teaching academic esl writing part 19

... guarantee superb writing, and that the writing of native students, like L2 writing, also varies widely in quality Samples of native students' writing can be requested from the Writing Center, ... rarely used in academic writing, and that some passive constructions are idiomatic and must be learned in-dependently of general rules STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR TEACHING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES ... tense is rarely used in academic writing—more com-monly, modal verbs (e.g., can, may) are used to express future expectation. Progressive tenses are rarely found in academic writing, and perfect

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... careers (Horowitz, 1986a; Johns, 1981, 1997; Leki & Carson, 1997; Nation & Waring, 1997; Santos, 1984, 1988) The curriculum outline for teaching the essential features of academic text in ... Swales, J (1990) Genre analysis Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Trang 6Curriculum for Teaching the Language Features of Academic Writing OVERVIEW • The importance of accuracy in academic writing ... es-says/writing tasks required of students in ESL/EAP writing courses are distinct from those in courses in the disciplines? If you were in charge of the curriculum in preparatory ESL writing

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 19:15

... discourse (Celce-Murcia & Hilles, 1988; R Ellis, 1994; Hammerly, 1991; Schmidt, 1994; Shaw & Liu, 1998) R Ellis (1990) explained that "formal classroom teaching with its emphasis on linguistic ... practiced in the production of academic writing (R Ellis, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2002; James, 1998) For example, at the high intermediate and/or advanced levels, grammar teaching can focus on constructions ... (N Ellis, 1997; R Ellis, 1994; Lewis, 1993, 1997; Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992) Stock grammatical and lexical chunks can become an efficient means to expand L2 writers' arsenals partic-ularly

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... Laufer & Nation, 1995; Myers, 1996, 1999; Nation, 1990, 2001; Ostler, 1987; Poole, 1991; Santos, 1984, 1988; Scollon, 1991, 1993a, 1993b; Shaw & Liu, 1998; Swales, 1990a, 1990b, to mention ... student academic writing and text (Byrd & Reid, 1998; Chang & Swales, 1999; Coxhead, 1998; Hinkel, 1995c, 1997b, 1999a, 2002a; Hyland, 1998; Hyland & Milton, 1997; Johns, 1997; Laufer ... Reid, 1998; Ferris & Hedgcock, 1998) Thus, teaching students to become independent self-editors represents a crucial component of writing instruction Some approaches to teaching L2 writing

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 10:15

... on their prevalence in academic prose as identified in various analyses of academic English language corpora (Biber, 1988; Biber et al., 1999; Hyland, 1996; Quirk et al., 1985) Be-verbs Copula ... prevalence in academic texts Biber's, et al (1999) large corpus analysis of various types of written texts in-dicates that lexical verbs (e.g., walk, sing, talk) are far less common in academic prose ... Because sentences with be-verbs, are easy to construct, many NNS writers overuse them in their academic writing (Hinkel, 2002a) One of the most common structures that follows be is the prepositional

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 09:15

... learners often have trouble using verb tenses and aspects appropriately in their academic writing Techniques for teaching L2 academic writers to get around the com-plexities of the verb phrase are further ... verb helps students check for sub-ject-verb agreement STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR TEACHING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES Teaching suggestions presented here advance in the degree of their sophis-tication ... them in their pies, and jam-makers cannot get enough of them. In formal academic text in general, according to Quirk et al (1985), com-pound sentences may be of limited value, and most are found

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... reading and writing assignments, fall back on the lexicon immediately accessible to them or found in the reading at hand (Johns, 1990a, 1990b; Vann et al., 1991) Although many books for teaching ... (Hinkel, 2001c; Johns, 1997) One of the tasks teachers of writing face is trying to build up students' vo-cabulary to provide them with tools for survival in academic courses and writing tasks Although ... most egregious shortfalls in L2 academic texts—on par with errors in verb tenses and subject-verb agreement (Johns, 1997; Santos, 1988; Vann, Lorenz, & Meyer, 1991) To help learners expand

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 16:15

... 2000; Nation, 1990) The University Word List (Nation, 1990) and the Academic Word List (Coxhead, 1998; cited in Nation, 2001) include 800 words and 567 head words of word families in academic texts, ... conversation (Biber et al., 1999) Therefore, academic vocabulary and grammar need to be explic-itly taught (Norris & Ortega, 2000) In general, the importance of noun us-age in academic prose cannot ... Those who have successfully attained L2 pro-ficiency sufficient for success in academic reading and writing in any L2 (particularly one without L1 cognates) are familiar with the te-dious work entailed

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 11:15

... not be particularly necessarily for the purposes of academic writing According to Biber's, et al (1999) anal-ysis, across various types of language use (e.g., news reportage or aca-demic writing), ... tense, it is hardly ever used in academic writing, and L2 academic writers should be encouraged to employ modal verbs such as may, can, and could instead. In teaching it is helpful to present ... specified] As mentioned, progressive tenses rarely occur in academic prose, and the number of verbs that are useful in the teaching of L2 academic writing is ac-tually quite small Verbs That Tend to

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... reasoning that may not be completely certain (Chafe, 1985, 1986) In academic texts, these verbs are usually employed as hedges (Huebler, 1983; Hyland, 1998; see chap 12 on hedges) Various linking verbs ... impart per-sonal and subjective tone to formal discourse In classroom teaching, the former can be combined with reporting verbs, and the latter should be Trang 3dis-couraged in L2 academic writing ... mental verbs are not popular in academic prose, and their rate of use in academic prose stands at approximately 0.42% in a large Eng-lish-language corpus (Biber et al., 1999) In general, mental verbs

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... word roots are so common in academic discourse that it may be difficult to do without them (e.g., non-, il-, intro-, post-) In teaching, productive and trans-parent word parts should be selected ... Nation, learning word parts "can help the learning of thousands of English words," with both high and low frequen-cies of use in academic vocabulary Trang 2Verb Prefixes and Academic Verbscon- ... words without parsing them into constituent parts in those cases when affixes appear to be particularly opaque (Adams, 2001; Schmitt, 2000) Numerous teaching materials are available for prefixes

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... AND TEACHING Duffley, P J (1992) The English infinitive London: Longman. Halliday, M A K., & Hasan, R (1976) Cohesion in English London: Longman. Hinkel, E (1997) Indirectness in L1 and L2 academic ... takes the form of summaries, paraphrasing, or citations from sources (Swales, 1990a; Swales & Feak, 1994) Usually in academic papers or assignments, in addition to simply making summaries and ... and Feak (1994), for instance, in literature Trang 3overviews and summaries, evaluative adjectives represent an integral partof the writer's description of a work or source. To this end, particularly

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 14:15

... 9Myers, G (1996) Strategic vagueness in academic writing In E Ventola & A. Mauranen (Eds.), Academic writing (pp 1-18) Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Myers, G (1999) Interaction in writing: Principles ... explication, reasoning, and analysis (Hacker, 2000; Raimes, 1992, 1999; Smoke, 1999; Swales & Feak, 1994). Earlier studies of L2 academic writing have demonstrated that NNS writers do not employ ... it is not particularly surprising that they are more common in ac-ademic writing than in speech or conversational register (Biber, 1988; Ford, 1993) On the other hand, analyses of L2 writing have

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... clauses are particularly prevalent in academic writing when they fol-low reporting verbs in summaries, restatements, and citations (Leki, 1999; Swales, 1990a; Swales & Feak, 1994; see chap ... L2 writers to use in academic writing to avoid having their writing appear too simple However, to benefit from the sophistication subordinate clauses add to the students' writing, students must ... very rare in formal academic prose Although most grammar books include them in their explanations of noun clauses, such structures practically never occur in student academic writing, native and

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... Ford, C (1993) Grammar in interaction Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hamp-Lyons, L (1991) Reconstructing academic writing proficiency In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing ... Davidson, F (1991) Statistical support for training in ESL composition rating In L. Hamp-Lyons (Ed.), Assessing second language writing (pp 155-165) Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Dixon, R M W (1995) Complement ... acceptable in formal academic written English? • Many L2 writers dislike learning vocabulary—a common problem that can bother ESL teachers. • It goes without saying that learning to write academic essays

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... various anal-yses of written academic corpora in English, these nouns are also called enumerative (Partington, 1996; Tadros, 1994; see chap 6 for additional dis-cussion and teaching suggestions) Enumerative ... ideas and a fragmented writing style (Chafe, 1985) However, the conjunction or finds many more uses in academic writing than in other types of text mostly due to the fact that academic definitions, ... communicative effectiveness (Coulthard, 1985; de Beaugrande & Dressier, 1972; Halliday & Hasan, 1976; van Dijk, 1985, 1997) The descriptions of a text's qualities, however, are constructed

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... classified by their meanings (Bates, 1998; Hacker, 2000; Leki, 1999; Lunsford & Ruszkiewicz, 2001; Raimes, 1992, 1999; Smoke, 1999) In fact most textbooks for ESL learners encourage the use of ... interesting finding made by Biber et al (1999) is that conversational discourse employs far more sentence transitions than academic writing does. In academic writing, the most frequently encountered ... instruction (Dong, 1998; Hvitfeld, 1992) In fact in many cases, the strategy is counterproduc-tive and leads to L2 writers' academic prose that seem to be particularly un-academic, when it includes

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... written academic prose (Biber et al., 1999; Hoye, 1997; Hyland, 1998). 'Palmer (1990) specified that the predictive conditional would refers to future events that are contingent on a particular ... composition writing, the line between the meanings of modals of pos-sibility, necessity, and prediction can be blurred (Raimes, 1992; Smoke, 1999) However, in general terms, in L2 academic writing ... hedges, and necessity modals can refer to reasoning and conclusion making (Chafe, 1994; Hinkel, 1995c, 1999a; Hoye, 1997) For example, the modal may expresses a possibility and should to a reasoned

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 02:16

... 31, 87, 211, 28, 351 Trang 10Subject IndexA Academic indirectness, 161 Academic objectivity, 25, 161 Academic verbs, 14, 89, 177, 181-192, 195-197 Academic vocabulary, x, 7, 54, 55, 103 Accuracy, ... Longman. Raimes, A (1983) Techniques in teaching writing Oxford: Oxford University Press Raimes, A (1992) Exploring through writing (2nded.) New York: St Martin's Press. Raimes, A (1993) Out of the ... of L2 writing: The ESL research and its implications TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 657-676. Silva, T (1997) On the ethical treatment of ESL writers TESOL Quarterly, 31(2), 359-363 Sinclair, J (1991)

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 08:20

... ix Part I Academic Text and Teaching Second Language Writing 1 The Importance of Text in Written Academic 3 Discourse: Ongoing Goals in Teaching ESL Skills 2 Student Writing Tasks and Written Academic ... • Teaching Academic ESL Writing: Practical Techniques in Vocabulary and Grammar Hinkel/Fotos, Eds • New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms Trang 4Teaching AcademicESL ... alk paper) 1 English language—Rehtoric—Study and teaching 2 English language— Study and teaching—Foreign speakers 3 Academic writing—Studying and teaching I Title. PE1404.H57 2003 808'042'071—dc21

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 08:20