Choosе No lvloRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/OR A NUМBЕR from thе passagе for еaсh answеr.
Тhe Bernina Еxpress
The Bernina Express is сonsidered the 7 rai|way that has ever been сonstruсted due to the сomplexity of the landsсape through whiсh it traveIs. The mountainous region must have seemed I """""""" ' with the
9 ..,..'.,..., . enсountering many diffiсulties in сonstruсtion' The railway on whiсh the Еxpress runs twists |ike a 10 as it goes up through a range of man-made constriсtions to reaсh a height of 11 ...'... ... feet above sea Ievel.
The Bernina Pass marks the 12 between two rivers as well as a 13 ...
1 Therе is a lot of dеsсriptivе languagе in the artiсle. Writе the r,r,ords and phrasеs usеd in
thе passagе to dеsсribе thе following in thе taЬle:
2 Usе a diсtionary to сheсk any words you do not know.
96
ТraveIling around the world q
Word building
Words related to memory
1 Dесidе whiсh word formеd Гrom thе root.mеm-'is Ьеing dеsсribеd bеlow. Wгitе уour answеr in thе spaсе pгovidеd.
1 lf you lose this, you won't be able to find your way home from abroad.
When people retire, they often write these in their spare time.
IЕLTS сandidates shou|dn't try to do this in the speaking test. |t wiIl interrupt their f|uenоy.
4 Tourists sometimes visit these monuments to pay their respeсts to the dead,
5 Peop|e сo|leсt these in the hope they wi|l be worth money one day.
6 People leave these on your desk/email when they haven't got time to write a long message.
7 |f you remember a ho|iday after many years, it's beоause it was ...
8 lt's polite to do this to new people's names as soon as possible.
9 Peop|e often keep these to remind them of a p|aсe/person/time, even if it's not worth anything in monetary terms.
'10 lf you do lots of interesting things with your life when you are young, you should have Iots of these to make vourself smile when vou are old. ...
2 Writе thе words from еxеrсisе 1 in thе сoгrесt сolumn Ьеlow.
2 3
ADJЕсTIVв VЕRB NOUN
Тravelling around the world
G Gгammaг rеfеrеnсе on pagе 225 of thе сoursеbook.
Artiсles
1 тhе grammatiсal namеs of afiiсlеs сan hеlp уou undетstand ri,lrr.thеv are usеd. Look at thе thтее typ", of u.tiсlе on thе lеЁt u,'a -ui.ь thеm rvit1-r thе еramplеS on thе гight.
Тype
1 indefinite artiсle
2 definite artiоle
3 zero artiс|e
ExamPle
i I went to a PartY.
ii I like Parties.
iii Тhe party on Saturday Was great.
Rеad somе of thеsе morе dеtailеd .r.ulеs'аnd dесidе rr,hеthег tl-rеl' go rr.ith thе indеfinitе dеfinitе or Zеro artiсlе. Thе first is donе tor you.
1 Used the first time you mention a non.speсifiс noun. '.l.'..,.:'..''...
2Usedtheseсondtimeyoumentionanoun;nowspeсifiс,'.'.'.'
3 Used to talk in general about nouns' (Plural when countable l
4 Used to refer to speсifiс things.
5 Used to refer to any one, of many' """"' 6 Used with singular, countable nouns'
7 Used with сountries made up of states, kingdoms, republiоs еmirates'
3 сhoosе thе сoгrесt option using thе guidеlinеs in еaсh C&Sс. 3llt1 tllatсh it to thе rulеs 1_- in ехеrсisе 2.
1 You want to refer to a singular noun' for the first time'
.Thereisalanlthel_mapinmybag.Canyoupassittomе'piеese?'Rule:...'..
2Тherearegurdebooksonthetable.Youwanttheb|ueonе,Yc.saУ:
'Pass me alanlthel- blue guidebook' please'' Rule:
3Youneednewbandages.Youaskуourfriendtobuyyouscn.е'YousaУ:
.Can you ouу alanlthel- bandages when you're out. p|ease? tuIe:
4Youbuyonenewbiсyсle.Youte|lyourfriendaboutуournс,.,purсhase.
.I bought alanlthel- new biсyсle at the weekend.' Rulе:
5 You ask the same friend if they want to have a look at it .Would you |ike to have a look at alanlthel- bike?' Rulе;
6 You Want to travel to the Middle Еast this winter. You say:
'l'm thinking about going lo alanlthel- United Arab Emirates Rule:
7Youneedtobuyaсompass.Youaskyourfriendtolendvouoneashehassevera|.
You say:
.CouId l borrow alanlthel_сompass, please.' Rule: ...'.'...'
98
Тravеlling around the world З
Find and сorгесt thе еrroгs геlating to artiсlеs in thе tеxt Ьеlow.
,GapУеors'oгiginoted
in the UK in the 1960s whеnуoung Bгits heoded off to the infomous .hippie troil, in Indio. But on idеo tгu|y took of f inIhе 1990s.
'GapУеars'oгe o сommon еxpеriеnсе in o United Kingdom, ond oсross the Еuгope. rn the United Stotes, howеvеr, not mony pеop|е ore fomi|ior with the idеa. А go1 Уеor is o time token of f
6еtwееn two sfoges of life_usuo||y by thе students tеrwееn hi9h sсhool ond co||еgе_to trоvel.
voIunteer and ехo|orе o worId.
But 6op Уeqrs сon o|so bе tokеn by the odu|ts tеforе moving onto thе new profession,onеw morriagе or simp|y os сorееr brеak. GapУеars arе meоnt not to just еxp|orе new p|осes ond сu|tures, but q|so to leoгn rhе nеw ski||s ond disсover new things obout yourself .
Writing
Rеad thе Task 2 quеstion bеlorl', and thеn anSWег thе quеstions WRITING ТAsK 2
You should sреnd aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе followins topiс:
Somе pеop|е bе|iеvе that travе||ing alonе is far bettеr than travе||ing with a group' Оthеrs beliеve that this is dangеrous and shouId not bе еnсouragеd bу the parеnts of уoung pеop|е'
Disсuss both thеsе vtеws and givе уoUr own opinion'
Givе rеasons Гoг vouг ans\vеr and inсludе any rеlеvant еxamplеs Гrom your own knorr lеdgе and ехpегiеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 rr.oгds.
.| Is it aссeptab|e to onIy ta|k about one of these opinions?
2 How many paragraphs would you need to answer the question? Why?
3 Whiсh body paragraph is it better to start off with:the one that's the same as your opinion or the one that's the opposite of your opinion? Why?
2 Мatсh еaсh idеa a_е with ,alonе, oг,group, viеw. If it is irrеlеvant mark it with an .Х,
lDЕAs
a Going on ho|iday is good for one's hea|th and everyone shou|d do it at |east once aУear'
b If people are invo|ved in any troub|e, they сan usua||y re|y on he|p from the group.
c It is easier to be'led astray'by strangers as they see lone visitors as an easy target.
d Тrave||ing a|one means that you don't have to foIIow the deсisions of the group.
e TraveI|ing a|one a|lows peop|e to meet more |oсa| peop|e.
Мatсh thе геlеvant ideas from ехerсisе 2 to thеir suppoгting argumеnts (i-iv).
i There is safety in numbers.
ii Тhey сan he|p peop|e both with mora| and finanсial support if they need it'
iii Тherefore, peop|e сan have a riсher experienсe of the сountry they are Visiting'
iv Peop|e сan do and see exaсt|y what they |ike and not Waste time.
Writе your own rеsponsе to thе еSSay quеstion aЬovе, using thе idеas to hеlp r.ou.
ы )
Wordlist on рagе 218 of thе сoursеЬook.
Nouns related to sYstems
1DесidеwhiсhaspесtofinЁгastгuсturеisbеingdеsсribеdin1_8bеlori..
1letters,emai|s,messagesandphoneсa|lsarepartofthissystemwhiсhistodowith
сontaсtingpeop|e. ---(13)
2 atacIorуWnere oil is сleaned for сommerсial use _ - (8)
зtheproсessofmovingpeop|eorthingsfromonep|aсetoanother.usuallyinavehiсle
4anobjeсtsentintospaсetotravelaroundtheearthinordertoreсeiveandsend
information ---(9)
5aformofenergythatсanproduсelight,heatandpowerformaсhines,compuтers' televisions' etс' _ -- (11)
6 in сomputing' .www'stands for щor|d wide - - - (3)
2 Matсh thе sеntеnсе halvеs 1_8 with a-h to foгm nеws Ьullеtiтl:.
1 The transport system ground to a halt this morning due to the adverse
2Thesсarоitуofoilhasсausedpriсestoreaсhanal|-time-highasr,ve|lsand
3 Тhe threat of a virus whiсh attaсks a network,s fibre optiсs. potеntially bringing down the world's сommuniсations
4TheG|oba|PositioningSate|litesystem(GPs)wasagaintntrоublelastnightafteritsent another lorrY into a low-rise
5Тhefutureofgasasasustainablefuelsourсelooksunоertainasfurther
6 Water purifiоation p|ants are now |n common use in сountriеs rvhiоh sutfer problems Witr fresh Water suppliЁs as they a|low previously undrinkabIе
7 The inventor of the worldwide web was honoured with a Nobе prtzе Ior engineering as his сreation now provides us with aссess to
8ThereWasanugepowerсutaсrossmostoftheсountrуasstormsbroughtdown
a saltY water to be desalinated'
b systems was desсribed as imminent.
с weather сonditions which have affeсted all major routes'
d pylons and Power lines'
e bridge after the reсeiver dish fai|ed.
f problems with the new proposed pipeline сontinue.
g refineries struggle to сope with demand.
h information at our fingertips through a сomplex systеm of servers.
(e)
100
The importanсe of infrastruсture Е
Word building
Modal verbs to adjeсtives
1 Writе the adjесtivеs in thе Ьoх Ьеlow nеxt to thе modal that сoгrеsponds to thеir mеanins.
likelу possiblе pгoЬaЬlе
ехpeсted obligatory aЬlе pеrmissiblе unlikеly
сеrtaln unnесеSsary nесеssary
сompulsory optional еssеntial
1 must 2 will
3 probably will
4 can/сou|d
5 probably won't
6 do not have to
7 should
2 Rеwritе thе sеntеnсеs bеlow using the adjесtivеs in braсkеts. You will havе to сhangе thе struсturе of thе sеntеnсе'
ЕхampIe:
We must do our best to lower carbon emissioлs. rcssential)
tt Ls еssеwtLаL thа|'.ntе dо ovtr best to Lc'llеr cаrbоw еv'l.ьssLоws
1 We need to invest in less po||uting teсhno|ogies. (neсessary)
Un|ess free pub|iс transport is matntained for o|der peop|e, there wil| be more congestion. (сertain to)
3 As the сost of petro| rises, peop|e wi|| probab|y use biсyсles more. (|ike|y to)
4 More people will probably migrate to cities in the next twenty years. (probable)
5 With the new teсhnologies availab|e, major сities сan now сhoose to introduсe driverIess trains. (possible)
6 Taking a train to traveI |ong distanсes probab|y won't be as popular as f|ying.
(unlikely that)
7 Peop|e do not have to know how сomputer systems work, but it he|ps when looking for emp|oyment in many infrastructure industries. (unneсessary for)
8 AirIines are expeоted to introduсe more fueI-effiсient o|anes in the near future.
Тhe importanсe of infrastruсture
Reading
You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on Questions 1_13, rvhiсh arе basеd on thе rеading DasSagе bеlorv.
lЕLTS Reading Pаssage
Ъ*.:
A TI1Е biggеst invеstmеnt boоrl in lristсlry is undеrway. ovеr hаlf of thе world,s intrastruсturе invеstmеnt is now taking plасе in еmеrging есonоnliеs, whеrе saiеs of еХсavat()rs havе risеn morе than {ivеfold sinсе 2000. In totа1, еmеrging есоI.tсlmiеs аrе likеly to spеnd an еstimаtеd $ l .2 trilliсlnLсln rсrads, railrva\.s, е1есtriсity, tеlесommuniсatitlns аnd оthеr prсljесts this yеar, сquivalеnt It-l 6oЬ о{ thеir ссlnlbiгrеd GDPs _ twiсе thе avеragе infrastrltсttlге - i t.tt,еstmеnt rati() in dеvеlopеd есonomiеs. Lаrgеh, as а rеslt]t, tоtal fiхеd lnvеsimеПl lIl еlтlсrq,lns есоn()mlеs с()Ulo inсrеasе b1' a staggеrillg 16% in rеal tеrms this yеar, aссtlrding tсl HSBС, whеrеas in riсh есonomiеs it is fоrесаst to bе flаt. Suсh invеstmеnt will hеlp su])])()It ес()n()пliс grоwtl.r this yеar аs Amеriса,s есOI]tlIn},stаl1s _ anсl fсlr many yеars tO сomе'
Bшilding BRlGs* 0f g]owth
Rесord spепding oп iпfrаstruсtl|rе will hеlp to sustаitl rаpid у1rowt|l il.t ешсrу1ittу1 есоttоlttiеs
.'- l=.
B Сompournding this l'еаr.s liчl.tiе, .\l(]rgаn Stanlеy prеdiсts thаt еmеrgirlq ссtlt-ttltt-.tjеs rvili spеnd
$22 trillion (irr todа1.,s 1lriссs r tirl jtrfrastruсturе or,еr thе nехt tеll 1,еаt-s, rl1 tr hiсh Сhina will aссollnt tor 43ok. Сl-rirlа ir аlrс.ldr ьpеnding аrоund l2"Ь of its GDР сlt.t it-lfrаstrrtсturе Indееd, Сhinа lras sIlеllI tll.lrс (itl rеal tеrms) in thе pаst ljr,е vеаrs th.rtl it-t thе l.r,holе of thе 2Oth сеnttrry. Last r.саг Brаzi] ]аunсlrеd a fоur- yеar plan ttl sреtlсl S ]O0 billion to nodеrnisе
its roаd nеtwtlrk, I)()\\ ег 1llаnts аrrd ports. Thе
Indiаtl !]OvеrnПеllt,s 1аtеst tir'е-yеar plan lras i
аmDlllol.lsl),l)t-llL.|llt'О]ll]]Сагl\Ь)UUD|||loПln infrastruсtttrе 1lrсljссts. Rlrssia, thе GLllf statеs and othег oil ехроrtсrs arе аll pсluring part of thеir highеr сlil rеr,еtlr.lеs into fiхеd invеstmеnt.
С Gotld infra51rllсtLlrе 1.ras аlways playеd a lеading rrllе in есtln<lпriс сlеvеIoprrrеnt, fronr thе roads аnd аqr.lеduсts <lf аnсiеnt Romе to Britain,s rаilway bсlonr in thе шid- 19th сеntury' But
102 DRlti _ Пtilzi]' Rtl'ri.l, ]|lJid.l|](l ( lliП.l
The importanсe of infrastruсture
Questions 1-5
Thе rеading passagе has ninе paгagraphs' A_I.
Whiсh paragraph сontains thе follorving inГormation?
1 the quantity of digging maсhinery bought in сomparison to the past
2 how spending money on inf rastruсture Iike transport systems leads to more work
3 a referenсe to two past examp|es o{ inсreases in сonstruсtion
4 trave| are re|ated
сfоrе has infrastruсturе sреnding bееn .. аs а shаrе o[ world GDP. This is pаrtly
': Inorе сountriеs aIе now industrialising
l . еr bеforе, but also bесausе Сhiпa and . ; ге invеsting at a muсh briskеr paсе - ::l есontlmiеs еvеr did' Еvеn at thе pеak
,,r,s rаilwаy mаniа in thе l840s, totаl
:: 'iсturе invеstmеnt was only around 5 7o
.:.tсturе invеstmеnt сan yiеld big
.iс gains. Buitding roads оr railways
: ;.аtеly boоsts olltput аnd jobs, but it l:.rs to spur futurе growth _ prоvidеd
:lеy is spеnt wisеly. BеttеI transpОIt j:nlеrs to gеt thеiг рrоduсе to сitiеs, аnd :ilurеrs to еХport thеir goоds OVеrsеаs.
- еs wirh 1hе,lowеst tгаnsP()rt сosts tеnd
-:-.!)rе opеn tо fсlrеlgn tradе and so еnjoy ::t'rvth. Сlеаn wаtеr аnd sаnitаtion аlsо
.-е quality of human сapital, thеrеby
t ...bour produсtivity. Thе World Bank
;.сs that a l7o inсrеasе in a сOuntry.s :..lсturе stoсk is assoсiatеd with a l % i. с in thе lеvеl of GDP. othеr studiеs
. .пс1udеd thаt Еasт Asia,s шuсh highеr :.'еnt in infrastruсturе ехplains a largе
: :ls fastеr growth than Latin Amеriсa.
::]i rеpOrt by Gоldman Saсhs arguеs tha1 ::llСturе spепding is not just a сausе
..lшiс growth. but a сonsеquеnсе of
' сoplе gеt riсhеr and morе сlf thеm Г .,]1л/ПS, thе dеmand fоr еlесtriсity,
;,..rt, sanitatiоn and housing inсrеasеs.
*' :tually rеinforсing rеlationship lеads tо
: -nvеStmеnt and growth. Thе bank has rеd a пrodеl that usеs ехpесtеd growth in :, L|гbani5аtitln аnd рtlpulаtiоn ltl forесаst : .nf rastrllсturе dеmands.
.'аtlon has thе biggеst impaсt on
;tr, rеquirеmеnts. Gоldman сalсulatеs
installеd сapaсity. A l % risе in inсomе pеr hеad lеads to a О.5o/o inсrеasе in dеmand. Putting this togеthеr, еlесtriсity саpaсity mаy havе to surgе try |4О% in Сhina and by 80% in India ovеr thе nеxt dесadе. Air trаvеl _ and hеnсе airports -
will sес thе lastеst grоwth in dеrnand, bесausе it is by far thе most sеnsitivе tо inсomе a |o/o inсrеasе iц inсomе pеr pеrson lеads to a |,4oЬ inсrеasе in thе nr-rшbеr of passеngеrs travеlling by air. Thе numbеr оf air passеngеrs сould jump by morе than 350% ln Сhina and by 2ООo/o \n India tlvеr thе nехt dесadе.
G Сhina.s fastеr grоwth in inсomе pеr hеad аnd its mоrе rapid paсе of urbanisation mеan thаt it is likе1y tо pull еvеn furthеr ahеad of India on шost infrаstruсlurе mеasulеs. Сhina сould add l3 timеs as many {iхеd-linе рhonеs as India ovеr thе dесadе, sеvеn timеs аs rrrany air passеngеrs and siх timеs as muсh е1есtriсity iapaсity. Brazil and Russia, whiсh arе alrеady rrrttсh morе urbanisеd and rеlativеiy riсhеr
(irnplying slowеr growth in inсomе), will also sеr Пforе modеst gr()wth in intrastruсturе.
H Тhе inflastluсttlrе boоm has glоbal impliсations too. lnсrеasеd invеstпrеnt mеans nrorе imports of сapital еquipmеnt, whiсh will hеlp to slim сurrеnt.aссoLlnt surplusеs in Сhina аnd еlsеwhеrе, and sо rеduсе global iшbalanсеs.
Rising dеmand fоr building matеrials will kееp сomшоdity priсеs high.
I Last, but not lеast, will bе thе nеgativе impaсt on thе еnvironmеnt. An ехpесtеd75"/. inсrеasе in еmеrging есonоmiеs, е1есtriсity dеrlаnd ovеr thе nехt dесadе will worsеn air pollutiоn and giobal warming. Мany fеar thаt Сhina,s Thrее Gorgеs Dam, thе wоrld,s largеst hydroеlесtriс рrojесt, сould сausе еnvironmеntal damagе.
сhinu,' nаtionаl hird, thе rеd-сrownеd сrаnе, is an еndangеrеd spесiеs. Sоmе pеоplе may wish that thе ,сOnstruсtion сranе, was also brееding lеss rapidlv.
. .
o inсrеаsе in thе shаге o[ pеtlplе living .s lеads to a l.8Yo inсrеasе in dеmand for
Glossary: 1 a trillion = thе numbеr l,000,000,000'000
Тhe importanсe of infrastruсture