected to the cloud for doing their operations based upon the intelligent decision made through data analysis.
3.3 5G Smart Industries Development and Production:
Managing Its Utility and Energy
The production environments in the present era are in extreme volatility state;
because of the product lifecycle and shorter business, the manufacturing industries around the world are under extreme pressure. As the components increasingly become more complex and varied to produce; which in turn shows that the margins are being squeezed. As the conditions of workforces are being matured, this becomes costlier to maintain [49]. The 5G based IoT and cloud computing can solve these problems to an extent and are being discussed here. The edge computing will enable conveniences to scale the number of deployed platforms, connected devices, and real-time data analytics. The last mile fiber can be replaced with the 5G network, which will result in a cost-effective and flexible approach. For the reduction or avoiding failures, the 5G based microrobots could accomplish the sensor’s inspection and share data in real-time for reducing cost and fault prevention. For security enhancement cybersecurity facilities that safeguard the large information and to be implemented in collaboration with the partners of securities. The greater control can be achieved through running private networks to
Fig. 7.5 5G-IoT and Healthcare systems
provide better utility and control. The demanding Service level agreements (SLAs) must be incorporated for the adaption of the 5G and trusted data services. For the management of cybersecurity and increasing volume of information (the veracity of data), 5G wireless networks are required. The market-oriented computing works
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in collaboration with the utilities of the operators to provide platforms for energy administration [50].