4000 Essential English Words 4 (2nd Edition)

4000 Essential English Words is a sixbook series that is designed to focus on practical highfrequency words to enhance the vocabulary of learners from high beginner to advanced levels. The series presents a variety of words that cover a large percentage of the words that can be found in many spoken or written texts. Thus, after mastering these target words, learners will be able to fully understand vocabulary items when they encounter them in written and spoken form. Each unit presents 20 words which are defined and used in sample sentences. The activities in the books are designed to present the words in different uses so that learners can fully see how they can be utilized. Also at the end of each unit there is a story whch contains the units target words to give learners further examples of the words in use. Each level properly prepares the learner for the next, progressively challenging the learner with more sophisticated vocabulary and stories.

4000 ESSENTIAL ENGLISH WORDS 4

• SECOND EDITION •

a c c o u n ta b le , a d d ic tiv e , a g e n d a , c o in , c o rre la te , d e p re s s io n , d ig ita l, im p o rta n c e ,

S ocial M e d ia k e y b o a rd , lo n e lin e s s , m e d ia , p la tfo rm , p o o r, p re se n ce , s u b je c t, su rg e , su rve y, ta rg e t, 8

W o m e n in Tech c o m fo rta b le , e d u ca tio n , e n co u ra g e m e n t, e ndorse, equal, face, fie ld , foster, g u id a n ce , 2 5

h old, in clu sio n , inspire, m ere, p o s itio n , p ow er, re sp o n sib ility, soar, to o l, vocal, w o rkp la ce

Im p re s s io n is m a cad e m ic, acce ptan ce, array, blur, café, canvas, cin e m a , class, d is tin c tiv e , key, « 2

m o v e m e n t, p ra ctice , rea listic, re fle c tio n , rule, stro ke, s u n lig h t, tra d itio n a l, u n lik e , w id th

A n za c D ay a n th e m , b e y o n d , d e te rm in a tio n , fig h tin g , jo in t, la n d in g , m a rk, m o b iliz e , n a tio n ,

o rig in a lly , o u tb re a k , pray, p riso n e r, sacrifice, silen ce, th u s , trib u te , v ic to ry , w ild , w o u n d

E n d a n g e re d

L a n g u a g e s

assim ilate, a tte m p t, case, cease, danger, d eva statin g, d ive rsity, e arth qua ke , e n d a n g e re d , 4 4

e x tin c tio n , forever, g enerally, ge no cide, h it, lose, native, percen t, reason, reference, u rban

a n a ly tic , area, b a c h e lo r, c o g n itiv e , c o llis io n , c o m p e te n t, d ip lo m a , excel, g e o lo g y ,

in te g ra l, in te lle c t, jo b , keen, m in im u m , p s y c h o lo g y , ra d io a c tiv e , re la tiv ity , s o c io lo g y , 5 6

th e o re tic a l, w e a k

T h e C o rru p t

A d m in is tr a to r

a d m in is tra to r, a fflu e n t, a u d it, a u to m a te , b rib e , c o rru p t, d is p o s e , h e a d q u a rte rs ,

in c e n tiv e , in fra s tru c tu re , le g is la te , le g itim a te , m a n ip u la te , m e rc h a n d is e , re ta il, 6 2

re v e n u e , ru b b is h , su b sid y, tra n s a c tio n , v io la te

A Fam ous

A c c id e n t

assess, a s to n is h , c o m m e n c e , essence, e x tra c t, fa b u lo u s , haste, im p u ls e , in h ib it,

la tte r, m o le c u le , o n g o in g , p re cise, p ro x im ity , p u b lic ity , re m e d y , s ig n ific a n c e , 6 8

s u b s e q u e n t, s y n th e tic , te r m in a l

B e e th o ve n 's

G ift

a cu te , a g g re s s io n , b io g ra p h y , b o o s t, cla p , classical, c o m p e l, c re a tio n , d o m in a n c e ,

g o rg e o u s , in e v ita b le , le gacy, m a s te rp ie c e , m u ltip le , n a rra te , n o to rio u s , o v e ra ll, 7 4

p a r tia lity , s p o n ta n e o u s , v ir tu e

A D ay W ith o u t

S ig h t

a sp e ct, asset, a s s ig n m e n t, a w a re ne ss, b u d , c o o rd in a te , c re d it, d is p ro v e ,

h u m a n ita ria n , h y p o th e s is , in fo rm a tiv e , o p tic , p re m is e , rack, R enaissance, s p a tia l, 8 0

sp e cify, tie , u n d e rta k e , w a x

T h e H is to ry o f

P a ra ch u te s

a d d ic t, a rc h e o lo g ic a l, a rc h e o lo g y , b ra in s to rm , b u d g e t, c h a o tic , c ite , c o rre s p o n d ,

c o u rty a rd , e sta te , fra u d , h y d ro g e n , in te g rity , o u tlo o k , p a ra c h u te , p re h is to ric , 8 6

16 The New Bioco

acid, administration, administrative, biotechnology, cholesterol, coalition, deceptive, diabetes, eliminate, erosion, ethics, explicit, framework, manufacture, mechanism, minimize, nectar, notion, regime, straightforward

110

19 The North Star

astrology, couple, deviate, differentiate, disrupt, equation, err, erroneous, frantic, inadvertent, improvise, latitude, mariner, multitude, nuisance, permanence, revolve, soothe, stranded, technique

140

24 The Lydian King

advocate, albeit, authorize, civilian, commodity, communicate, conquest, disclose, dynamics, enroll, envious, festive, indicate, lentil, marshal, morale, mood, prophecy, senate, unrest

28 The Ice House allocate, appetizing, assign, cavity, clockwise, concentric, courtesy, crisp, discord, generate,

item, interchange, multicultural, omission, oversee, pierce, select, structure, visual, wavy 1 7 0

29 Preparing for

Future

conversion, cram, defer, export, fume, habitual, justify, notwithstanding, output, overpopulation, patent, penalize, petroleum, region, scrap, sector, subscribe, subsist, suspend, synthesis

1 7 6

30 Hundred Plays

acrobat, advocacy, communal, fluid, harmonize, industrious, inventive, Mandarin, metropolitan, mimic, misguided, rehearse, resourceful, scorn, sensory, statute, technical, veteran, villain, vine

182

In d e x

About the Vocabulary

The 600 words in each book of this series, along with the additional target words in the appendicesfound in the first three books of the series, include the most useful words in English The booksare based on the carefully researched BNC/COCA word frequency lists, which can be found onPaul Nation's website Because of the way that they were chosen, these words have the followingcharacteristics:

1 They are useful in both spoken and written English No matter w hat English course a learner isstudying, the words in these books will be of value

2 Each word in these books is a high-frequency word or mid-frequency word This means that theeffort invested in learning the words will not be wasted Learners will have many chances toencounter or use them in their studies

3 A sa whole, these books cover a large proportion of the words in any spoken or w ritten text Theycover at least 80% of the words in newspapers and academ ic texts, and at least 90% of the words

in novels They also cover at least 90% of the words in conversation

About the Books

The activities in these books are specially designed to make use of im portant learning conditions.The words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence The activitiesthat follow in the units encourage learners to recall the meanings and forms of the words Someactivities also make the learners think about the meaning of the words in the context o f a sentence—

a sentence which differs from the sentences that occurred in the introduction of the words Moreover,each unit ends with a story containing the target words While reading the story, the learners have

a chance to recall the meanings of the words and adapt them to the context of the story Suchactivities help learners develop a better understanding of a common meaning for a given word thatfits the different uses

Images for each target word help learners visualize the word as it is used in the exam ple sentence.These word-image associations help students grasp the meaning of the word as w ell as recall theword later

Book 1 assumes that the learner knows around 400 words of English and focuses on the remainingwords in the first 1000, plus some from the second 1000

Book 4 focuses primarily on the words in Averil Coxhead's well-known Academic Word List This list

of 570 words is particularly useful for learners of English as a foreign language w ho need to readacademic texts in English at secondary school or university level, and who need to speak, write, andlisten to lectures on academ ic topics in English

Although many words have more than one grammatical form, this series focuses on the word's mostcommon form This is mentioned to remind learners that, ju st because a word is labeled and used as

a noun in this series, does not mean that it can never be used in another form This series has sim plyfocused on the word in the form in which it is most likely to be used

6

To ensure that a wide range of learners in any given class can find useful words to learn in each unit, theinclusion of words does not strictly adhere to each 1000-word level However, there is a progression fromthe first 1000 words to the fourth 1000 words through the books in the series Table 1 shows the levels ofthe books.

Table 1 : The books in the 4000 ESSENTIAL ENGLISH WORDS series, frequency levels, and CEFR levels

4000 Level books Major word level in the books CEFR level

Supporting Learning with Other Activities

A well-balanced language course provides four major opportunities for learning: learning through input,learning through output, deliberate learning, and fluency development The highly structured activities inthese books support all four types of learning opportunities Learning can further be supported throughthe following activities:

1 Have students create vocabulary cards with one word from the unit on one side of the card and thetranslation of the word in the student's first language on the other side Students should use the cardsfor study in free moments during the day Over several weeks, students will find that quick repeatedstudying for brief periods of time is more effective than studying for hours at one sitting

2 Assign graded readers at appropriate levels Reading such books provides both enjoyment as well asmeaning-focused input, which will improve student recall of the words

3 Practice reading fluency to promote faster recall of word meaning for both sight recognition and

usage Compass Publishing's Reading for Speed and Fluency is an invaluable resource for reading fluency

material

4 Include listening, speaking, and writing activities in classes Reinforcement of the high-frequencyvocabulary presented in this series is important across all four language skills

Author Paul Nation

Paul Nation is Emeritus Professor of Applied Linguistics in the School of Linguistics andApplied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand He has taught

in Indonesia, Thailand, the United States, Finland, and Japan His specialist interests arelanguage teaching methodology and vocabulary learning

Paul Nation's website

https://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/about/staff/paul-nation

adj. If something is addictive, it is hard to stop doing.

n.An agenda is a plan or goal that guides someone's behavior.

V.To coin is to create a new word or phrase that other people begin to use.

V.To correlate is to have a close connection to something.

adj.When something is digital, it is characterized by computer technology.

n Importance is the quality or state of being important, valuable, or significant

n.A keyboard has buttons marked with letters and numbers that are pressed to put

information into a computer

n Loneliness is the unhappiness that is felt by someone if they do not have any friends

□ media [mildia]

n Media is the different ways of entertaining and giving information to the public

□ platform [plætfo rm]

n A platform is something that allows someone to tell a large number of people about

an idea, product, etc

□ poor [puor]

adj.When something is poor, it is not as good as it could or should be.

□ presence [prézns]

n Presence is when someone or something is present in a particular place

n A surge is a sudden, large increase in something.

□ survey [sorvéi]

n A survey is a set of questions that are asked to a large number of people in order to

find out about opinions

□ target [tccrgit]

V.To target is to aim an attack at someone or something.

□ trend [trend]

n.A trend is a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing.

□ validate [væiodèit]

V.To validate is to make someone feel that his or her ideas and feelings are respected.

A Write the word from the word bank that best fits each sentence.

IWORDÏBXNK

B Write the phrase that best fits each sentence.

a loneliness after my favorite colleague left the company

b the importance of mutual respect

c targeted by the bullies at school

d depression for a long time

e be held accountable for his mistakes

□ Circle the word that fits the definition.

Social Media

■

AlI around the world, people who have mobile devices are likely

1 depression are two such issues

Ỉ

behavior Social media has been described to be more addictive thantobacco and alcohol People may rely on social media as a form ofescapism and for mood-modifying effects These are similar to thereasons people become dependent on addictive substances

1 2

their identity.

Answer the questions.

a Different types of social media

b Latest improvements in social media

c Negative effects of social media

d Security concerns of social media

They use

It can lead to loneliness

□ carbon dioxide [kœrben daidksaid]

n Carbon dioxide is a gas made from one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

□ dust [dASt]

n Dust is very small, dry particles of earth or sand.

□ e m itfim it]

V To emit is to send out gas, heat, light, sound, etc.

□ enable [inéibi]

V To enable is to make it possible for something to happen.

□ grind [graind]

V To grind is to break something into small pieces or powder.

□ heal [hill]

V To heal is to become healthy or well again.

□ integrate [intégrait]

V To integrate is to make something a part of another larger thing.

□ leading [Ii:dir]]

adj When something is leading, it is the most advanced or best.

□ moreover [moirouver]

adv Moreover is used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has

previously been said

□ object [ôbdjikt]

V.To object is to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something.

□ pollutant [polictent]

n.A pollutant is a substance that makes the air or water not safe for use.

A pollutant in the water killed this fish

□ powder [páuder]

n Powder is a dry substance in the form of very small grains

□ prompt [prampt]

V To prompt is to cause someone to do something.

□ reject [ridsékt]

V.To reject is to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something.

n.A substance is a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas.

□ substantially [sabstænfali]

adv. If something changes substantially, it changes a lot.

□ to n [tA n ]

n A ton is a unit for measuring weight equal to 2000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms.

B Circle the two words in each group that are most closely related.

1 6

Enhanced Weathering

Air pollution is not only a contributor to global w arm ing but

also to poor air quality It can have negative effects on human health

Carbon dioxide is the leading pollutant, with billions of metric tons

emitted annually by the burning of fossil fuels Burning less fossil

fuels is the obvious way to reduce carbon dioxide Unfortunately, a

tremendous number of people rely on fossil fuels for heating, electricity,

and tran sp ort This has prom pted scientists to look for different

approaches to reducing carbon dioxide

Weathering is when chemical compounds in the atmosphere

react with chemical compounds on the planet's surface The weathering

of rocks refers to the chemical breakdown of rocks This occurs when

rain, which contains carbon from the atmosphere, comes in contact

with rocks The carbon is captured and embedded in the rocks This is

a natural process and can substantially remove carbon dioxide from

the atmosphere However, this process is extremely slow

Scientists have been studying ways to integrate this process

They have discovered a technique to speed up weathering They call

this enhanced weathering Certain types of rock, such as olivine, are

crushed into a fine powder The powder is spread over a large land

surface to be rained on This process decreases the time of natural

weathering by maximizing the rocks'exposure to carbon

There are skeptics, however Some people are uncertain about

the effects o f enhanced w eathering Som e even o b je ct to this

approach Rocks such as olivine may contain toxic substances that can

contribute to polluting the planet Also, grinding rocks produces dust.

The dust can be harmful to human health Moreover, the process of

crushing and transporting rock may cause additional carbon emissions

Although more data needs to be collected, scientists have not

completely rejected enhanced weathering.They are hopeful that it will

enable the safe removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide Scientists are

working together to help improve air quality, com bat global warming,

and heal our planet

T ra c k 2 - 2

18

PARTA Mark each statement T for true or F for false Rewrite the false statements to make

them true.

PART B Answer the questions.

WORD LIST align [slain]

V To align is to support a political group, country, or person that you agree with.

The crowd seemed to align themselves with the protestors

n A barn is a large farm building that houses crops, equipment, and animals.

My grandparents keep hay in their red barn

betray [bitréi]

V To betray is to be disloyal to someone who trusts you.

The four friends would never betray each other's trust

Bible [báibl]

n The Bible is the book of sacred writing in the Christian religion.

adj A Catholic thing or person is one that is connected with the Roman Catholic Church.

Rosanne is Catholic, so she goes to church every Sunday

V To cooperate is to work with someone to achieve something that you both want.

The members of the team agreed to cooperate in order to get the project done

v.To detain is to officially prevent someone from leaving a place.

The police had to detain the thief for shoplifting

exit [égzit]

n An exit is something that is used as a way to get out of a place

The green sign shows where the exit is located

adj An exceptional thing or person is one that is outstanding.

□ flee [fil:]

□ parish [pærij]

□ passage [pæsid3]

□ pastor [pæster]

The pastor speaks to the members of the church

□ patrol [petroul]

free of trouble or danger

□ r a id [ r e id ]

□ rail [reil]

□ tunnel [tAni]

The tunnel will lead you to the next city

a I ran an exceptional marathon because I was the last to cross the finish line.

b My boss was outraged by my colleague's mistake.

a Micah reads the Bible every night before he goes to sleep.

b Lily does not celebrate Christmas because she is Catholic.

a The criminals were fleeing from the police.

b If you want to come in, the exit is over there.

a Pastors never go to church.

b They are the welcoming party for all the new people in our parish.

a Luke is afraid of flying, so he travels by rail.

b The tunnel goes over the river.

B Check ( ✓ ) the one that best fits the blank.

a I was angry

b it made me happy

a agree on the same thing

b want different things

a I need to do everything alone

b I need to cooperate with everyone

a the police could question them

b the public is still afraid

a I will contact the volunteer network in the city

b I will buy a bicycle and a helmet

2 2

a a person who breaks the law

c a person who works at a bank

b a person who has power

d a person who pays employees

b to dive into a river

d to go around checking for trouble

During World War II, thousands of foreign-born and French Jews had to flee from the Nazis, who were capturing them and taking them

to the death camps A small number of individuals throughout Europe were involved in saving the Jews, but in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, a small remote village in south central France, the entire community joined in the rescue efforts.

Most ofthe villagers ofLeChambon-sur-Lignon were descendants

of the Huguenots.The Huguenots were Protestants who once endured persecution in Catholic France They never wanted to forget their own history A pastor named André Trocmé saw the Jews as the

Bible's people He began hiding them Hundreds of families aligned

themselves with his parish and agreed to help.

The residents cooperated in several ways They risked their lives

by hiding the Jews from Nazi patrols They offered shelter in their own homes, barns, and public buildings such as orphanages and schools They forged identification papers to enable Jews to escape They guided a number of refugees across the border by rail and on foot.The refugees had to travel through underground tunnels and mountain

passages to the safety of Switzerland, which was a neutral country during the war.

The village received support from people in other places as well Therewasan extensive underground networkofindividualsthroughout the region who helped along the way Even when the Germans were

outraged and raided the village and detained people thought to be helping the Jews, the villagers defied authorities They did not betray

each other, either.They continued to protect the refugee and, by doing

so, were able to continue to provide an exit to safety.

The inhabitants provided refuge for an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 Jews Today, the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon is seen as an

exceptional example of a collective rescue effort during a truly dark time.

COMPREHENSION

Mark each statement T for true or F for false Rewrite the false statements to make them true.

Answer the questions.

a Helping other people

b Honoring a pastor

c Remodeling a town

d Starting a war

The Huguenots were

The residents of

□ field [fi:ld]

part of their work

□ foster [foistar]

V To foster is to help a skill, feeling, or idea develop over a period of time.

2 6

□ inclusion [inklùijsn]

n Inclusion is the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set

adj Mere is used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is

□ position [pgzijgn]

□ power [paugr]

n Power is the ability to influence people or give them strong feelings

to practice

□ responsibility [rispdnsebilati]

n Responsibility is a task or duty that you are expected or required to do

□ soar[so:r]

V To soar is to increase quickly to a high level.

□ tool [tu:l]

□ vocal [voukel]

□ workplace [wg:rkpleis]

A Write the phrase that best fits each sentence.

a a new energy drink

1 Circle the two words in each group that are most closely related.

□ Write the word from the word bank that best fits each sentence.

[WORD^ÀNK

otnen in Tech

The digital econom y is soaring.There are over seven million jobs

in the com puter science and technology industries in the United Statesalone Yet there is still a major gender gap when it comes to wom en intech These wom en face many challenges, as seen in a quit rate of 41percent So what can be done to close this gender gap? How can weensure fair pay and equal opportunities?

First, wom en need to be inspired and motivated to enter the

fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), aswell as com puter science According to statistics, 74 percent of young

w om en express interest in STEM subjects and com puter science.However, wom en hold only 18 percent of undergraduate computerscience degrees and 26 percent of tech jobs Early education mustconvey technology as a tool that can be applied to real life to solveproblems

M any young w o m en are put off b ecause th e y v ie w thetechnology sector to be too male-dominated Women lack prominentroles, holding only a mere five percent of tech leadership positions.

Therefore, wom en who are already in tech positions must act asmentors and endorse other wom en in these fields They can play ahuge role for young women by giving them encouragement, support,and guidance.These wom en can help attract and retain more womenand, therefore, create a level-playing field

However, it is not just the women in tech who must be vocal.

Men working in the tech industry have a responsibility to listen towom en and foster a comfortable work culture The leaders in theindustry have the power to create new opportunities and promotethe inclusion of wom en to close this gender gap

There must be a systematic approach from schools to workplaces,

including the motivation of young women to study STEM and computerscience Women must provide support and mentorship, and men mustlisten to and encourage women If we continue to empower women inthe tech sector, it will be good for everyone

industries

Answer the questions.

a Mentorship programs

b College admissions

c Tech work culture

d Gender gap in IT

Many young women are discouraged because

Men need to

n A practice is something that is done often or regularly.

realistic [ri:alistik]

adj When something is realistic, it is shown as it is in real life.

reflection [riflékjen]

n A reflection is an image that is seen in a mirror or other shiny surface.

rule [ru:l]

n A rule is an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed.

stroke [strouk]

n A stroke is a single movement of a pen or brush when you are writing or painting.

sunlight [sAnlait]

n Sunlight is the natural light that comes from the sun.

The s u n lig h t shines through the trees

traditional [tredijeni]

adj When something is traditional it is based on old-fashioned ideas.

unlike [enlaik]

prep Unlike is used in place of "completely different from a particular person or thing."

U n like his older brother, Jim is short

□ width [wide]

n Width is the distance from one side of something to the other side

A Write the word from the word bank that best fits each sentence.

WORD^BANKy

1 Circle the two words in each group that are most closely related.

34

B C irc le t h e w o r d t h a t b e s t f i t s t h e g i v e n d e f i n i t i o n

1 official instruction

2 an image seen on a shiny surface

3 when people agree that an idea, explanation, etc is right

4 a single movement of paint or ink on a material

5 a place where people meet for coffee

6 relating to school or education

7 people working together to achieve something they believe in

10 a social or economic category

8 light from the sun

9 different from something

/ A T ra c k 5 - 2

A '

& ýì.

Impressionism is a movement that began in France in the late

19th century It is considered to be the first modern art movement, as it

was seen as a departure from other art This is because it violated the

Unlike realistic academic paintings, impressionist paintings

are characterized by the depiction of light on objects The artists Ị

aim to capture the light rather than the details in order to show an

impression of time This distinctive quality is achieved by using two

key techniques The first is a technique called "impasto." Impasto is an

Italian word that means "mixture." In painting, impasto describes short,

thick strokes This technique allows the artist to control the reflection Ị

and movement of light on the canvas The artist can modify the

width and direction of the paint strokes to convey texture and give !

the painting a three-dimensional quality Also, the speed and strength

of the strokes can convey the artist's perception of the subject The

second technique is optical mixing This involves the use of broken

colors In other words, instead of the traditional practice of mixing an

array of colors on a palette, artists paint different colors side by side.

Doing this adds texture and plays on light And it creates the illusion of

different colors.

Another difference between impressionist paintings and

traditional paintings is the subject matter During that time period, the

accepted subjects were historical or literary-themes They were often

based on religious or mythological subjects Impressionists, on the

other hand, preferred landscapes and contemporary life They often

painted outdoors, using the sunlight to depict a brighter style Even

though photography was starting to become popular, impressionists

avoided representing reality.They demonstrated their individualism by

playing with color and blurring the lines between the subject and the

background.

In the mid-19th century, the middle class in Paris saw rapid growth.

The city saw an increase in cafés, cinemas, parks, and boutiques, j

Impressionists captured the daily lives of the middle class, which

appealed to the wider public, and eventually led to the acceptance of

impressionism into the art world.

COMPREHENSION

Mark each statement T for true or F for false Rewrite the false statements to make them true.

Answer the questions.

a Paris'art scene

b The origin of Impressionism

c An art style's subject matter

d Painting techniques

Impressionists liked to

Traditional painting focused on

prep.B e y o n d is u sed t o say t h a t o n e t h in g is m o re th a n a n o th e r.

□ determination [d ità irm a n é ije n ]

n.D e t e r m i n a t i o n is w h a t y o u h a ve w h e n y o u t r y t o d o s o m e th in g e ve n w h e n it is d iffic u lt.

□ fighting [fa itir)]

n F ig h t in g is p h ysica l c o n flic t b e tw e e n p e o p le o r g ro u p s in a w a r, in th e s tre e t, etc.

n A n a t i o n is a la rg e area o f la n d t h a t is c o n tr o lle d b y its o w n g o v e rn m e n t.

originally [9 rid 3 9 n a li]

adv.O r i g i n a l l y is u se d in p la ce o f "in th e b e g in n in g " o r " w h e n s o m e th in g f ir s t h a p p e n e d

o r b e g an "

r

□ outbreak [autbreik]

n An outbreak is a sudden start or increase of fighting or disease

□ p r a y tp r e i]

V.To pray is to speak to God in order to ask for help or to give thanks

□ prisoner [prizanar]

n A prisoner is someone who is taken by force and kept somewhere

n.Silence is the complete absence of sound or noise

□ thus[0As]

adv.Thus is used in place of "as a result of something that was just mentioned."

□ tribute [tribjuit]

n A tribute is something that you say, do, or give in order to express respect for someone

□ victory [viktori]

n A victory is a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute

□ wild [waild]

□ wound [wu:nd]

V.To wound is to injure someone or something by cutting or breaking the skin

Q Circle the two words in each group that are most closely related.

B Circle the two words in each group that are opposite in meaning.

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