teaching academic esl writing part 31

... sentence transitions in writing instruc-tion for university-level students, the misuse and overuse of these co-hesive devices is not particularly surprising In fact in teaching L2 writing, an important ... (1999) is that conversational discourse employs far more sentence transitions than academic writing does. In academic writing, the most frequently encountered sentence tran-sitions are actually notfirst(-ly), ... structures. CLARIFYING AND GIVING EXAMPLES In academic writing instruction, giving examples is often strongly encour-aged In most textbooks on academic writing, among other types of sup-porting evidence,

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... for Teaching the Language Features of Academic Writing OVERVIEW • The importance of accuracy in academic writing • Recurrent features of academic discourse in English • The benefits of written academic ... es-says/writing tasks required of students in ESL/EAP writing courses are distinct from those in courses in the disciplines? If you were in charge of the curriculum in preparatory ESL writing ... framework for teaching academic writing courses that focus on just the core, academic sur-vival-level skills students need to be successful in their university work To this end, the L2 writing course

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 19:15

... concluded that an increase in the amount of academic vo-cabulary in L2 writing contributes significantly to the higher evaluations of the quality of L2 academic writing In light of this finding, it ... stu-dents strongly preferred that teachers' correct their errors in writing Thus, an important consideration in teaching L2 academic writing is not whether to correct textual errors and help students ... can be very effective and efficient in teaching skeletal frameworks in academic papers and written discourse INSTRUCTED L2 GRAMMAR AND NOTICING Grammar teaching can be made productive for learners

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... & Hedgcock, 1998) Thus, teaching students to become independent self-editors represents a crucial component of writing instruction Some approaches to teaching L2 writing advocate text-level ... learners move from ESL and EAP programs into their university studies, with the exception of the writing center tutors, they are largely left to their own devices in producing academic writing of passing ... CONSTRUCTIONS The following features of academic writing and text have been identified as rare; in fact, some are never encountered in large written academic and NS student writing corpora (Biber, 1988;

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... instructional goals SAMPLE CURRICULUM GUIDELINES FOR A PRE-ACADEMIC WRITING COURSE Course Goals To prepare for the demands of academic writing tasks on the students' guage skills, the course is ... total) Trang 2TEACHING LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING 59• information synthesis from several or long readings (assigned daily as homework for 2 to 3 weeks, 15 to 20 total) • writing assignments ... redundancy (concept of re-dundancy) Trang 4TEACHING LANGUAGE FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING 61Discourse-Level Work • Upfront thesis statement (that incorporates parts of or references to topic sentences

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... prevalence in academic texts Biber's, et al (1999) large corpus analysis of various types of written texts in-dicates that lexical verbs (e.g., walk, sing, talk) are far less common in academic prose ... discussion of the main verb types is organized based on their prevalence in academic prose as identified in various analyses of academic English language corpora (Biber, 1988; Biber et al., 1999; Hyland, ... Because sentences with be-verbs, are easy to construct, many NNS writers overuse them in their academic writing (Hinkel, 2002a) One of the most common structures that follows be is the prepositional

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... learners often have trouble using verb tenses and aspects appropriately in their academic writing Techniques for teaching L2 academic writers to get around the com-plexities of the verb phrase are further ... verb helps students check for sub-ject-verb agreement STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR TEACHING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES Teaching suggestions presented here advance in the degree of their sophis-tication ... examples of sentence correction, see Suggestions for Teaching CHAPTER SUMMARY Rigid and predictable patterns in English syntax provide framework for teaching sentence structure by means of slots that

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... 4SENTENCE STEMS FOR WRITTEN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE As discussed in chapter 3, the teaching of sentence and phrase structure needs to co-occur with instruction on vocabulary and common academic collocations ... OVERVIEW • Noun groupings and substitutions to expand vocabulary • Vocabulary in academic writing • 380 essential nouns in academic texts • Required elements of the noun phrase o Articles o Count and ... noun forms • The importance of gerunds and nominalizations in academic text • Compound noun phrases • Strategies for teaching nouns and teaching activities Most people who have learned a foreign

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... Those who have successfully attained L2 pro-ficiency sufficient for success in academic reading and writing in any L2 (particularly one without L1 cognates) are familiar with the te-dious work entailed ... of missing an appropriate noun or two. VOCABULARY IN UNIVERSITY WRITING Research on the vocabulary range needed to write basic academic text has shown that a foundation of 2,000 to 3,000 words ... (Biber et al., 1999) Therefore, academic vocabulary and grammar need to be explic-itly taught (Norris & Ortega, 2000) In general, the importance of noun us-age in academic prose cannot be overestimated

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... training in writing (Hinkel, Trang 32002a, 2003b) The outcome of the NNS shortfalls in the uses of these lexical features is that L2 academic text—both spoken and written—ap-pears to be far less academic ... mainstream courses Although teaching the uses of gerunds and abstract nominalizations is not particularly exciting, these structures are essential for the development of students' academic language skills. ... suffixes -ment, -ness, -ity, or -ure. Trang 4In academic writing, nouns with the suffix -ness refer to characteriza-tions and states, whereas -ion nouns are particularly prevalent in the ac-ademic

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... DISCUSSION1 In teaching ESL to L2 university-bound students, instruction in vo-cabulary and grammar usually take place in courses separate from the teaching of L2 writing Why were ESL curricula ... pronouns In the teaching of L2 writing in ESL/EAP and writing/composition courses, frequent employment of per-sonal pronouns is often perceived to be appropriate and acceptable, partic-ularly in ... Followed by an O/-phrase (and) the development of the different parts of the one of the main/most other parts of the part(s) of the body parts of the world per cent of the point of view of the ability

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... pronoun tend to impart conversational and colloquial tone to written academic prose—a point worth making in teaching formal academic writing Pronouns as Noun Replacements In academic essays, the ... courses and texts in particular disciplines are acquired incidentally by virtue of their prevalence in academic reading texts, textbooks, and lectures An excerpt from a student's academic assignment ... and for this reason, theyfrequently present an area of difficulty for academic L2 writers In the prac-tical reality of writing academic text to be submitted for a grade, many it-deft structures

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... first-and second-person pronouns in academic writing assignments? 2 If pronouns can make awkward noun replacements, what can be the reasons that in the teaching of writing, pronouns are often "over-sold" ... combinations of tenses and aspects are used in academic writing (as opposed to, for example, conversational dis-course or ESL grammar classes), and for academic writers the task of using tenses and ... PAST-TENSE USES AND FUNCTIONS In the teaching of ESL grammar, much attention is usually devoted to the for-mation and meanings of the past tense However, in academic writing, past-tense verbs represent

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... tense, it is hardly ever used in academic writing, and L2 academic writers should be encouraged to employ modal verbs such as may, can, and could instead. In teaching it is helpful to present ... expended on teaching students how to use English tenses and aspects correctly, the point of fact is that this instruction may not be particularly necessarily for the purposes of academic writing ... specified] As mentioned, progressive tenses rarely occur in academic prose, and the number of verbs that are useful in the teaching of L2 academic writing is ac-tually quite small Verbs That Tend to

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... verbs seldom occur in academic writing • A number of important academic verbs are not used in the progres-sive aspect, and these verbs need to be learned Thus, in academic writing, it may be best ... 5anal-yses of academic prose, it appears that in real academic writing discourse, outside of the teaching of composition, passive voice is ubiquitous and re-mains a prevalent feature of academic text ... Passives in Academic Writing The uses of the passive voice are extraordinarily common in academic writ-ing, and to a large extent the prevalence of passive voice is determined by academic discourse

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... guarantee superb writing, and that the writing of native students, like L2 writing, also varies widely in quality Samples of native students' writing can be requested from the Writing Center, ... rarely used in academic writing, and that some passive constructions are idiomatic and must be learned in-dependently of general rules STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR TEACHING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES ... tense is rarely used in academic writing—more com-monly, modal verbs (e.g., can, may) are used to express future expectation. Progressive tenses are rarely found in academic writing, and perfect

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... play the same role in teaching L2 academic writing, and some are more important than others For example, few activity and mental/emotive verbs are actually encoun-tered in academic text, but linking ... functions particularly confusing Identical spelling and divergent syntactic functions of nouns, verbs, and adjectives have to be explicitly addressed in teaching To determine whether a particular ... OF VERBS 179Another small but tremendously important note needs to be made when it comes to teaching academic verbs As most teachers know from experi-ence, even advanced university students enrolled

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... impart per-sonal and subjective tone to formal discourse In classroom teaching, the former can be combined with reporting verbs, and the latter should be Trang 3dis-couraged in L2 academic writing ... calculate, recognize). The teaching of mental/emotive verbs needs to proceed judiciously Al-though some of the verbs in this class are relatively common in academic writing, others are hardly ... MENTAL/EMOTIVE (THINKING/FEELING) VERBS On the whole, mental verbs are not popular in academic prose, and their rate of use in academic prose stands at approximately 0.42% in a large Eng-lish-language corpus

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... word roots are so common in academic discourse that it may be difficult to do without them (e.g., non-, il-, intro-, post-) In teaching, productive and trans-parent word parts should be selected ... Nation, learning word parts "can help the learning of thousands of English words," with both high and low frequen-cies of use in academic vocabulary Trang 2Verb Prefixes and Academic Verbscon- ... words without parsing them into constituent parts in those cases when affixes appear to be particularly opaque (Adams, 2001; Schmitt, 2000) Numerous teaching materials are available for prefixes

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... their own writing Analyses of written academic cor-pora in English have shown that evaluative adjectives belong to the largest class of adjectives followed by descriptors of size. In academic ... that occur in academic writing are actually limited to only a few common items and should be taught to students • Prepositional phrases with adjectival or adverbial functions are particularly ... adjectives and adverbs used in contexts The sentences should be extracted from academic textbooks, materials, or NS academic writing and can be made graded if desired, Trang 5be-ginning with easier

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15