teaching academic esl writing part 34

... pre-dominant in academic written discourse In teaching these can be contrasted with informal conversational hedges to bring learners' attention to distinctions between formal and academic writing and ... general truths that "everyone knows," is considered to be inappropriate in practically any type of student academic prose, with a possible exception of per-sonal journal writing. As the examples ... register, in for-mal discourse may is more appropriate particularly in academic prose in humanities and social sciences (Hyland, 1998) In formal writing, can rarely refers to abilities, but rather

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... for Teaching the Language Features of Academic Writing OVERVIEW • The importance of accuracy in academic writing • Recurrent features of academic discourse in English • The benefits of written academic ... valued "in general expository academic prose" (pp 58-59): • Lexical precision and careful use of vocabulary • Careful and purposeful uses of text "maps" and "signposts," such ... framework for teaching academic writing courses that focus on just the core, academic sur-vival-level skills students need to be successful in their university work To this end, the L2 writing course

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 19:15

... concluded explicitly that "for most adult learners, com-plete mastery of the L2 may be impossible," and that the purpose of L2 teaching and learning is to enable "learners to go as far ... concluded that an increase in the amount of academic vo-cabulary in L2 writing contributes significantly to the higher evaluations of the quality of L2 academic writing In light of this finding, it ... many cases, NNS students "tended not to act upon their peers' comments" and "in fact, writers may actually weaken their drafts by incorporating peer com-ments" (p 140) These authors

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... & Hedgcock, 1998) Thus, teaching students to become independent self-editors represents a crucial component of writing instruction Some approaches to teaching L2 writing advocate text-level ... learners move from ESL and EAP programs into their university studies, with the exception of the writing center tutors, they are largely left to their own devices in producing academic writing of passing ... learning in many disciplines, such as reading or mathematics, "errors and correction are part of school life," but good teaching prepares students to be competent learners—not necessarily

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... used effectively to tell direct and indirect objects apart First, to determine which object is direct and which is indirect, a "giv-ing" preposition to or for may be inserted: The professor ... discussion of the main verb types is organized based on their prevalence in academic prose as identified in various analyses of academic English language corpora (Biber, 1988; Biber et al., 1999; Hyland, ... Because sentences with be-verbs, are easy to construct, many NNS writers overuse them in their academic writing (Hinkel, 2002a) One of the most common structures that follows be is the prepositional

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... learners often have trouble using verb tenses and aspects appropriately in their academic writing Techniques for teaching L2 academic writers to get around the com-plexities of the verb phrase are further ... phrase Locating and "doing away with" the prepositional phrases between the main subject noun or noun phrase is relatively easy According to Biber et al (1999), in academic written text, ... verb helps students check for sub-ject-verb agreement STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR TEACHING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES Teaching suggestions presented here advance in the degree of their sophis-tication

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... 4SENTENCE STEMS FOR WRITTEN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE As discussed in chapter 3, the teaching of sentence and phrase structure needs to co-occur with instruction on vocabulary and common academic collocations ... be "viewed as big words" and memorized as lexicalized stems All sentence stems presented in Appendixes A and B can be used for Sen-tence-Building activities (see Suggestions for Teaching ... OVERVIEW • Noun groupings and substitutions to expand vocabulary • Vocabulary in academic writing • 380 essential nouns in academic texts • Required elements of the noun phrase o Articles o Count and

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... pronouns are more common than nouns in conversations, "at the other extreme, nouns are many times more com-mon than pronouns in academic prose" (p 235). Another important distinction should ... Those who have successfully attained L2 pro-ficiency sufficient for success in academic reading and writing in any L2 (particularly one without L1 cognates) are familiar with the te-dious work entailed ... (Biber et al., 1999) Therefore, academic vocabulary and grammar need to be explic-itly taught (Norris & Ortega, 2000) In general, the importance of noun us-age in academic prose cannot be overestimated

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... "jumping" tenses) represent highly common types of errors in L2 academic writing Fortunately, it is rel-atively easy to teach students to avoid and correct them The uses of tenses in academic ... expended on teaching students how to use English tenses and aspects correctly, the point of fact is that this instruction may not be particularly necessarily for the purposes of academic writing ... specified] As mentioned, progressive tenses rarely occur in academic prose, and the number of verbs that are useful in the teaching of L2 academic writing is ac-tually quite small Verbs That Tend to

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... verbs seldom occur in academic writing • A number of important academic verbs are not used in the progres-sive aspect, and these verbs need to be learned Thus, in academic writing, it may be best ... 5anal-yses of academic prose, it appears that in real academic writing discourse, outside of the teaching of composition, passive voice is ubiquitous and re-mains a prevalent feature of academic text ... Passives in Academic Writing The uses of the passive voice are extraordinarily common in academic writ-ing, and to a large extent the prevalence of passive voice is determined by academic discourse

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... guarantee superb writing, and that the writing of native students, like L2 writing, also varies widely in quality Samples of native students' writing can be requested from the Writing Center, ... rarely used in academic writing, and that some passive constructions are idiomatic and must be learned in-dependently of general rules STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR TEACHING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES ... tense is rarely used in academic writing—more com-monly, modal verbs (e.g., can, may) are used to express future expectation. Progressive tenses are rarely found in academic writing, and perfect

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... impart per-sonal and subjective tone to formal discourse In classroom teaching, the former can be combined with reporting verbs, and the latter should be Trang 3dis-couraged in L2 academic writing ... for-mal explanations to report information to fellow-professionals, "stock hold-ers," or potential "investors." The key consideration in learning practice is to give learners an ... conclude establish learn recognize Mental verbs refer to "private" intellectual states and acts; for this reason, their uses in academic prose mark the text as somewhat subjective (Quirk

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... Nation, learning word parts "can help the learning of thousands of English words," with both high and low frequen-cies of use in academic vocabulary Trang 2Verb Prefixes and Academic Verbscon- ... commented that "it takes time to learn the important prefixes and suffixes," and that for thorough vocabulary learning the needed time "is planned and provided" (p 280) According ... word roots are so common in academic discourse that it may be difficult to do without them (e.g., non-, il-, intro-, post-) In teaching, productive and trans-parent word parts should be selected

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... ques-tions: "Who am I?" and "Why I am here?" today basic in interpersonal communication for this reason 5 We will move to the third question, "Who are these others?" to complete ... that occur in academic writing are actually limited to only a few common items and should be taught to students • Prepositional phrases with adjectival or adverbial functions are particularly ... adjectives and adverbs used in contexts The sentences should be extracted from academic textbooks, materials, or NS academic writing and can be made graded if desired, Trang 5be-ginning with easier

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... (1996) Strategic vagueness in academic writing In E Ventola & A. Mauranen (Eds.), Academic writing (pp 1-18) Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Myers, G (1999) Interaction in writing: Principles and problems ... windows on academic writing. In J Flowerdew (Ed.), Academic discourse (pp 131-149) Harlow, UK: Longman. Appendix to Chapter 9 Evaluative Adjectives and Noun Chunks Frequent in Academic Writing Evaluative ... general, adverbial clauses are more common in speech than in writing However, in instruction in academic writing, and argumentative writing in particular, the uses of various types of adverb clauses

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... for political theory arise ? What does Aquinas mean by "motion" and why cannot something be both "moved" and "mover"? To convert direct wh-questions to noun clauses (and ... Philosophers what [doeS] Aquinas meanS by "motion" and why continue to debate [cannot] something cannot be both "moved" and "mover." It seems clear from the examples that ... L2 writers to use in academic writing to avoid having their writing appear too simple However, to benefit from the sophistication subordinate clauses add to the students' writing, students must

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... an additional copy to hand in with their writing Option: Students may be asked to read two articles on a similar topic, particularly when some "hot" issue is discussed in print media or ... Reconstructing academic writing proficiency In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing (pp 127-153) Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Hinkel, E (2003) Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 students' writing.Jour-nal ... Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), As-sessing second language writing (pp 181-196) Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Appendix to Chapter 10 REPORTING AND BELIEF VERBS FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Common Academic Reporting Verbs affirm assume

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... features of L2 academic writ-ing, largely focusing on those that specifically require additional attention in L2 writing instruction In particular various studies have noted that in ac-ademic writing ... reason, the limitations of demonstratives as a cohesive and "pointing" device need to be addressed in teaching (see chap 6 for teaching suggestions) PHRASE-LEVEL CONJUNCTIONS AND THE LAWS ... conjunctions are partic-ularly common when they conjoin parallel phrases and simple sen-tences, whereas but is least frequent in academic text It is interesting to note that in academic writing slightly

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... sentence transitions in writing instruc-tion for university-level students, the misuse and overuse of these co-hesive devices is not particularly surprising In fact in teaching L2 writing, an important ... (1999) is that conversational discourse employs far more sentence transitions than academic writing does. In academic writing, the most frequently encountered sentence tran-sitions are actually notfirst(-ly), ... structures. CLARIFYING AND GIVING EXAMPLES In academic writing instruction, giving examples is often strongly encour-aged In most textbooks on academic writing, among other types of sup-porting evidence,

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... (1996) Strategic vagueness in academic writing In E Ventola & A. Mauranen (Eds.), Academic writing (pp 1-18) Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Myers, G (1999) Interaction in writing: Principles and problems ... L2 Academic Writing Hyland, K., & Milton, J (1997) Hedging in LI and L2 student writing Journal of Second Language Writing, 6(2), 183-206. Hinkel, E (1997b) Indirectness in LI and L2 academic ... Candlin & K Hyland (Eds.), Writing texts, processes and practices (pp 40-61) London: Longman. Hedging in ESL/EAP Textbooks Hyland, K (1994) Hedging in academic writing and EAP textbooks English

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16