Сhildrеn should not bе еnсouragеd to lеaгn aс '
should bе purеlу dеvotеd to aсademiс sUbJеС::
To what ехtеnt do уou agrее or disagrее?
Givе rеasons for уour answеr and inс]udе ?П\ ].;-;. .l..." l.-',.: ]] ].-:: ::.]гt-l \'our own knowledgе or ехpеriеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 words.
2 Answеrquеstions 1-6Ьеlowgivingехamрlеs i]' :-.-. .:]. .:.. r'..:.:-iеnсе. RеmеmЬеrto kееp your answеrs abstraсt.
1 Doyou think most peop|e are interested in tlе e.:s.,.,.', ..,..-, -]:'
2 Do сhiIdren and young peopIe study art' гn!s С e.] :...э. Z....:'-s at sсhoo|?
WhyАNhy not?
3 Do you think peop|e genera||y appreciate wha: :.i', эa.. эi a: sэnooI or do you think they shou|d have learnt onIy sсientifiс sub1есtsr \ltl^ .l|l'F., .э:'
4 lmagine a wor|d without musiс or art. Would thе у' сl, ] ээ e ээ:rr p|aсe if people on|y
worked and never stopped to enjoy objeсts of bеa;:.. ]
5 |s sсhoo|the only p|aсe that сhi|dren сan Iearn abo..l::.е e.:s?
6 What is the danger if the arts are not taught in sсhoo ? \.'i a'l сhiIdren be sure to Iearn about them?
I
82
Area Question lntroduсtion A lntroduction B task response
сoherence &
сohesion grammar voсabuIary
1 Has the candidate addressed the question?
2 Аre the sentenсes wel|- сonneсted?
3 |s the writer's opinion с|ear?
4 Нas the writer used a variety of struсtures?
5 |s the voсabu|ary:
a interesting?
b formalenough?
l< lт.аrт7 GП
3 Rеad thе introduсtions (A & B) Ьelow. Dесidе whiсh is Ьеttеr bу answеring thе quеstions in thе tablе bу еithег adding a tiсk (/) foг уеs and a сross (X) for no.
А st'u dl.lt'l"2 аri п'wd, vwu'sсc с's а vtа'stе a{ tLvм.е. тhеa аYе wоt ьw.partаwt f ar с,''r'Ll-l''l"'t- a'r а'dtl.|is а',q,d еd.u.cп,|Lcw s]лоu.Ld bе d'е'vctеd' iо LеnrvvLwq аbоu.| prасttсл| зu.L1е:-. - r l, ' vit'L1lе1+ c]лLLd'rе,n 2сt a 1сt tnt'леfutvtrе' | аL\^/alshаtеd' аrt аrvd rwvt'sLc а|/"d''.h'',^',?- L'l' е g sh c lL d. b е r еv w оv, е d f r o w" i]л е c u''r r t c vL|" u.llt,. .
B Stиlуlиq аrt аиl mиst|с, t,uhi|e иot esseиtiа|, is ritаlso thаt сhi|dreи hаre а -rl/-ro",del el"iаt,Ь,, Аltho"qh thсу wt,l| иot иессssаrtlу leаl to сhi/dreи ftиdi^q e*p|oу^eиt ш thesе шlиstries, а -or{d и,thoиt theуи wo"ld се|rtа.,ф bс а уиiеt,,сo|o"//,,, Ь^',d sol plасе to l,ne.
4 Add your own idеas _ suppoftеd Ьy rеasons _ to thе notеs that havе bееn star1еd bеlow.
Usе thе idеas in thе quеstions in ехеrсisе 2 to hеlp you.
Аrgumеnts ogoinst teoсhing the orts ot sсhoo|:
1'' rdeo:
сhi|dгen nееd to |eorn ski|ls thot wiIl he|p them f ind o job in the f utuгe reoson: the worId is muсh more сompetitive thon bеfore
2.d idеa,, reoson;
Аrguments in fovour of teссhing the orts ot sсhoo|;
1't ideo:
сhi|dren nеed o breok from studying books etс
reoson: it opens their minds to diff еrеnt woys of thinking/sееing/f ее|ing
Znd idеo:
reoson:
5 Usе thе notеs to writе your answer to thе quеstion, stating youг opinion in thе introduсtion as in еxеrсisе 3 aЬovе. Usе suppor.ting argumеnts.
rntгoduсtion - stote your opinion с|eor|y Opposing orguments to your opinion Аr9uments supporting your opinion
Summorizе/ rе-it еraI е your op inion
.t'' 2nd 3.d 4rh
Voсabulary 1
Wordlist on рagе 2|7 of the сoursеЬook.
The family
1 Сhangе onе word in еaсh sеntеnсе bеlоri tсl l:l:.\;-
1 A grandmother is someone who is a dauglt:. :' 2 An orphan is a woman who does not havе са.э^
3 A nieсe is a son of someone's brothеr or s s:э.
4 А household is aI| the сhi|dren who livе tog€:.;-
5 A widow is a man whose wife has diеd
6 A fami|y Iist is a сhart showing the past aГ: :..:
7 А desсendent is a reIative who Iived in thе : a-<:
8 A sib|ing is someone who is either your б.:..- z.
2 Usе onе of thе words abovе to геplaсе thе t', : l'. .
transfoгm thе word to rеfеr to еithег thu. t:.,.. .. .
1 .Past generations grew up in muсh largе. ,с-
'
3
4 5 6 7
I
La с |tЭ
:' e f amily.
. tlar'nееd to -ln,
^cwadays.'
аrles Diоkens'book
so I'm his favourite
a^
r. ] ]- :-.еs
Dеfore lwas born.'
84
Psyсhology аnd soсiology (]П
Word building
Suffixes -hood and -ship
Dесidе whiсh of thе following nouns takе thе suffiх -ship or -hood. Writе thе сomplеtе word undеr thе сorrесt сolumn.
brothеr сhild
mothеr par1nеr adult mеmbеr nеighbour fеllow
ownеr сhampion
-SНlP -НooD
1
2 3 4 5
1
2 3 4 5
Matсh thе Ьook titlе to its сontеnt:
тlтLЕ
1 A Brotherhood of Man
2 A Snapshot of уour Childhood
3 The Flrsf Secret Societу
4 Нow to Avoid Adulthood
5 Urban Living :Together
6 BuуingYour Оwn Нome
7 Motherhood:The Basics
8 World Cup Moments
сoNтЕNт
a Тhe story of a city neighbourhood
b What membership to the oldest.с|ub'means
c How to survive the crying & sleepless nights
d An ideology of a worId based on peaсe
e Тhe best and worst of the worId championships
f An insight to memories we have all forgotten
g An ownership guide to your first property
h The seсret to staying young _ on the inside
PsyсhoIogy and soсiology
lЕLТS Reаding Passage
Reading
You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1-13, rr-hiсh aге basеd on thе rеadil рaSsagе bеlow.
iтэ€f.ij]jil]Еl
Psyсhology and thе art of pеrsuasion Т\o уoи prфr сake to oranges? Do уou
J,-l sometimesbщ sometЬingеveп if уou doп't need itl If tЬе answef is уes, tЬeп уou afе a noflna|Ьurпan doiпgwЬat comes nоtura||у, eveп if tЬis is nat пecessаri|у шЬat is goodJor уoи,
A Gешing pеoplе to do what is good for tЬеm is notoriously diffiсшlt - just ask anyonе who works in puЬliс hеalth. Неalth offiсials spеnd thеir livеs шying to pеrsuadе pеoplе to givе up smoking, takе morgеxerсisе аnd еat hеalthiеr food. In dеvеloping сountriеs, pеrsuading peoplе to сhangе thеir Ьehaviour is kеy to reduсing thе ravagеs of AIDS,
ma]raria,diarrhoеa and othеr infесtious disеasеs.
Thеir еfforts arе oftеn in vain. A rеviеw of
сommunity anti- smoking intеrvеntions worldwide Ьy rеsеarсhеrs at thе Univеrsity of Vеrmont сonсludеd thet thеy had had virtually no effесt.
And a rеviеw Ьy rеsеarсhеrs at MсМastеr Univеrsity in Hamilton, Onteriо, Сanada, of Рrogrammеs dеsigned to rеduсе unintеndеd p,"g.,",,.i". among adolеsсеnts found that thер too, had Ьеen сomplеteIy ineffeсtivе. Сlearly, wе neеd a nеw approaсh.
B Неalth promotion lеans heavily on insights from latе 20th-сеntury соgnitive psyсhology and thе Ьеliеf that оur ЬеЬaviour is drivеn Ьy rational сalсulаtion. What it Ьas yet to еxploit is the rеvolution in Ьrain sсiеnсe and psyсЬology that hаs taken plaсе ovеr thе past dесadе - and it is timе it did' Nеurosсiеnсе and еvolutionary psyсЬоlogy саn hеlp us grеaгly in undеrstanding and modifl,ing humаn Ьеhaviour. Thеy demonstratе that our dесision-meking is drivеn prеdominantly not Ьy rationaliry Ьut Ьy еmotions, whiсh arе sеatеd in our anсiеnt animal Ьrain.
C TЬе way wе makе dесisions is driven more Ьy
еmotions than rationaliry' Тakе the wasЬing of hands with soap аftеr шsing thе toilеt, one of
thе most widеly disseminatеd Ьеalth mеssagеs.
Мorе than a million livеs сorrld Ье savеd еaсh yеar if pеop1е washеd thеir hands at kеy timеs,
*..i'... \ж .,i,,.:' .*
;n.-i.:.ЧЕЬ.-'...:"=..j
Ьесarrsе diarrЬoеa1 and rеsрirаtor1' pathogens -
the Ьiggеst сЬild kil1еrs rn гhе rгorld today _ arе
..,.i"f,Ъ.' pеоplеs hands. Dеspitе this, our studiеs in dеvеloping сountriеs suggеst thаt fеwеr than 10 pеr сеnt of mothеrs dо rhis, аnd mothеrs in dеuеloped сountriеs аrе otrеn not muсh Ьеttеr.
Еvidеntly, tеaсhing pеoplе аЬоur gеrms is not еnough.
D What оur studiеs in Afriса, Asia and Еuropе hаvе shown is that pеоpLе аrе nruсh more likеly
to wash thеir hands iГ rhеl' аrе motivatеd tо do so at a deeper еmotional 1еr'еl - Ь1. disgust, or Ьy thе dеsirе to сonform to soсial norпls and Ье rеspeсtеd Ьy otЬеrs, or to nurturе and саrе for thеir offspring.
In Ghana wе found thаг pеoрlе rr,еrе failing to wasЬ thеir hands Ьесацsе гhеl-did not pеrсеivе any сontaminating mattеr on сhеm: гhеy did not sее tЬe yuсky stufi so thеy did not fееl disgustеd. So o'.;oЬ was to makе pеоplе Геel disgшst, аnd wе did this througЬ a national сampaign that inсludеd a tеlеvision advertisemеnt dеpiсting a сaring motЬеr inadvеrtеntly сontaminating hеr сhild,s food via hеr hands eftеr using thе toilеt. Aftеr watсhing it, 58 per сent oГthе mothеrs wе asked said &еy hаd сhangеd tЬеir hand-wasЬing haЬits.
Е TЬеrе arе many ways in whiсh advanсеs in Ьrein sсienсе and psyсhology сan hеlp us сhangе peoplеs ЬеЬaviour. Firstly, it is important to rесognisе that thе Ьrаin works Ьy assoсiating ехperiеnсе with
86
Psyсhology and soсiology d
rеwаrd or punishment. Реoplе Ьeсomе аddiсtеd to smoking Ьесausе their Ьrain сomеs to essoсiаtе it with pleasurе. The wey гo Ьreek this is to usе strong еmotionаl triggeгs. Hеnсе thе rесеnt givе up Ьеforе yoш сlog up'аnti-smoking сampeign in the UK, whiсh depiсtеd e сigarеttе oozing fat.
Likеwisе, ifyou want to gеt pеople to takе up hеalthy haЬits, you havе to assoсiatе thеm with strong rewards-. So whilе thе promisе thattunning willmakе you hеelthy might nоt Ье еnough to pеrsuadе pеoplе to takе it up, the suggestion that it will makе you morе attraсtivе as a matе соuld do thе triсk.
Sесondly, еvolution has progгammеd us to Ьel'azу,to сonsеrvе еnergy whеrе possiЬlе, so heelthy сhoiсеs havе to Ьe еasy onеs.Jшnk food is attraсtivе Ьесausе it rеsеmЬiеs food th^t *", .;;;;;;''-Ы;;;;;;";;;on..,".,, in whiсh wе
еvolvеd: еnеrgy.dеnsе, swеet and fattу.Nowаdays it is availeЬlе еvеrywhеre, and сhеaply. Food pоliсy shoшld сonсеntrаrе on making hеalthy foods еqually еasy to gеt hold of.
Thirdlр surprisе is сrшсial. Еmotions only kiсk in to intеrrupt a haЬit whеn thе Ьrаin dеtесrs thаt an impеnding rеward is notiсеaЬly greatеt o. lеss then wЬat it has lеarnеd to ехPесЕ - think
how you would feеl on finding a сoсkroaсh in a Ьowl of dеliсious soup. НеaltЬ сampаigns hаvе to сontinually rеinvеnt thеmsеlvеs and graЬ pеoplеЪ attеnt1on.
Сhenging Ьehaviour mеаns undеrstаnding our deеpest dеsirеs. To Ьrеak unhеalthy haЬits, сampаignеrs nееd to Еargеt thе emotiоns, Ьесausе thеy arе thе dесision-makеrs. Whеrе thе hеart lеads, thе haЬits will follow.
G
Questions 'l-7
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn seсtions, A-G.
Whiсh sесtion сontains the following information?
1 a potentiaI number of deaths that сou|d be avoided
2 how enсouragement is Used to сhange habits that affect both |ifesty|e and disease
3 what ultimately causes people to alter bad behaviour
4 why making positive and negative сonneсtions have an effeсt
5 the theories that Were re|ied сonsiderably on to сreate сampaigns
6 an example of a с|eanIiness сampaign that Worked
7 the appeal of fast food, even though it is unhealthy
Questions 8-11
Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs below.
Choosе No MoRЕ TIIAN TWo WQRDS from thе passagе for еaсh answеr.
8 Health сampaigns around the worId have consistent|y had a|most '... |n making people give uP smoking.
After using more up{o-date methods in studies, researсhers found that Women invoIved in a Ghanaian campaign modified their ...
Тhe use of strong ... is suggested as the way to break the correlation between smoking and pleasure in the brain.
11 If the goa| is to make peop|e сhoose hea|thy food over junk food, then deсision makers need to make the Iatter ...'... to сome by.
10
tЮ Psyсhology and soсiology
Questions 12 and 13 Сhoosе TWo lеttеrs, A_Е.
Which TWo possible reasons why humans сhange their habits are mentioned by the writer of the passage?
A respeсt from others
B rationalemotions
C сognitive psyсho|ogy
D shoсking truths
E makino сa|сu|ations
1 Whеn approaсhing a tеxt, thеrе arе two main waуs in whiсh vou сan foсus on nеw languagе: You сan сhесk thе meaning of individual woгds or analr'zе a ц.holе group (,сhunЁ) of words and try to gеt thе mеaning from thе сontехt. Whiсh do уou find hеlps уou morе?
2 Rеad thе .сhunks' from thе aгtiсlе and сross out thе altегnatir'е that is not сolТесt.
1 .Hea|th promotion |eans heavi|y on insights from late 20th-сentury сognitive psyсho|ogy ...' Hea|th promotion onlу usesllargetу uses 20th сentury cognitive psyсhology.
2 . ''' our behaviour is driven by rational сalculation.,
.''logicatdecisionslitlogicaldeсlsions push us to behave in сertain ways.'
3 , ... emotions, whiсh are seated in our anсient anima| brain'.
... emotions sitlcome from a part of the brain that relafes tolis unrelated to our animal past.
4 , ...the desire to сonform to soсial norms ...'
... a wish to be like otherslto be different f rom others . ..'
5 . ... they did not perсeive any сontaminating matter on them.'
... they could seelcould not see anything infectiouslcleaл on thеm ...
6 . ... а сaring mother inadvertently сontaminating her chi|d's food . . '
.,. a mother made her сhi|d's tood dirtуlhealthу on purposеlaсcidentallу ,,.
7 . ... the brain works by assoсiating experienсe with reward or punishment.,
...thebrain doesn'tworkif thereisnorewardlmakesconneсtionswiththeendresult'
8 , ... depiсted a сigarette oozing fat''
... showed a сigarette with fat coming outlmaking уou fat.
9 . ..' the suggestion that it wi|| make you more attraсtive as a mate сouId do the triсk.' .'. suggesting that something wil| make you more attraоtive сouId worklbe diffiсult.'
10 'Where the heart leads, the habits will follow.'
|f you want peop|e to сhange their behaviour, you shou|d 1rу |o change their habitslaffect their emotions;
88
Psyсhology and soсioIogy q
Listening
2.з sЕстloN 1 Questions 1-]0 Questions 1-5
Сomplеtе thе form Ьеlоw
Writе No ]vIoRЕ TнAN TIIRJЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NUМBЕR for еaсh answеr.
Sociology researсh projeсt survey
Eхample Answer
Survey on: cp|*ц+4у
Durvey on: c'О'у'ry",4*!уД.Р.qry\r9'
Age: t
-
Postсode: 2..''..
сoMPUTЕR FAс|LlTlЕs ALREADY UsЕD
Where? 3 ...
sPoRТs FAclL|T|Es ALREADY UsЕD
Where? 4 ...
ЕDUсAТ|oN FAс|LlТlЕs ALRЕADY UsЕD
Where?
Questions 6-10
IMPROVEMЕNтs FoR ТHЕ coMMUN|TY CЕNТRЕ
New sports: 6 ... and Classes organized only for: 7 ...
Еduсation
"i"..".. 8 ... ano
Wi||ing to pay about: 9 я ...'...,.. for new сIasses Possible frequenсy of visits, if
improvements made? 10 . a weeK
:trffтre
HнD Psyсhology and soсiology
@ Grammaг геГегеnсе on p.r$t llj
Conditionals 2
Rеad thе еxamples of сonditional st11l.ttii.L.: :..
сlausеs.
1 lf l give up сaffeine' |'llsleep better. ' '.'''
2 lf l gave up eating junk food, l would livе ic. ]. ]..
3 If I hadn't started smoking, lwould have se.'е] a :: : 4 lf I hadn't started smoking, l would be hеal:. .. . ',',
5 |f I understood more about how the mtnd ',{,с,{s : '. : - smoKing. ...'..
..:.-':::---:'.с ihе r.еrЬs in both
эesiеr to glve up
. .:.. еlеrсisе 1 to thеil
4
Idеntifythе tуpе of сonditional and thеn пlаi.].. .]. :': -.: - :t
-"u.l.i,.'g a_dЪеlow. onе typе of сonditional l. .. -. -. - . :
a relates to a situation in the past with a past ,эs - :
b relates to a situation in the past with a presе ^: .э s - .
с re|atesto ahypothetiсal situation with a rеS- :..,,' -. . ..э. -.,- d relates to a real situation with a result now cr' ' ''' 2'-' ''=
RеwritеSеntеnсe1lromеxеrсisе2using1[g.'.. ]-..,:.,. '-':'.-.:
-,.rnless]
'Provided thatl .shouldl lш ...
-^' '^^^^inа1
iv ...'. .ьUpPUoII|,l
ComplеtеthеsеntеnсеsЬеlow,idеntifl.ingrhе:.':; . ..] . - ... .:lbгaсkеts.
1 Unless we learn about our family tree' t' ' ' 'l
2 Тhe world wou|d be a fairer plaсe if t . .' .]
.'.f +ь^.^rarlА miv mnrо t. . .. ]
3 Should people around the world mix more ....1
4 lf footba|| fans hadn't been so unsociable aftе.:.з -,::- гlI!...'.l
5 Supposing emotiona| inte||igence were taugГ: a: s:. : : .t....1
6 lf we know that eatrng junk food is bad' wl^'v "'? t
7 Unless we live to be 200 Years old,
8 |f humans had not been born with a sрirit of ad'',е.:-.э
I
90
ЕLTS Task 2
1
we live in o сonsumer soсiety:
odvertising еvеrуwhere: never enou9h moteгiol possessions
= ЦnhoPPiness/hoppiness is short-lived [...]
7
сon,t go boсk in time: if we stopped Pгogress = hoPPiar?
Probobly not [...]
?
Ьеf orе, moybe not hoppier: hod to worry
obout other things like;
enough food to еaI/dуing from сommon iIlnesses
t.l
Writing
Look at thе Task 2 quеstion and thе studеnts, notеs agrее or disagrее with thе opinion.
WRITING TASK 2
You should spеnd about 40 minutеs on this task.
Wгitе about thе folloц.ing topiс:
А|though soсieties aгound thе woild are riсhеr and morе advanсеd than еvеr bеforе, pеople arе not as happу as thеу usеd to bе' Somе peoplе, thеrеforе, fееl that in order to bе happу it is bеttеr for pеop|е to bе poor and |ess advanсеd.
Do уou agrее or disagrее with this opinion?
Writе at lеast 250 woгds
PsyсhoIogy and soсiology щ
1-7 bеlow and dесidе whеthеr thеу
3 Ьеforе, not so muсh сhoiсe = hoPPier
beсouse Iife simpler?
rl1... I