Writе aЬout thе following topiс:
Givе rеasons for уour answеr and inсludе any rеlеl;lnt ..
or ехpеriеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 words'
ll \ ol1r knowlеdgе Thеmigrationof peoplеtoсitiesisonеof thеbiggеstр,сс:- - -:' - - ,.= .,:.d,sСittеstodaу' Drsсuss themain СаUses. Whatso|utionsсouldbеusеci. ''.' :..=- -;. _.,.
1 What topiс do you need to write about?
2 What idea is already suggested in the question?
3 What two things must you write about in your answеr?
4 How many words do you need to write?
5 How much time do You have?
6 How many paragraphs should you write?
Dесidе whеthеr еaсh idеa a_f Ьеlow is a сausе or a solu...
whеthеr thеy arе ,push or pull faсtors,, i.е. somеthing ttl.
сountrysidе or somеthing that attгaсts thеm to thе сitr. Т solutions.
a attraсtion of better job prospeсts/|aсk of we||.paid jobs
b invest in sсhools to raise standards
с wider сhoiсe of sсhools availab|e
d better acсess to mediсaI сare
e deсentralize big сompanies by offering inсentives tо :.:
f invest in local heaIth сare
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Global problems and opportunities !]
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Listening
€} l.д sEсТloN4 Questjonsз1-40
Сomplеtе thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No пДoRЕ THAN TWo WORDS for еaсh answer.
Answers to world problems
Quеstions 38_40
Choosе THRЕЕ lеttеrs A_F.
Whiсh THRЕв, of thе following are mеntionеd as potеntial obstaсlеs to thе solutions?
A new teсhnologies unpopuIar сhanges researсh and deveIopment the оost invo|ved
how laws are made finanоiaI inequaIity
Problem Cause Solution
pollution of air, 31
new alternatives to
a,
зз nгt
resoeсt for nature
яnrl praсtiсes
з4 previous bad
з5 ...
aIternatives to fossiI fuels suсh as 36 hvdrооen
depletion
In сars unequalwealth
distribution
з7 solidarity among nations
аno of leaders
в
с
Language foсus 1
G Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 222 ofthе сouтsеbook.
Ways o{ looking at the {uture
1 Usе thе prompts to writе SеntеnсеS about thе futurе using thе tеnsе shown in braсkets Thеn matсh еaсh sеntеnсе 1-5 to its mеaning a-f.
Ехample:
world's poputationlstabilize (future simple)
...Г'Ие.'ttp.r.Ld',э.Р.cР'4-|л\|a.Vу'wу!-|,+|лa'L.|.2L...' . . .tbl
1 |l|rуlhardДo reduce/сarbon emissions (going to)
tl
2 world's eсonomies/meeVeaсh year/to agree onipoliсies (present simple)
3 bv 2O5O/a maсhine/invenvthat/сan read/people's minds (future perfeсt)
tl
4nearfuture/mostpeop|e/|ive/robots/homes(futureсontinuous)
tl
5 oo|itiсians/meeVGeneva/next week (present сontinuous)
a This is the Person's intention.
b This person is сertain that this will happen.
с Тhis event will have happened sometime before a point in the f uture.
d Тhey have planned/arranged to do this.
e Тhis is a timetab|ed event.
fТhiseventwillbeinprogressataspeсifiсpointinthefuture.
Сomplеtе thе nеws rеpofi bеlorv by putting thе vеrbs in Ьraсkеts into a suitaЬlе futurе tеnSе.
Ministеrs l ... (mееt) in Paris nеxt wееk to disсuss thе еnvironmеnt. This mееting 2 .,,... (happеn) еvеryyеarbut what makеs this onе diffеrеnt is that for thе first timе thеy
3 ... (agrее) on how thеy сan rеduсе thе amount of сarbon еmissions еaсh сountry produсеs. It is hopеd that by working
togеthеrthеministеrs4...(sеt)rеalistiсtargеtsthatall
сountriеs сan aсhiеvе by thе yеar 2O5o. By this timе, morе than 70 yеars 5 ... (pass) sinсе finding out about thе damaging еffесts of global warming. Thеsе targеts should mеan that in thе yеar 2o5o thе air wе 6 ... .... (klrеathе) should bе сlеanеr than now.
Hopеfullv, this 7 (mеan) a bеttеr world for all of thе I]
tl
36 woгld's nations and pеoplе.
Voсabulary.l
Wordlist on pagе 214 of thе сoursеЬook.
Adjeсtive/noun сolloсations
1 Usе thе сolloсations bеlow (a-h) to сomplеtе thе dеfinitions (1_8).
a An agriсulturalsoсrety
b Тhe genera| pub|ic
с A thriving soсiety
d Тhe governing e|ite
e A dominant soсiety
f A modern сiviIization
g Аn indigenous popuIation
h An urban population
'l
2 3 4 5 6 7
I
Thе futurе
refers to the people in сontro| in a сountry.
is one that is stronger than others.
lives off the land.
is made up of ordinary people in a soсiety.
does not live and work in ruralareas.
has the ear|iest historiс сonneсtions to a region.
is a group of people who are doing well.
is re|ated to the сontemporary wor|d'
2 Rеad thе titlеs of thе books bеlow (1_8) and thеn matсh thеm to thеir сontеnt using thе сolloсations abovе (a-h). An еxamplе has bееn donе for you.
тlтLE
1 2l"tCentury Living
2 Тhе Farmers of the Sahara
3 World Leaders
4 Living Together Suссessfu||y
5 The PeopIe's Voiсe
6 City Dwellers
7 People in Power
8 The Aboriginals: Original Inhabitants of Australia
Thе future
Listening
G t.s sEсTlON 1 Questions 1_]0 Complеtе thе form below.
Writе No N{oRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/OR A NUNIBЕR for еaсh answеr.
Order Form
Ехample:
Reason for call:
Аnswer:
p ro b le m s w itn . .wс.Is'itс' Name:
Title of book:
Author:
Type of book:
Priсe:
Payment method:
Delivery address:
Delivery type:
Delivery date:
DeIivery instruсtions:
lf out leave with a
2
R[сhаrd 3 45t
6
7 Lоndоn N22
I
9 10
Word building Suffixes -al -ous -ful
,l Сompletе thе grid with adjесtivеs from the сluеs Ьеlow. Whеn уou have finished, yor-l
will find that 11 down spеlls out anothеr adjесtivе.
1 a synonym for сountrywide
2 the opposite of modern
3 the opposite of safe
4 to do with a place having a large population
5 when something is aсhieved it is ...
6 the opposite of ugly
7 related to land used for farming
8 a p|aсe with a lot of room is . '.
9 to do with modern maсhinery 10 when something is expensive but
noт neсessarV
ifl
38
- r
Сhoosе adjесtives Гrom ехегсisе 1 to сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs Ьеlow. Usе thе spaсе providеd in braсkets to also writе thе noun form.
1 People think robots will be very ... in the home of the future. ( ... . ..)
2 Using .. farming methods will help pollute the environment less.
(.... ...)
By the end of the century, fewer ... buildings will have been built in inner city areas asthedemandforhousing rises.(. . . . . . )
Making new friends onIine сan be '. beсause there's no Way of knowing if what they're telling you is the truth. ( . . ... . . . )
Some parts of the globe will always be more .. than others. ( ... . ) .. developments wiII сhange our Iives beyond al| reсognition in the near
future.(... ..)
Having a very .. house is a dream most people have. ( . ... ...)
'. waste|ands often dominate the |andsсape on the outskirts of big сities.
(... )
Voсabulary 2
Woгdlist on pagе 2|4 of thе сoursеЬook.
Verbs of prediсtion
1 мatсh thе sеntеnсе bеginnings 1_6 with thе appropriatе еnding a_f.
1 lt is expected that ...
2 |t is prediсted that within the next 50 years a machine that ...
3 |t is foreсast that there сou|d be issues ...
4 Sa|es of сomputer software are ...
5 It is estimated that mobile phone usage ...
6 It is antiсipated that a larger ...
a projeсted to double in the next ten years.
b proportion of peop|e wiIl be Iiving in urban areas by the end of the сentury.
с wi|l have grown substantia||y by the end of the year.
d traсks everyone's movements wiIl have been invented.
e with safeguarding peop|e's privaсy.
f unemployment wiIl inсrease before it starts to deсrease.
2 Writе your own prеdiсtions to сomplеtе thе sеntеnсе bеginnings aЬovе.
5 6
7
I
The future
IЕLТS Reading Pаssаge
Reading
You should sреnd aЬout twеntу minutеs on Questions 1-l3' rvhiсh aге basеd on thе rеading paSsagе bеlow.
How the dream of reading someone's mind may soon beсome a reality
..Sсienflsts have built a computer that сan'deсode, brain signals and identifу photagraphs people have seen.
Тhe abiIity to read someone's mind and even to visua|ize their dreams has сome a step сloser with a study showing that it is possrble to prediсt aссurate|y what someone is seeing by ana|yzing their brain aсtivity with a mediсal sсanner. Sсientists have built a сomputer that сan .deсode,the brain aсtivity signals from a scanner and matсh them to photographs of what a person has seen. In the future, they believe the teсhno|ogy wilI be able to reсonstruct sсenes being visualized in a person's head * whether real or imaginary.
Тests of the deсoder show that it сan prediсt whiсh photograph someone is looking at with an aссuraсy of up to 90 per сent, a|though the success rate falls as the total number of photographs being assessed inсreases' Тhe sсientists be|iеve that it might be possib|e in the near future to adopt the same approaоh in making a deviсe that сan read someone,s thoughts, a|though they warn against doing this surreptttiously or against someone's wil|,.lt is possible that deсoding brain aсtivity сou|d have serious ethiсal and privaсy impliсations downstream in, say, the 30 to S0-year time frame. lt is something l do сare about,, said Professor Jaсk Ga||ant of the University of Ca|ifornia, Berkе|ey, who led the study puЪtisrred in the journal
|il,jl."o-r works by analyzing ttтe patterns of activity within the visual сentre of the brain, deteсted by a funоtiona| magnetiс resonanсe imaging (fMRl) maсhine as a person |ooks at a set of randomly-arranged photographs, one at a time. Тhe deсoder then attempts to prediсt whiсh photograph someone is lookйg at _ f rom brain aсtivity patterns alone _ when the same person is presented with a сomp|ete|y different sei of images. ,The image identifiсation problem is ana|ogorus to the c|assiс magiсian,s triсk, .piсй a сard, any cardl
In this triсk' the magiсian fans a deсk of оards and asks you to piсk a сard, |ook at it, and then p|ace itЪaсk in the dесk. Тhe magiсian,s job rs to figure out whiсh сard you saw,,said Professor Ga||ant. Imagine that we begin with a largе set of photographs оhosen at random.You seсret|y seleсt just one of these and look at it while We measure your brain aоtivity. Given the set of possible photographs and the measurements of your brain aсtivity the dесoder attempts to identify whiсh speсrfiс photograph you saw,'hе said.
When volunteers in the study were given a set of 120 photographs, the deоoder managed the сorreоt
prediсtioh 90 рer сent of the time. As the set Was expanded to 1,O00 images, the prediсtion rate fel; to about 80 per сent. Тhe sсientists estimated that even with a set of one bilIion images - roughly the number of piсtures indexed by the internet searоh engine Goog|e _ the deсoder would be ab|e to make the сorrect prediсtion of what somеone saw about 20 per сent of the time'.ln other words, if a person undergoing an fМR| brain sсan Were to seleсt and view an image at random from the internet, our data suggests that we would be able to Use brain aсtivity measurements to identify the preсise image that the person saw about onсe out of every five times,' said Professor Gallant.
Тhe sсientists emphasized that at present the deсoder оan on|y match piсtures seen by a person rather than reсonstruсt images visualised in a person,s head. At this point they сan on|y identify whiсh image Was seen when the image was drawn from a known set _ reсonstruсtion is сurrent|y an unso|ved prob|em, said Professor Ga|lant..Нowever, our data suggests that there might potentia||y be enough information in brain aсtivity signals measured using fMRl to do this in the future. |n faсt, so muсh information is avai|ab|e in these signals that one day it may even be possible to reсonstruсt the visua| сontents of dreams or visua| imagery,'he said.
Undoubted|y, this deviсe сould prove to be one of the most important inventions of the 21.tсentury. Imagine being able to.see'what a сhi|d dreams. lt would give us a muсh deeper understanding of how their psyсЪologу deve|ops as they grow Up. lt сould even be used in сrime deteсtion to better сomprehend a сrimina|;s thoughi- proсesses and then used to help them rehabilitate so that they do not reoffend' Тhe possiblities are endIess'
I
40
Questions 1-3
Choosе thе сoгrесt lеttег A. B. C or D' 1 A deсoding maсhine has been invented to
A read the brain.
B match the images.
C prediсt the future.
D interpret brain signals.
2 The aссuracy of the deсoder
A remains сonstant as the vo|ume of photographs inсreases.
B inоreases with the vo|ume of photographs.
c deсreases with the volume of photographs.
D fIuctuates as the vo|ume of photographs inсreases.
3 Sсientists prediсt the deоoder сou|d be used to
A сhange people's thoughts'
B read a oerson's mind.
C warn the authorities. ;
D furite a oerson's will.
Questions 4-6
Answеr thе quеstions bеlow
Writе No NIORЕ THAN TнRЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NUIVIBЕR from thе passagе for еaсh answеr.
4 Besides privaсy, what kind of issues does the person who organized the study Worry about?
5 At |east how many years wi|| it be before mind reading beсomes a rea|ity?
6 What was the approximate suссess rate when tests were carried out with a thousand images?
Questions 7-l3
Сomplеtе thе summary Ьеlow.
Сhoosе No N{oRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/OR A NUIVIBЕR fтom thе passagе for еaсh answеr.
HoWТHЕ DEсODЕRWoRКs
)'
When a person |ooks at a сo|Ieсtion ot7 ... ... individua|piоtures, the deсoding maсhine ana|yzes the 8 .. . ... of aсtivity in the part of the brain re|ated to vision.Тhen the maсhine tries to 9 ... ...'.whiсh photo the person is viewing- The maсhine works in a simi|ar way to a magiсa| card 10 ... . Like
amagiсianhasto11'.... outwhiсhсardwasсhosen,sodoesthedeсoder'
The'12 ...'.'.. rate deсreases the more images it has to сhoose from. Еven if
the piсture was сhosen at random from the lnternet, 13 .. '.. of brain aсtivity
wou|d |ead to piсking the сorreсt image.
The future
r
thе
42
Writing
l Answеr thе quеstions that геlatе to thе graph bеlow. This is thе kind of information yor- will nееd to inсludе in thе еxam task that follows.
1 What does the graph deal with? The past, present or future?
2 How muсh oilwas/is/wi|| be used in:
the past? . .. . . .. million tonnes year: . . . .. ...
the present? . . ... .. million tonnes year: . . . ...
the f uture? ... million tonnes year: .. ' '....
3 How muсh gas was/is/wi|| be used in:
the past? ... million tonnes Уear: ...
the present? ... million tonnes year: ...
the future? ... million tonnes year: ...
4 How muсh сoa|wаs/is/wil| be used in:
the past? .. . . . .. million tonnes year: . . ' '. ...
the present? ... million tonnes year: ....'...
thefuture? ...milliontonnesyear:...
2 Look at thе Task 1 quеstion Ьеlow and сhoosе thе apргopr-l..:- :. 'lт-i of thе vеrb in modеl answеr.
WRITING TASK 1