Tài liệu How to prepare for the toefl part 8 doc

In some short conversations, you will hear words and phrases that make a suggestion, such as "you should," "why don't you," or "why not." When you hear the words and phrases that introd

A suggestion is a recommendation

In some short conversations, you will hear words and phrases that make a suggestion, such as "you should," "why don't you," or "why not."

When you hear the words and phrases that introduce a suggestion, you must be able to recognize and remember what the speaker suggested, and who made the suggestion

Woman: Oh, no Dr Thompson's class i s closed

Man: Already?

Woman: I know This is only the first day o f registration

Man: Well, it's offered every term Why don't you just take it next semester?

Narrator: What does the man suggest that the woman do?

Answer: Wait until next semester to take Dr Thompson's class

An assumption is a statement accepted as true without proof or demonstration

In some short conversations, an assumption is proven false, and the speaker or speakers who had made the assumption express surprise

When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must be able to recognize remarks that register surprise, and draw conclusions about the assumptions that the speaker may have made

Woman: Let's just e-mail our response to Larry instead o f calling

Man: Lariy has an e-mail address?

Narrator: What had the man assumed about Larry?

Answer: He would not have an e-mail address

A prediction is a guess about the future based on evidence from the present

In some short conversations, you will be asked to make predictions about the future activities of the speakers involved

66 REVIEW OF LISTENING

When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must listen for evidence from which you may draw a logical conclusion about their future activities

Man: Could you please book me on the next flight out to Los Angeles?

Woman: I'm sorry, sir Continental doesn't fly into Los Angeles Why don't you try Northern

or Worldwide?

Narrator: What will the man probably do?

Answet: He will probably get a ticket for a flight on Northern or Worldwide Airlines

Implied means suggested, but not stated In many ways, implied conversations are like prediction conversa-

tions

In some short conversations, you will hear words and phrases or intonations that will suggest how the speakers felt, what kind of work or activity they were involved in, or where the conversation may have taken place

When you hear a conversation between two speakers, you must listen for information that will help you draw a conclusion about the situation

Woman: Where's Anita? We were supposed to go to the library to study

Man: Well, here is her coat, and her books are over there on the chair

Narrator: What does the man imply about Anita?

Answer: Anita has not left for the library yet

A problem is a situation that requires discussion or solution

In some short conversations, you will hear the speakers discuss a problem

When you hear a discussion between two speakers, you must be able to identify what the problem

is This may be more difficult because different aspects of the problem will also be included in the con- versation

Woman: It only takes two hours to get to New York, but you'll have a six-hour layover between

flights

Man: Maybe you could try routing me through Philadelphia or Boston instead

Narrator: What is the man's problem?

Topics

A topic is a main theme in a conversation or in a piece of writing

In some short conversations, the speakers will discuss a particular topic

When you hear a conversation, you must be able to identify the main topic from among several sec- ondary themes that support the topic

Woman: It was great! We saw the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building and all of the

tourist attractions the first day, then we saw the museums the second day and spent the rest of the time shopping and seeing shows

Types of Problems in Longer Conversations

Academic conversations are conversations between students and professors or other academic personnel on a college or university campus

In some longer conversations, you will hear an academic conversation between two speakers When you hear a conversation, you must be able to summarize the main ideas You may also be asked to recall important details

Dr Watkins: Oh, hello, Joe Come in

Dr Watkins: Just finished them Frankly, I was surprised that you didn't do better on it

Joe: I know I had two midterms on the same day, and I didn't organize my time very well I

spent too much time studying for the first one, and then I ran out of time to study for yours

Dr Watkins: I see

Joe: So I was wondering whether I could do a project for extra credit to bring my grade

back up I'm sure I have a B or even a C after that midterm, but before that I had a solid A

68 REVIEW OF LISTENING

Dr Watkins:

Joe:

Dr Watkins:

Joe:

Dr Watkins:

Joe:

Question:

Answer:

Did you have anything in mind for your project?

Well, I was thinking that I could develop a reading list, using the main topics from the midterm And then, if the list looks okay to you, I could write a summary of each of the readings But, if you don't like that idea, I'd be happy to do any project you would approve

Actually, that sounds like a good plan In fact, I have a reading list that might work for you Better yet

Good If you do summaries for all of these articles, the extra points should put you back on track for an A

Thanks Thanks a lot

What is Joe's problem?

His grade in the course is low because of his midterm

Question: Why didn't Joe do better on the midterm?

Answer: He spent too much time studying for a midterm for another class

Question: What does Joe want to do?

Answer: He wants to complete some additional assignments to earn extra points

Question: How does Professor Watkins respond to Joe's proposal?

Answer: She is helpful

Types of Problems in Talks and Lectures

Class discussions are conversations that occur in classrooms

In some talks, you will hear a class discussion between two, three, or more speakers

When you hear a discussion, you must be able to summarize the important ideas You will usually NOT be required to remember small details

It will help you to audit some college classes

Miss Richards: Good morning My name is Miss Richards, and I'll be your instructor for Career

Education 100 Before we get started, I'd appreciate it if you would introduce your- selves and tell us a little bit about why you decided to take this class Let's start here Bill: I'm Bill Jensen, and I'm a sophomore this term, but I still haven't decided what to

major in I hope that this class will help me

Miss Richards: Good, I hope so, too Next

Patty: I'm Patty Davis, and I'm majoring in foreign languages, but I'm not sure what kind of

job I can get after I graduate

Miss Richards: Are you a sophomore, too, Patty?

Patty: No I'm a senior I wish I'd taken this class sooner, but I didn't know about it until this

term

Miss Richards: Didn't your advisor tell you about it?

Patty: No A friend of mine took it last year, and it helped her a lot

Miss Richards: How did you find out about the course, Bill?

Bill: The same way Patty did A friend of mine told me about it

Question: In what class does this discussion take place?

Answer: Career Education

Question: What are the two students talking about?

Answer: They are introducing themselves

Question: Why is the woman taking the course?

Answer: To help her find a job after graduation

Question: How did the students find out about the course?

Answer: From friends who had taken it

Academic talks are short talks that provide orientation to academic courses and procedures

In some talks, you will hear academic talks on a variety of college and university topics

When you hear a talk, you must be able to summarize the main ideas You must also be able to answer questions about important details You will usually not be asked to remember minor details

Since we'll be having our midterm exam next week, I thought I'd spend a few minutes talk- ing with you about it I realize that none of you has ever taken a class with me before, so you really don't know what to expect on one of my exams

First, let me remind you that I have included a very short description of the midterm on the syllabus that you received at the beginning of the semester So you should read that I also rec- ommend that you organize and review your notes from all of our class sessions I'm not saying that the book is unimportant, but the notes should help you to identify those topics that we cov- ered in greatest detail Then, you can go back to your book and reread the sections that deal with those topics I also suggest that you take another look at the articles on reserve in the library They have information in them that is not in the book, and although we didn't talk much about them in class, I do feel that they are important, so you can expect to see a few questions from the articles on the exam Oh, yes, I almost forgot Besides the twenty-five objective questions, there will be five essay questions, and you must choose three

Question: What does the speaker mainly discuss?

70 REVIEW OF LISTENING

Question: According to the professor, what should the students do to prepare?

Answer: Study their notes, the articles on reserve, and appropriate sections of the book

Answer: Twenty-five objective questions and five essay questions

Lectures are short talks that provide information about academic subjects They are like short lec- tures that might be heard in a college classroom

In some talks, you will hear academic information in a short lecture

When you hear a lecture, you must be able to summarize the important ideas You must also be able to answer questions that begin with the following words: who, what, when, where, why?

It will help you to listen to documentary programs on radio and television Programs on educational broadcasting networks are especially helpful Listen carefully Ask yourself questions to test your ability

to remember the information

The vast array of fruits presents a challenge for scientists who try to classify them, but they are usually classified into several types according to the origin of their development Simple fruits are derived from flowers with just one pistil Here is a diagram of a simple h i t Some of the most obvious examples include cherries, peaches, and plums, but coconuts are also simple fruits

simple

As you can see, the second classification of fruits, aggregate fruits, differs from simple fruits in that each flower has several pistils Examples of aggregate h i t s are blackberries, raspberries, and strawberries Now, let's look at a diagram of an aggregate fruit

aggregate

The third type, a multiple fruit, develops from a group of flowers that grow in clusters When the walls of the pistils thicken, then they bond and become incorporated into a single fruit The classic example of this type is the pineapple, but figs are also classified as multiple fruits Here

is a diagram of a multiple fruit for comparison with the other two types

multiple

Selective breeding creates new varieties of fruit, usually larger, juicier, and more appealing than the smaller natural fruits However, even laboratory fruits seem to adhere to this general typology Okay, I'm going to put some specimens into the lab for you to examine There will be three trays-the first with samples of simple fruits, the second with samples of aggregate fruits, and the third with samples of multiple fruits Please examine both the flowers and the h i t s them- selves, and this is important-please look at the three trays in this order-simple fruits, aggre- gate fruits, and multiple fruits

72 REVIEW OF LISTENING

Multiple-Choice Questions

Paper-Based TOEFL

1 What is the lecture mainly about?

GD Laboratory assignments with fruit

'a Selective breeding of fruit

O Basic classifications of fruit

a A definition of fruit

2 Which of the fruits is an example of a

multiple fruit?

O Strawberries

a Blackberries

3 What distinguishes laboratory fruits from

natural fruits?

GD They do not taste as sweet as natural

fruits

Laboratory fruits tend to be larger

O They are not classified the same way

as natural fruits

Laboratory fruits are bred with more

pistils

4 Which of the following fruits will NOT be

placed into the first tray in the lab?

GD Coconuts

a Raspberries

Computer-Based TOEFL

What is the lecture mainly about?

0 Laboratory assignments with fruit

0 Selective breeding of fruit

a 0 Basic classifications of fruit

0 A definition of fruit

Which of the fruits is an example of a multiple fruit?

0 Cherries

0 Strawberries

0 Blackberries What distinguishes laboratory fruits from natural fruits?

0 They do not taste as sweet as natural fruits

a 0 Laboratory fruits tend to be larger

0 They are not classified the same way

as natural fruits

0 Laboratory fruits are bred with more pistils

Which of the following fruits will NOT be placed into the first tray in the lab?

1 G D c D a

2 0 a o a

3.CDOOaD

4 C D a o o

Computer-Assisted Questions

Two-Answer Questions On some of the computer-assisted questions, you will be asked to select two answers Both answers must be correct to receive credit for the question

According to the professor, whlch of the fru~ts are classlf~ed as s~mple fru~tsv

Click on two answers

[XJ Chernes Blackberr~es

[XI Peaches Apples

Visual Questions On some of the computer-assisted questions, you will be asked to select a

visual The visual may be a picture, a drawing, or a diagram

Select the drawing that best represents an aggregate fruit

Cfick'on" a&aMii

74 REVIEW OF LISTENING

Sequencing Questions On some of the computer-assisted questions, you will be asked to

sequence events in order The events could be historical events or the steps in a scientific process

All answers must be sequenced correctly to receive credit for the question

The professor briefly describes the way that students should examine the trays of fruit

I Summarize the directions by putting the trays into order

Click on an answer then click on the space whare it belongs

Use each answer only once

Multiple Fruits Aggregate Fruits

simple fruits

I

Simple fruits

Classification Questions On some of the computer-assisted questions, you will be asked to clas-

sify information by organizing it in categories

How should the following fruits be classified?

Cfick on a sentence then click on the space where it belbngs

Use each sentence only once

Fruks wtth clusters of flowers

of flowers