NGUYEN TAC GIAO DUC !
2. HE THONG CAC NGUYEN TAC GIAO DUG
2.2. Giao due tri tue (tri due)
Tri due Id hoat dong gido due trong do nhd gido due to chvtc edc hoat dgng eho hoc sinh chie'm linh he thong tri thiCc vdn hod, khoa hoe ki thuat vd Idm phat trien cde ki ndng, ki xdo tiCdng ling, phat trien tri lUe vd ndng liXe hog,t dgng tri tue eua hge sinh. /: h V ' u : <>^':: M : v li
V i e c giao due t r i tue ngay nay khong con dien ra theo jiieu t r u y e n t h u mot chieu tif giao vien den hge sinh ma do la qua t r i n h giao vien thong qua to ehiic cac hoat dgng de ngudi j^oc tiJ m i n h chiem iTnh he thong t r i t h i i c , k i nang, k i xao.
N g u o n t r i thiic, k i nang, k i xao ma ngiidi hge c6 diJdc zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
C l i n g k h o n g eon duy nhat i\i phia thay giao, tif phia nha
trifdng m a tii r a t nhieu n g u o n khae n h a u do s\l phat t r i e n ciia khoa hge k i t h u a t , dac biet la s i i phat t r i e n ciia cong nghe thong t i n . . _ ,
2.2.2.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA V nghTa cua giao due tri tue T r i due la bg phan cau t h a n h quan t r g n g ciia nen giao due toan dien. T r i due la k h a u quan t r g n g de thUe hien muc dich giao due n h a m dao tao cho xa hgi ngay cang nhieu n h a n tai CO chat lUdng. T r i due khong ehi d d n t h u a n la t r u y e n t h u t r i thiic eho hge sinh ma lay do la t r u n g gian de phat t r i e n t r i tue va boi dUdng nang lUc hoat dgng t r i tue cho hge sinh.
T r i due c6 n h i e m v u quan t r g n g la l a m phat t r i e n nang lUc va p h a m chat t r i tue, dac biet la nang \\ic t i i duy doe lap sang tao, t r e n cd sd do h i n h t h a n h the gidi quan khoa hge, gop phan phat t r i e n n h a n each cho hoc s i n h .
T r o n g dieu k i e n xa hgi ngay nay, k h i khoa hge k i t h u a t phat t r i e n n h i J v i i bao, viec t r u y e n t h u t r i thiic, boi d i i d n g t r i Ivtc CO y nghia r a t quan t r g n g do'i v6i sU phat t r i e n eua t i i n g ca n h a n va xa hgi loai ngifdi. T r i due la bien phap hieu qua de xa hgi phat t r i e n van m i n h . nang cao to'chat dan toe; la bg phan cau t h a n h hat nhan ciia nen giao due phat t r i e n toan dien; la nen tang, ed sd va la bao dam can ban eho s i i phat trien t a m sinh l i va trifcing thanh l a n h m a n h ciia hge sinh.
2.2.3. Nhiem vu va noi dung cua giao due tri tue
Tri due la mot t r o n g n h i i n g yeu to q u a n t r o n g de thiic h i e n muc dich giao due. Giao due tri t u e eo vai tro to 16n do'i
v6i viec t h u c h i e n dao tao n h a n tai cho d a t nu'dc. N h i e m vu zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA clia giao due t r i t u ezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA \\ia la x u a t p h a t diem viia la yeu cau
cau cd ban t r o n g nha trUdng. N h i e m vu cd ban cua giao due tri tue la to chiic cac h o a t dong de ngiidi hoc chiem linh he t h o n g t r i thiic v a n hoa khoa hoc cd b a n , h i n h t h a n h ki n a n g , ki xao tifdng ling va p h a t t r i e n t r i life cho ho.
Viec giao due t r i t u e cho hoc sinh khong chi di§n ra t r o n g p h a m vi nha trifdng m a con dien ra t r o n g t o a n bo cac hoat dong va cac moi q u a n he cua con ngUdi trong euoc song.
Do do, nha triJdng can p h a i boi diidng, thiic day stf p h a t t r i e n t r i t u e cho hoc sinh t r o n g moi moi truldng giao due.
Giao due pho t h o n g la giai doan d a t n e n t a n g cd sci, noi d u n g giao due t r i t u e bao gom mot s o ' m a t sau:
- T r a n g hi cho hoc s i n h t r i thiic cd s6 ciia cac mon khoa hoe t^l n h i e n , k h o a hoc xa hoi va k h o a hoc t u duy. T r o n g nha trUdng, viec t r u y e n t h u tri thiie khoa hoc cho hoc s m h dUdc can eii t r e n dac diem liia tuoi, t r i n h do tri thiic va quy l u a t n a m viing tri thiic cua hoc sinh. Day ciing la n e n t a n g de hoc s i n h tiep tue hoc len cao va cho cong viec s a u nay. Tri thiic n e n t a n g ma n h a triidng can t r u y e n t h u tdi hoc sinh chu yeu t h e hien d bai giang, d giao t r i n h cac mon hoc, t r o n g do p h a n a n h nhiing tri thiic cd b a n n h a t ve tii nhien, xa hoi va tii duy.
N a m viing tri thiic van hoa, khoa hoc d triidng pho thong la cd sc! de hoc t a p len tiep bae cao hdn, hoac chuaJn bi to't de biidc vao ddi song xa hoi. Xa hoi hien dai khong chi yeu cau ve khoa hoc ki t h u a t ma doi hoi ve van hoa t m h t h a n ciing ngay
cang cao. Vi vay giang day va hoc t a p b a t buoc t a t ca cac mon }ioc doi vdi hoc sinh la v6 ciing q u a n trong.
- H i n h t h a n h ki n a n g h o a t dong t r i t u e cd b a n cho hoc ginh. Ki n a n g diJde h i n h t h a n h t h o n g q u a luyen t a p , bao g6m: ki n a n g dong t a c va ki n a n g t r i liie. Ki n a n g t r i liic la phiidng thiic h o a t dong t r i lUc nhd vao ngon ngii noi bo t r o n g nao, nhii viet doan van, doc bai, l a m bai t a p . . . deu la phifdng thiic h o a t dong t r i liic. B i n h thifdng n h i i n g sach lifdc m a con ngUdi s\i d u n g k h i n h a n thiic v a n de h a y giai quyet v a n de cung la mot d a n g h i n h thiic b i e u h i e n cua ki n a n g t r i liic. Ki n a n g t r i liic chii yeu difdc thiic h i e n nhd vao ngon ngii noi bo.
Vi vay, ngon ngii noi bo c6 vai tro dac biet q u a n t r o n g t r o n g sij h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n cua ki n a n g t r i liic. Ki n a n g dong tac chi r a phiidng thilc v a n dong b a t ki phii hdp v6i quy tie yeu c^u cua cac v a n dong cd t h e ngoai nao. Vi du viet chii, di lai, bdi loi, t h e due, d a n h bong h a y t r o n g trot, c a n h tac v.v... Ki n a n g qua l u y e n t a p n h i e u Ian, c6 he t h o n g se h i n h t h a n h n e n phUdng thiic dong tac tii dong hoa h a y con goi la ki xao hoac t h u a n t h u c t h a n h thoi quen. Ren luyen ki n a n g va ki xao la phKdng thiic h a n h vi k h o n g t h e t h i e u t r o n g hoe t a p va cac h o a t dong k h a c ciia hoc s in h . ' '
H i n h t h a n h ki n a n g va n S m viing tri thiic c6 moi lien he m a t t h i e t v6i n h a u . Viec h i n h t h a n h ki n a n g p h a i diia t r e n nen t a n g t r i thiic n h a t d i n h va khi da nkm viing ki n a n g n h a t dinh lai tao dieu k i e n de hoc t a p c6 h i e u q u a cao hdn, chiing thiic day l l n n h a u . T r o n g giang day tri thiic cac mon khoa hoc, song song v6i viec t r u y e n t h u t r i thiic can hif6ng dan hoc s i n h ling d u n g t r i thiic vao thiic te, to chiic cac k i e u luyen t a p , bai t a p , t i e n h a n h cac k i e u r e n luyen de h i n h t h a n h ki n a n g cd b a n tiidng iing. ' •
- Phat t r i e n t r izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA \\ic hoc s i n h : la n h i e m v u quan t r o n g cua giao due t r i tue, dieu nay chii yeu the hien d viec boi dUdng
nang lUc quan sat, nang lUc g h i nhd, nang liJc tUdng tUdng, t u duy va nang Ivfc t u hoc cho hoc s i n h . Phat t r i e n t r i lUc hoc s i n h khong chi la yeu cau hoc tap ma con la yeu cau cap t h i e t l a m cho hoc s i n h c6 the t h l c h i i n g v6i sU phat t r i e n cua khoa hoc k ! t h u a t hien dai cua san xuat va t h l c h dng vdi cuoc song xa hoi diJdng dai. Ngay nay, toe do phat t r i e n khoa hoe k i t h u a t r a t n h a n h , luon c6 sU t h a y doi 16n d i n t d i nen san xuat hien dai phat t r i e n n h a n h chong. Cong nghe san xuat mdi, san pham mdi khong ngiing xuat hien, nhieu nganh nghe mdi xuat hien, d i n den ket qua t a t yeu la nganh nghe lao dong bien doi n h a n h , doi hoi ngiidi lao dong p h a i eo kha nang t h i c h ling diide vdi siJ bien doi do, giao due can phai dao tao mot 16p ngUdi mdi eo nang lUc t h i c h iing cao va nang IvLc hoc hoi cao. Phat t r i e n t r i l\ic la bien phap quan trong nang cao nang l\ic t h i c h iing. V i vay, t r i due phai hudng vao viec phat t r i e n t r i lUc hoe sinh, boi difOng cho hoc sinh nang lUe tvf hoc, t h o i quen t\i hoc mang dac t r i i n g va y nghia thdi dai.
De phat t r i e n t r i lUe cho hoc sinh chung ta p h a i ren luyen cac thao tac t r i tue cho cac em. Cae thao tae t r i tue can ren luyen n h u p h a n t i c h , l o n g hdp, t r i f u tifdng hoa, k h a i quat hoa, so sanh... Ngoai r a , chung ta cCing can p h a i h i n h t h a n h cac p h a m chat t r i tue cho cae em n h i i t i n h mem deo.
t i n h l i n h boat, t i n h doe lap, t i n h phe phan, t i n h sang tao, t i n h n h a t q u a n . . . N h d c6 t r i thiic phat t r i e n cac thao tae va cac pham chat t r i tue, cac em se phat t r i e n t r i lUc cua m i n h .
Tom l a i ba yeu to': t r u y e n t h u t r i thijfc, boi dUdng k i nang va phat t r i e n t r i lUc vufa l i e n he mat t h i e t vdi nhau vvfa c6 s\i
Ifhac biet. Hoc tap, n a m v i i n g t r i thiie va k i nang n h a t d i n h la t i e n de cho t r i lue p h a t t r i e n . T r i lUc dUdc ren luyen va phat t r i e n t r o n g qua t r i n h hoc tap, nam v i i n g t r i thiic, k i nang, van d u n g t r i thiic vao thiJc te. Tich luy va p h a t t r i e n nang, t r i thiic k h o n g dong nghia vdi t r i lUc, k h o n g the lay truyen t h u t r i thiic, boi diidng k i nang de t h a y the phat t r i e n t r i liic. Giao v i e n t r o n g qua t r i n h t r u y e n t h u t r i thiie, boi diidng k i n a n g can v a n d u n g c6 muc dich, c6 ke hoaeh, nguyen tic, p h i i d n g phap day hoe k i e u phat hien, bien day hoc k i e u t a i h i e n t h a n h day hoe k i e u sang tao de boi diidng,
phat t r i e n n a n g l i i e quan sat, g h i nhd, tiidng tiidng vazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA t U duy cua hoc s i n h . T r o n g qua t r i n h t r u y e n dat k h a i n i e m , p h a n
tich nguyen l i , l u a n chiing, nguyen t a c . . . cin boi diidng, p h a t trien c6 muc dich nang liic p h a n t i c h , tong hdp, t r i i u t i i d n g hoa, k h a i quat hoa, p h a n doan cho hoc s i n h . Can r e n l u y e n cho hoe s i n h biet t U hoe, biet n a n g cao nang l i i c t U hoc. Can giup cho hoc s i n h n a m v i i n g p h i i d n g phap t i i hoc n h i i h i i d n g d i n cho hoc s i n h sxi d u n g sach, cong cu hoe tap, hoc each g h i chep, t i m t a i l i e u t h a m khao, t h u thap va c h i n h l i t i i l i e u . . . 2.2.4. Cac con dwdng giao due tri tue
Co r a t n h i e u con diidng va p h U d n g t i e n de giao due t r i tue cho hoc s i n h n h i i thong qua lao dong san xuat, v u i chdi giai t r i , the due the thao, t h a m quan du l i c h . . . , n h i i n g quan trong hdn ca l a thong qua day hoc. Co the noi day hoc la con dUdng hieu qua va dac t r i i n g ciia giao due t r i tue.
Ngay n a y , nhd s i i p h a t t r i e n cua khoa hoe k i t h u a t va Cong nghe viec g i a o due t r i t u e cho hoc sinh c6 the dien r a inoi n d i m o i lue. Sii ra ddi ciia n h i e u phiidng t i e n hoc tap hien dai n h i i sach dien t i i . cac chddng t r i n h phan mem t i n
hoc p h u c v u hoc ta p . . . d a h o trOzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA d h c la c ch o con g ta c g ia o du e t r i tu e . C u n g c h i n h n h d sU ho trO cu a cac p h U d n g t i e n hoc
ta p m a h i n h th i l c g ia o d u e tzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA\ X xa n g a y c a n g p h a t t r i e n , ta o r a m o t xa h o i hoc ta p va g i u p eho m o i n g U d i eo th e hoc l i e n tu e
va hoe s u ot d d i. j , . .,y: y,;,,