The сhart below shows the number of internationa| visits madе fгom thе United Kingdom' Summarise thе information bу sеleсting and rеporting thе matn fеaturеs, and makе
сo m pa ri so ns wh е rе re|eva nt.
Wгitе at lеast 150 words.
InternationаI travеIfrom the UK (miIlions)
1 981 1 986 1 991 1 996 1 998 1 999 2000
Air 11.4 16.4 20.4 27.9 з4.з з1,5 41.4
Seа 7.7 8.6 '10.4 10.1 10.5 10.4 9.6
Chаnne| Тunnel з.5 6.1 5.9 5.8
All visits abroad 19 24.9 з0.8 42.1 50.9 53.9 s6.8
106
Тhe importanсе of infrastruсturе
s loter, the number of pеop|еtrove||ing by oir hod olmost doub|ed,
.гovе|ling Ьy sea hoа only inсreosed by opрroximotely holf its :rv!:lj:j*
:есгthottrovellingobroodbeсomein.."o1-j*1.9lY-'P"-1е*ч.!s:.
* ::-:::::::.::::1n:].rJ+:.:..1r.i.1ъrФ-'-:-.|.*.."ri.jfP.,- -j.:i+тJ.j1j:t].чц:19 |;.:=--=9-=
*:ye| wсs stiIl in sесond plaсe but its poрulority hod suffered as moгe
,-;р;;l ;;iь" сt.onn"| Тunnel. Thеrеwere just undeг 1 million f еwеr
i :y seo thon its Peok in 1996.
::/.тгoSt, the Chonnel Тunnel rеoсhеd its peok of populoгity in ]998 when €
вр*.s olmost doubled from 3.5 milIion when it opened to 6.1 million. Ё;
. .:::::::_:=]lё+,:.i:дrjgr:]I{-]'=+:':-.:.=:.:..<.si1:.ii1l.:.з1.i.. :..i:.-.j=j.1.Jтji:::+-a....:- .
,ffiпг ..е f irst time in1996,trоve| vio the Chonne| Tunnel wos PossЫe br.lt numbers g;
ш.g .eIаtively small in сomporison to the two other modes of tгonsшгt. *-.*.-*F
D - *e end of the millennium its pоpulority hod olso dеcreosеdthough on|y ;fl шщ.lу with 5.8 mil|ion visits mode via the Тunnel. -я
ъ ...=:.=:.]oisir:s!:.:-::l-!t.!.- 1ъэ1:яiЁEl-.=.:1j!i.ni]ii:rJ::]s,1a]-:-]=J|.j=i]-i::-1i;;
ш.s :]00. however, air tгovel Wсs by fсr the most PoPulor option with 41.4 mi||ion f
Пs;-s o yeor.
-*-**#.
*.
...=::==:l:*..==Eri..1-..]-.:iт,.r,..-1ъ:.{ч*.=i:i:]i.:Ёr!=+.laF.:=.-...P-.=+эfЗ:i{.ч€
. ' ':i thе tablе and writе youг own arrswеr.
lr?.JТING TASK 1
.:l.эuld spеnd about 20 minutеs on this task.
- .эb|е below shows the number of international visits into thе United Kingdom' --тarisеtheinformationbуsеlесtingandrеportingthеmainfeaturеs,andmakе . :аrisons whеrе rеlеvant'
,з at lеast 150 words.
' :j :s to the UK by overseаs residents (milIions)
тг е shows the numbeг of oveгseos visits mode f гom the UK during the yeors d
-: ]n]o. Тhe doto is organizеdinto the types of tronsport used. trфф#ffiФffiFa J
'=1-=!+.L=ч5fфFf..ФEr9fEеф:'Fя#i:-:ir,,... :=.'.,==.j9l.;:.+:=iэ+:эjт$..:-,..-..4.+=+sЁ=fщ==
over the рeriod'
1 981 1 986 1 991 1 996 1 998 1 999 2000
6.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
::J 4.6 5 5 5 5 5 5
-rаnnel Tunnel I I visits to the
. ritеd Kingdom
1 1.5 13.9 13.9 1з.9 1з.9 1з.9 1з.9
Voсabulary
Woгdlist on pagе 218 of thе сoursеbook.
Money matters
1 Мatсh thе words 1_10 bеlow with thеir mеanings a-j on thе гight. Thеrе may Ье moге than onе possiblе answеr.
1 сounterfeit money
2 fami|у finances
3 government money
4 paper money
5 pub|iс money/taxpayers' money
6 shopaho|iс
7 spending money
8 spendthrift
9 sponsorship money
10 debt
Dесidе whеthеr thе ц.ords in itаIiсs сolloсatе ц,ith thе r егb in еaсlr сasе. In somе сasеs all thе words may bе possiblе.
1 boost financeslmoneуlwealth
2 borrow financeslmoneуlwealth
3 buiId finances/moneуlwealth
4 сontrol financeslmoneylwea|th
5 deposit financeslmoneуlwealth
6 deva|ue financeslmoneуlwealth
7 have financeslmoneуlwealth
8 hoard financeslmoneуlwealth
9 inherit financeslmoneуlwealth 10 squander finanсeslmoneуlwealth
a the money a government has to spend
b a person addiсted to buying things
с money сo||eсted from people's taxes
d after paying the bills, the money that's left over
e fake, illegalmoney
f a person who сan't contro|their money
g the money whiсh a fami|y has to spend
h money сo||eсted from a сompany for advertising its oroduсts
i an amount of money owеd to a person or organization
j money in note, as opposed to сoin, form
'108
шшЩЩ
Money and happiness g
Listening
G} z.о sЕстIoN 4 Questions 31_40
Questions з1-40
Complеtе thе notеs Ьеlorr.'
Writе No п{oRЕ TI{AN TWo WORDS for еaсh answеr.
Economiсs сourse guidelines
During Iectures Students:
. wil| reсeive information about eсonomiсs and the 31 '...'... to сoncentrate on
. wi|| be provided with information about the subjeсt
. will be provided with a f ramework for further study
. wi|| have an oppогtunity to be taught bу a32 in the fie|d
. wi||take paгt in the |earnIng сu|ture in 33...
Common prob|ems sfudents hаve with teсhniques used in leсtures
. may not develop 34 .. . ... ... :no immediate questions
o newer teсhniques help improve 35 ... . more than |eсtures How to avoid problems аnd make learning easier
. Ieave time to read 36 on the booklist
. test yourself with quizzes
. if you have had a 37... ...., revise whatyou previously learned
o use the web to do more 38 ...
. сheоk the sources of information on the web are 39 ...
. 40 ... ... with Vour с|assmates
I
j
Values and beliefs
I
Е
I
1 prinоiples based on aсhieving perfeсtion
2 minimum requirements marking a |evel of qua|ity; a benсhmarК
3 a set of prinсip|es that people use to deсide what is righVwrong
4 basiс beliefs about what is right and moralIy good, that influenсe the way people behar=
, 5 beliefs that determine whether something is important or not !
6 ideas that people believe in and are сertain are true I
7 standards of сharaсter and behaviour
g behaviour/habits that are expected and have been kept for a long time
Complеtеthеfamousquotеs/momеntsfromhistoryusing.thеrvordsfromехеrсisе1.
You maу nееd to сhangе the form of thе words to makе iifit grammatiсallу. Thе first lеttеr has Ьееn donе [or you.
1 'tn law a man is guiltу when he violates the rights of others,ln .i'.'....''.'''..' he is guiltу if he onlу thinks of doing so!
lmmanuel Kant 1724-1804, German philosopher
2 'Strength and wisdom are not opposing )t""""""""""'
Bill Clinton 1946- , Ex-president of the USA
3 A.p.',..''. is not mere!у an ideathe mind possesses,' it is an ideathat possesses the mind!
Robert oxton Bo|t 1924_1995, EngIish p|aywright and a two-time osсar winning screenwriter
4 Archimedes is most famous for jumping out of a bath and shouting'eureka'when he rea|ised that the amount of water that oveгflowed from it was the same as his body weight. Тhis ,displaсement theory' is now known asАrchimedes' .T'...'..''.'.'..'! '
Arсhimedes 2s7 BCЕ_212 BcЕ,Siсilian mathematiсian, engineer and desi gner
5 ,Мanners easilу and rapidlу mature into .rу''.''.''...'...'.'
HoraсeMann1796-.1859,AmeriсaneduсatorandsoсiaIreformer Ameriсan, Еd ucator Quotes
110
Money and happiness (!П
'Othertimes,other.i... ;
Italian proverb
'To be an .|Y...'.'...gUest,Staу at home!
ЕdgarWatson Howe 1853_19Зт Аmeriсan journa|ist, author
'The qualitу of a leader is ref|еc:эd in the .}.'''.'.' theу set for themsеlvеs Ray Kroс 1902_1984' the man l., ro made МсDona|d's famous around the world
Language foсus
G Grammar rеfеrеnсе oП pil.l. ]]] оf thе сoursеbook.
Substitution and ellipsis
Foг еaсh of thе undеrlinеd itеп-r. 1 .i itl thс ir.чt Ье1оlv, undеrlinе thе сorrесt сhoiсе in thе altеrnatir.еs bеlorv thе tеrt.
A sound futurе
Thеrе arе man\'rтal.s to impгovе thе futurеs of оuг сhildгеn. Еduсating thеm aЬоut monеY mattегs fгom an еarly agе is onе of 1thеm. ]Do1ng so ri.ould mеan that thеy havе fеlr'ег finanсial proЬlеms whеn thеy grow up. ]Not doing so, on thе оthеr hand, l,r.ould har'е diге сonsеquеnсes. aSuсh nеgligеnсе will lеad to morе problеms with thе g1oЬal есonomy. Howеver, wе must alsо tеaсh сhildгеn that monеy alonе will
not mаkе thеm happy. 5To do so will ensurе that thе,v gro\f up tо bе wеll-balanсеd individuals.
1 the many ways/the futures
2 improving the futures/eduсating them
3 not improving the futures/not eduсating them
4 finanсia| prob|ems/not doing so
5 teaсhing сhildren thaVg|oba| eсonomy
2 Wгitе thе paгts of thе following sеntеnсеs that aге bеing lеft out or rеplaсеd. Тhе word(s) to bе геplaсеd aге in italiсs.
Eхample: There are many important Iessons in Iife. Learning about the va|ue of money is one of Ihem,.Q,ще'.р.f'.r!з',:t,р:,i'у,]'{Р'ar.|л|уI'|,#э|,.q.эуrу'uv{е....'
1 Тony bought a new сar whereas Mike purсhased a seсond-hand one. '.'...'
2 Students often end up borrowing more money than they сan afford. Such actions sho- :
be avoided if they want to avoid large sums of debt.
Jane сa||ed Mary' She did so to сheсk that she was oK. ...
I |ooked after my sisters when they Were young. | сontinue to do so even thoug. :.:
noт any more. '...
5 I read novels for pleasure but journals for facts.
6 Finding a job is muсh morе diifiсuIt nowadays than if was in the past.
7 Some peopIe say that еduсation shouId be free for a|| though others cr : С sэ s- э. ]эа'r as unrea|istiс. ...'...''
3 4
Money and hаppiness
Reading
|ЕLТS Reаding Pаssаge You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions
passagе Ьеlow. l 1 3, rv]-riсlr arе basеd on thе rеadin.
Еvеrуbody lovеs а pay rise. Yet over thе past haIf-сеntury, as dеvеiopеd есonomiеs havе got muсh riсher, people do not seem to hаve beсome happiеr. Surveys suggеst that, on avе].аgе, эеoOlе in thе USA, Еuropе and Japan are no more plеasеd with thеir lot thаn in thе 1950s. This is сurious, bеса;s е ;1 3lу givеn timе riсher peop|е say they arеhаppierthanpooгеrpeop|edo.Forinstanсе,З7%ofthеriсhеsiэ-а.iе,оf NorthAmeriсansс|aimtobe.vеry happу,,сomparеdwithonly16%of thеpoorеstquarter.тhatm|grt еaэ,э*:oеХpесtthat,asaсountrygrows riсhеrаndinсomеsrise,riсhandpoorаlikеwouIdbесomehapр,6. _.,..е.е..:1еуhаVenot.Hегеliesaparadoх:
an individuаlwho bесomes riсhеr bесomеs happiеr; but whеn sсс е:' :s а l'.olе grows i.iсheг, nobody sеems any morе сontent.
|nrесentуеarsthеstudyof,happiness,-asopposеdtomorесс^'е^::.:;:сгoп-tiсmeasurеs'suсhasGDPpеr head-hаsattraсtеdinсгеasedattеntionfromeсonomists. lnаs..:.].:.:-.еsеаrIiеrthisyеar,RiсhardLаУard,
a n eсonomiсs professor at the London SсhooI of Есonomiсs, rе\1.е '.. е J : . э . э . э u s еvid е n се from psyсho|ogy,
soсio|ogyаndhisowndisсiplinetotrytoso|vеthisparadox'onе:'.э-^:::. s.а5ituation,:pеoplеadjustquiсkly to сhanges in |iving standards. So a|though improvеments makе t..- . ..э r. ,Эr а lvhilе, the еffесt fades rapidly' Forinstanсе,thirtyyеarsagoсentrаl heаtingwasсonsidеrеdalrх-.,::::,:s'еivеdаsessеntia|.
Aseсond and more importаnt rеason why more money does no: а-:э-:: :: , тakе еvеrybody happiеr is thаt peoplеtendtoсomparеtheir|otwiththаtofothеrs. InonеstriK.^gе,э-.э siudentsаtНаrvardUniversitywеre аsked whetherthеywould prefer (a) s50,000 a yearwhi|e othеrs 3э: ^а ,:^э: э. (b) s1О0,000 a yеarwhi|e others got twiсе аs muсh. A majority сhosе (a). Тhеy wеrе happу with iеss а; э.: j: :.э\' wеrе bеttеr off than others.
otherstudiesсonfirmthаtpеoplearеoftenmorесonсernedabо-::.:..::-е.еiativetoothеrs,thanabouttheir absolutе inсomе. P|easurе at your own pay rise сan vanish whеn ; э. i... -.. z1 . .Э lеаguе has beеn givеn a muсh biggеronе.Тheimp|iсationofаlI thisisthatреople,sеffortstoгnа^'::.i-;:.=..аэоierbyworkinghardеrinorder
to earn and spend morе are pаrtly self-dеfeating: thеy may mаkе - э.= *:.:, . -: bесause others do too, they do notgetmuсhhappiеr.Тhеunhappinessthatonеpеrson,sеXtгаin.э-:.=.:э-..:эothеrs,аrguesLordLаyard,isa form of pollution.
Worsesti||,workinghardеrinordertobeab|etoaffordmorеmatе.e з::]:::- jеvenendupmakingpeoplе unhappiеrifthеydonothavеenoughsparеtime.A|thoughpеoр.е.э*::....:этеinгelationtothatofothers, thisdoеsnotseеmtobеtruеofthеiriеisuretime.ТhesameHai.rэ.;::-::.:!...:.еalsoaskеdtoсhoosebеtwеen
{с) two weеks, holidаy, whilе othеrs havе on|y onе wееk and (d) fс'. ;,::.: .: ээY rvhilе others gеt eight. This timе
a сleаr majority preferrеd (d). ln othеr words, pеop|е,s rivalry ovе: ^:: *: ] ].s - Э: ехtеnd to |еisurе. Тhе resu|t of
this, suggests Lord Layard, is that dеvе|oped soсietlеs may tеnd tс '', : .' .': . . э. Э . о rcer to сonsume morе mаteriаl goods, and so сonsumе too Iitt|е |еisurе.
|fgovеrnments,ultimategoal istomаximisеthеwеIl-bеing(i.е..nэ::.=.s :..::е:уаsаwhole,then,saysLord Layard,somehigh|yсontrovеrsiаl impliсationsforpub|iсpo|iсyfoi с,., ]:..:^:..: зсonomiсthеoryarguesthаt taxationdistortsthесhoiсebеtwеenleisureandinсomе.Taxеsreс-:::...:-^:',е:оwoгkаneХtrahourrаthеr than go home, orto put in еxtra еffort in the hopе of promotion. Bu] -]-] -:.:.] ! =.3-теnt impliеs that pеоplе have a tendenсy to work too muсh. Fаr from bеing distortionary, teХеs э.: :. =.:.:.. j еsirа b |е. He suggеsts а marginaltax ratе of 3О% to dеa| with the ,pol|ution,that one perso: s =,:.: .13-3 1fi сls on othеrs, and the same agаin for habituаtion. тhе totaI of 600/o is а typiсa| Еuropеan lеvel сf :а,э: :. :. L .i эcIг1 direсt and indirесt tаxes into ассount).
Тhisf|iеsinthеfaсeof whatmosteсonomiststhinkabouthighЕuroэс:^:э,:s .:^еUsA,r'vorkersarealIowedto kеepmorеoftheinсomefromanехtrahour,swork.Manyесonomls:s:..i:.э::^'s.srvhуAmeriсanswork|onger hoursthаnЕuropeans.ovеrthepasttwodесadesаverageannuа|WО.<.:.э-.з^э'.еlnсreаseds|ightlyintheUSA, butfal|еnsharp|yinЕurope;сontinenta| Еuropеansnowwork,onаVе,эз. 15:.jе,'.,еl.hoursthanNorthAmеriсans do.Hightaxеs,itisargued,haveunderminеdЕurope,sсompetitiveе.Jgе, -:.] -э,a.j,sаnaiуsissuggestsan
аlternаtive viеw: it is not that Еuropеans аre working too Iitt|е, but thа: j.*:. :э^s ,.lork too long, drivеn to сhoose moreinсomeinstеadof IеisurebyanurgetokeepupwiththеJonesеs'-:^=.:э\еs;nЕUropeenсourageworkersto сhoosе more Iеisure rathеrthan work, and so kееp this urge in сhесk. ]-i -^ tеc Stаtе5, есonomiс performanсе is superior if judged by GDP alone. But GDP is a flаwеd mеаsurе of есonс_ с '.,е .ээi"g' Happiness dеmаnds leisure aswe|l аsmаteria| сonsumption.AmеriсansmaуbегiсherthanEuroреа.s,.-..a.еthеуаnyhаppiеr?
Sеduсtive stuff, еspeсial|y whеn rеad in August in a Tusсаn viIlа or оn а ir,.еэ ::".а.еаn bеaсh. Yet even if Lord Lаyard,s theory is right, his figure for thе optima| taХ rаtе |ooks likе |itt!е - э -: tr а. сo nVеn iеnt guesswork. A lowеr numbеr might be just аs good' And Еurope,s high taxes stiII have nеgativе епесts. тnеy put some people offworking a|togethe1 and disсouragе еmp|oyеrs from offеring еxtra jobs, As Lord Lavа:d nlnrsе|f sаys, unеmployment visits tеrriblе unhappiness on thosе it аff|iсts. Yеt this is not tо deny his mаin эс.^:: thе рursuit of materia| сomforts doеs not a|ways |еad to happinеss.
112
Monеy and happiness щ
Questions 1-5
Thе rеading passagе has sеr.еn paragтaphs, A-G.
Whiсh paragraph сontains thе Гollorr.ing information?
1 an eхamp|e of a past indulgenсe that is now сonsidered neсessary in homes
2 the attitudes of students to spare time
3 something that a|| peop|e agrеe is great to reсeive
4 another reason why reсeiving more money does not nеоessari|y equa| inсreased
5 differenсes in work patterns and tax systems on two сontinents
Questions 6-9
Do thе following Statеmеnts agrее with thе infoгmation gir еn in t}-rе Rеading рassagе?
Writе:
if thе statеmеnt agrеes with thе infoгmation if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе information NoT GIVЕN if thеrе is no information on this
Reсent|y, eсonomists have shown less interest in what сonstitutes happiness.
Peop|e do not сompare the value of their ho|idays as they do their inсome.
Aссording to Lord Layard, paying more taxes оou|d be seen as a good thing as it
keeps a population happier.
Aоcording to the author, the main reason for unemp|oyment in Еurope is the tax systeп,l
Questions 10-13
Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs Ьеlow.
Choosе No пДoRЕ TнAN TWo WORDS Г.r.om thе passаgе Гoг еaсh ans\^'еГ.
Resu|ts seem to indiсate that, on three сontinents, peop|e are not happier with
... in сomparison to the past.
Harvard University students Were сontent with having Iess only if they were than other PeoPle.
In order to improve a nation's happiness, governments would have to implement some new poliсies.
Question 13
Choosе thе сorтесt lеttеr, A, B' C oг D.
13 Whiсh of the foI|owing is the most suitab|e title for the reading passage?
A A paradox with an answer
B How life is better in Еurope
C Тhe seсret of happiness