Mệnh đề quan hệ trong trờng hợp này không làm nhiệm vụ xác định cho danh từ đằng trớc vì đó là danh từ đã đợc xác định mà chỉ để cung cấp thêm thông tin.. Nếu ta bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ đi th[r]
Trang 1SOME COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS
Trang 2tell told told bảo, kể
Trang 3pay paid paid trả tiền
CHUYấN ĐỀ I Tenses ( Thời của động từ)
1, Present Simple (Hiện tại đơn)
- Sau các trờng hợp còn lại s đợc đọc là /z/
- Sau các phụ âm sh, ch, ss, x đuôi es đợc đọc là iz
- Những động từ tận cùng là phụ âm + y thì sang ngôi he, she, it y đổi thành i trớc khi thêm es.
Eg : I study He studies
- Những động từ tận cùng là nguyên âm + y, biến đổi bình thờng khi sang ngôi he, she, it
Eg: I play, he plays
b Phủ định
- I, we, you, they don't + V
- He, she , it doesn't + V
c Nghi vấn
- Do I / you/ we / they + V ?
- Does he/ she/ it + V ?
2 The use.
a Diễn tả mức độ thờng xuyên diễn ra của hành động ở hiện tại Thờng đi với always, usually, often ,
sometimes, occasionally (thỉnh thoảng), rarely, seldom (hiếm khi), never, everyday, every week once
Eg : - He usually goes to the cinema
- We clean our house everyday
- Lan washes clothes twice a week
b Diễn tả điều luôn luôn đúng (sự thật), hoặc đã đúng trong một khoảng thời gian dài.
Eg : - Some animals don't eat during winter ( Một vài loài động vật không ăn vào mùa đông)
- We are Vietnamese We speak Vietnamese
- Các động từ: die, lie, tie biến đổi nh sau:
die dying, lie lying, tie tying
Trang 4He is meeting his brother at the station tonight.
(Anh ta sẽ đón anh trai ở nhà ga vào tối nay.)
c Thời hiện tại TD đi với always khi ta muốn phàn nàn về một hành động lặp đi lặp lại.
Eg : He's always losing his keys (Anh ta cứ luôn đánh mất chìa khóa)
* Notes : Một số động từ không thờng dùng ở dạng tiếp diễn : be, understand, think (cho rằng), know, hear, love, like , stop , feel, smell, taste, sound
Exercise 4: Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở đúng thời
1/ Hello, this is Dr Smith's office Who (speak) ?
2/ Hurry up ! The train (come)
3/ It is a lovely day The sun (shine) and the birds (sing)
4/ The Earth (go) round the Sun
5/ Some animals (not eat) during the winter
6/ - What Oanh (do) at the moment ?
- She (cook) She usually (cook) dinner for her family
7/ In the evening he often (play) chess with his door neighbour
8/ They (build) a new hospital in my town now
9/ My father always (have) a rest after lunch
10/ She's very lazy She never (wash) the floor
11/ Look at those boys ! They (hurry) home after school
12/ Your mother usually (catch) the 8.10 bus ?
13/ Your sister (wait) for her friend at the station now?
14/ He usually (smile) at his wife when he (come) home
15/ - Mrs Lan (use) the computer now ?
- Yes, she usually (use) it for her work
16/ Minh sometimes (miss) his bus
17/ My uncle often (watch) TV in the evening But right now he (write) a letter
18/- They (have) breakfast now ? - No, they (sleep)
19/ My father always (relax) at the weekend
20/ You can't see Tom now He (have) a bath
21/ Tom can't have the newspaper now because his aunt (read) it
22/ I'm busy at the moment I (redecorate) the room
23/ The kettle (boil) now Shall I make the tea ?
24/ I don't want to go out now because it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella
- Những động từ kết thúc là nguyên âm + y, biến đổi bình thờng
Eg: - play - played
- Đuôi ed đợc đọc là / t / khi đứng sau k, p, sh, ch, ss, x
Eg : - stopped, washed, watched, missed, fixed, cooked
- Đuôi ed đợc đọc là d sau các trờng hợp còn lại
- Động từ bất qui tắc : - see saw
Trang 5c Nghi vấn : Did + S + V ?
Eg: - We played football yesterday
* Đi với when trong câu hỏi về hành động trong quá khứ
Eg : - When did you see him ?
- I saw him this morning
a Diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm trong quá khứ Thờng đi với at 2 o'clock / at this
time yesterday (Vào lúc 2 giờ / thời điểm này ngày hôm qua )
Eg : - They were swimming at 8 a.m yesterday
b Diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác (thời quá khứ đơn) xảy tới Trong các câu này thờng có While , As (Trong khi), When (Khi, trong khi)
Eg : - While I was going home, I saw an accident (Tôi thấy tai nạn trong khi đang về nhà)
As
When
- Mai was cooking when I came (Khi tôi đến Mai đang nấu nớng)
- When I came Mai was cooking
c Đi với all yesterday morning
Eg : - They were dancing all yesterday morning (Họ khiêu vũ cả buổi sáng)
d While đợc sử dụng trong câu có 2 hành động ở thời quá khứ tiếp diễn
Eg : While I was reading, my sister was listening to music
( Trong khi tôi đang đọc sách thì chị tôi lại nghe nhạc)
Exercise : Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở đúng thời
1/ When I (arrive) at his house, he still (sleep)
2/ The light (go) out while we (have) dinner
3/ The last time I (see) him, he (wear) a grey suit
4/ Just as I (leave) , a student (stop) me in the hall
5/ Nam (play) football when he (break) his leg
6/ We (drink) a lot of beer at the party the day before yesterday
7/ They (build) a new bridge when I was there 2 months ago
8/ He (sit) in a cafe when I saw him
9/ My company (make) a lot of profits 5 years ago
10/ What you (do) when I phoned you on Monday ?
11/ While the two thieves (argue), someone (steal) their car
12/ When he was a boy at school, Edison (ask) a lot of questions The teacher (think) he was stupid andshe (send) him home Edison's mother (teach) her son at home and he (begin) to carry out a lot ofexperiments
13/ - You (visit) the zoo yesterday ?
- Yes, I did When I (go) there, I (see) our teacher
14/ Who (invent) the radio ?
5, Present Perfect (Hiện tại hoàn thành)
Trang 6- Động từ bất qui tắc :
Eg : - go - went - gone
- do - did - done
2 The use
a Diễn tả hành động vừa mới xảy ra, đi với just
Eg : - I've just cleaned my house (Tôi vừa mới lau nhà)
b Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhng không nhắc tới thời điểm xảy ra của hành động.
Eg : - I've lost my key (Tôi đã bị mất chìa khóa)
Khác với câu I lost my key yesterday (Tôi đã mất chìa khóa hôm qua )
c.Diễn tả hành động đã diễn ra trong khoảng thời gian vẫn còn là hiện tại today, this week / month
Eg : - Have you seen Lan today ?
- No, I haven't
- There have been 3 accidents here this month (Đã có 3 tai nạn ở đây vào tháng này)
d Diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhng thời điểm không rõ ràng, đi với already (đã rồi), recently, lately (gần đây), before (trớc kia).
Eg : - He's already done his homework.
- I've seen this film 3 times before (Tôi đã 3 lần xem bộ phim này trớc đây)
e Dùng với yet (cha, vẫn cha) trong câu hỏi và câu phủ định.
Eg : - Have you met your new teacher yet ?
- No, we haven't met her yet
f Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại , đi với since, for, up to now , so far (cho tới bây giờ),
- for + khoảng thời gian
Eg : - My brother has been a doctor for ten years now (Anh tôi đã là bác sĩ đợc 10 năm)
- since + mốc thời gian
Eg : - We haven't met each other since we left school (Chúng tôi đã không gặp nhau kể từ khi chúng tôi
ra trờng )
-Up to now / So far we have visited 3 countries in the world (Cho tới bây giờ chúng tôi đã thăm 3 nớc trên thế giới.)
g Thời hiện tại hoàn thành dùng với ever (đã từng), never (cha bao giờ)
- ever đi với câu hỏi và câu khẳng định
Eg : - Have you ever read this book ? ( Cậu đã từng đọc cuốn sách này cha ?)
-No, I've never read it (Tôi cha bao giờ đọc nó)
- This is the most interesting film I've ever seen.( Đây là bộ phim hay nhất mà tôi đã từng xem)
h Thời hiện tại hoàn thành dùng với
in the past 2/ 3 years/ months ( Trong 2/3 tháng/ năm qua)
for last
Eg : -There have been a lot of changes in our town in the last 2 years (Đã có nhiều đổi thay ở thị trấn
chúng tôi trong 2 năm qua)
i Thời hiện tại hoàn thành dùng với This is the first, second, third time ( Đây là lần đầu tiên, lần thứ hai )
Eg : - This is the first time I've tasted this food (Đây là lần đầu tiên tôi đợc nếm món ăn này)
= I've never tasted this food before (Trớc đây tôi cha bao giờ ăn món này)
k Thời hiện tại hoàn thành dùng với
ages
for months (đã lâu rồi)
a long time
Eg : - I haven't seen my sister for ages (Đã lâu rồi tôi không gặp chị gái tôi)
= It's ages since I last saw my sister (Đã lâu rồi kể từ lần cuối cùng tôi gặp chị gái tôi)
Exercise : Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở đúng thời
1/ My wife and I (be) there several times in the past
2/ We (study) almost every lesson in this book so far
3/ He (visit) his friends recently
4/ - You (see) her today ?
- No, I haven't seen her yet
5/ She (do) her homework already
6/ They never (go) to the cinema in their life
7/ Tom, I (not see) you for ages ! Where have you been ?
8/ He is the most kind-hearted man I ever (meet)
9/ There (be) 3 accidents on this street in the past 3 days
10/ Is this the first time you (visit) our beautiful country ?
11/ Scientists (find) cures for many illnesses in the last 50 years
12/ My uncle's health (improve) since he (leave) India
13/ I (buy) a new shirt last week but I (not wear) it yet
14/ I (not see ) Lan since we (leave) school
15/ We just (move) to a new house but we (be) dissatisfied with it
6 Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
Trang 71 Form
a Khẳng định : S + have/ has + been + V-ing
b Phủ định : S + haven't / hasn't + been + V-ing
c Nghi vấn : Have / Has + S + been + V-ing ?
2 The use
a Thời hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ kéo dài liên tục cho tới
hiện tại và vừa chấm dứt ở đó
Eg : - He's very tired now He has been walking for 2 hours (Bây giờ anh ấy rất mệt Anh ấy đã đi bộ 2
tiếng đồng hồ)
b Thời hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn tả hành động bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ kéo dài liên tục cho tới
hiện tại và còn diễn ra trong tơng lai.
- I've been waiting for my friend since 2 o'clock He hasn't arrived yet (Tôi đã đợi bạn từ lúc 2 giờ Cậu ấy vẫn cha đến)
c Thời hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn dùng vớ câu hỏi How long, Since when
Eg : - How long have you been living here ? (Anh đã sống ở đây đợc bao lâu rồi ?)
- I've been living here for 12 years = I started living here 12 years ago (Tôi bắt đầu sống ở đây 12 năm trớc đây.)
Exercise 1: Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở đúng thời
1/ - How long you (learn) English ?
- I (learn) English for 5 years
2/ - Where is Peter ? - He (be) in his room He (sleep) He (sleep) since 2 o'clock
3/ They (live) here for 20 years now
4/ Look ! Her eyes are red and wet She (cry)
5/ The boy is tired He (run) for two hours
6/ You look tired! Yes I (work) _very hard
7/ Where's the magazine I gave you? What (you do) _ with it?
8/ We (have) the same car for twelve years
9/ This room was white Now it is blue He (paint) _ it
10/ This is the first time I (drive) _ a car Thanks for lending me your car
11/ These shoes are nice and clean (you clean) _ them?
12/ Sorry I'm late (you wait) long?
13/ Somebody (steal) _ my keys They are not on the table
14/ Mary is still watching TV She (watch) _ TV all day
15/ Look! Somebody (spill) wine on the floor
* Thời quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả hành động xảy ra trớc một hành động quá khứ hoặc một thời điểm
quá khứ khác Thờng đi với after, before, when, by the time (cho tới khi), as soon as ( ngay sau khi)
Eg : - After he had done his homework, he went to the cinema ( Sau khi nó làm xong bài tập, nó đi xem
phim.) = Before he went to the cinema, he had done his homework
- When I got there, they had gone home (Khi mà tôi tới đó, họ đã về nhà rồi.)
- When he had sung his song, he sat down (Khi anh ta hát xong, anh ta ngồi xuống)
- By the time we got to the station, the train had already left ( Cho tới khi chúng tôi tới ga, tàu đã chạy rồi)
Exercise : Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở đúng thời
1/ After her husband (get) home, she started to wash the clothes
2/ When they reached France, they (visit) 13 countries
3/ When she (arrive) at his house, she (find) that he (leave) a few minutes before
4/ Before Mr Ron met me, he (do) nothing
5/ Yesterday I was sorry that I (hurt) him
6/ They (tell) her that they (not meet ) her before
7/ When she (realise) her mistakes, she apologised
8/ When I (meet) my cousin 2 weeks ago, he told me that he just (return) from the South
c Câu hỏi Will/ Shall + S + V ?
* Notes : - Will đợc dùng với tất cả các ngôi Shall thờng dùng với ngôi I , we
2 The use : - Thời tơng lai đơn diễn tả hành động tơng lai đơn thuần.
Eg : - I'll do it tomorow (I'll = I will) ( Tôi sẽ làm việc này vào ngày mai)
- He'll come here soon (Chẳng mấy chốc nó sẽ tới đây)
Trang 8- Our exam will be in two weeks (Kỳ thi của chúng tôi sẽ diễn ra trong 2 tuần nữa)
- They won't help you
- Will you buy it ?
- Yes, I will/ No, I won't
* Will còn đợc sử dụng trong lời yêu cầu, lời mời
Eg : - Will you please get it for me ? (Yêu cầu)
- Yes, certainly/ OK / of course
- Will you come to my party ? (Lời mời)
* Will đợc sử dụng khi đa ra lời hứa
Eg : - I will pay you tomorrow ( Tôi sẽ trả cậu vào ngày mai)
* Shall đợc sử dụng trong lời gợi ý
Eg : - Shall we go to the zoo this afternoon ? ( Chiều nay chúng ta đi vờn thú chứ ?)
* Shall đợc dùng trong lời đề nghị giúp đỡ
Eg : - Shall I do it for you ? ( Để tôi giúp cậu nhé)
9, NEAR FUTURE (Thời tơng lai gần, tơng lai dự định (Be going to))
1 Form
a Khẳng định S + be going to + V
b Phủ định S + be + not + going to + V
c Nghi vấn Be + S + going to + V ?
- Are you going to work in France next month ? - Yes, I am / No, I'm not
2 The use
a Diễn tả hành động tơng lai đã lên kế hoạch từ trớc.
Eg : - He's going to get married next month.(Anh ấy sẽ cới vợ vào tháng sau)
b.Diễn tả hành động sắp xảy ra trong tơng lai gần
.Eg : - Look at those clouds ! It's going to rain (Nhìn những đám mây kìa ! Trời sắp ma đấy !)
* So sánh Will và Be going to
- Be going to chỉ hành động tơng lai có dự định.
Eg : - I'm going to England for my holiday next week.
- Will chỉ hành động tơng lai bất chợt, không đợc dự tính từ trớc.
Eg : - Our teacher is ill (Thầy giáo bị ốm đấy)
- Is he ? I'll visit him this afternoon (Thế à ? Chiều nay tớ sẽ thăm thầy )
Exercise 1: Chia động từ trong ngoặc ở đúng thời
1/ - Hai has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg
- I'm sorry to hear that I (visit) him
2/ Look at those clouds It (rain)
3/ What are you going to do with that dress ? - I (shorten) it
4/ I've hired a typerwriter and I (learn) to type
5/ Listen to this ! I think this news (surprise) you
6/ Tom, when you (get) married, this month or next month ?
7/ - What you (do) next week ? - I (visit) my grandparents
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
1 Mr.Tuan always (go) ……… to work by bus
2 We (start) ……… our new school year last month
3 She (receive) ……… her pen pal’s letter this morning
4 It (not rain) ……… in the dry season
5 Lan (take) ……… her younger brother to the zoo last Sunday
6 I (live) ……… here since I was born
7 They (give) ……… me the letter a few minutes ago
8 When I saw him, he (sit) ……… asleep in a chair
9 What you (do) ……… at 7 p.m yesterday?
10 My brother (write) ……… several plays
11 We (learn) ……… English now
12 He (write) ……… a long novel at present
13 Why didn’t you listen while I (speak) ……… to you?
14 Where are you? – I’m upstairs I (have) ……… a bath
15 You (have) ……… breakfast yet?
16 My little sister (drink) ……… milk every day
Trang 917 The doctor sometimes (return) ……… home late.
18 They (have) ……… lunch in the cafeteria now
19 They often (thank) ……… me for what I do for them
20 His uncle (teach) ……… English in our school five years ago
21 They (not go) ……… to the movies last Sunday
22 You (find) ……… my pen yesterday?
23 The light (go) ……… out when we (study) ……….our lesson
24 There (be) ……… an English class in this room tomorrow evening
25 They (paint) ……… the school gate when we came
26 They (build) ……… a new school in this area next year
27 My brother (work) ……… in this factory for many years
28 The children (play) ……… soccer at 4 o’clock yesterday
29 I (see) ……… Nga at the bus stop every morning
30 What you (do) ……… last night?
31 It (be) ……….… often hot in the summer
32 My mother went to the supermarket yesterday, but she (not buy) ……… anything
33 Nam and Ba (play) ……… soccer at present
34 My family (go) ……….………… Da Lat next summer
35 I’d like (tell) ……… ………… you something about my family
36 She needs (eat) ………….………… a lot of vegetables and fruit
37 Please don’t make so much noise I (study)………
38 The water (boil) ………at 100 degrees Celsius
39 Look! Somebody (climb) ………up that tree over there
40 I (not see) ………her since last week
41 How long you (know) ……… Tom?
42 Hoa (burn) ………her hand when she (cook) ……… …… The dinner
43 While we (cross) ……….….the street, the policeman (shout) ………… …….at us
44 What you (do) ………at this time yesterday?
45 I hope it (not rain) ………when we (start) ……….early tomorrow
46 My sister (play) ………the piano since she (be) ……….a child
47 I (never forget) ……….what you (just tell) ……….me
48 He (leave) ………….home two weeks ago and we (not hear) ………from him since
49 She (win) ……….the gold medal in 2004
50 While you (play) ……… the guitar, I (write) ……….a letter
CHUYÊN ĐỀ II WISH SENTENCES:
- Dùng để diễn tả những ước muốn, những điều khơng cĩ thật ở hiện tại
Hình thức:
S + WISH / WISHES + S + V2/V-ed / were
- Dùng để diễn tả những ước muốn, những điều không có thật ở tương lai
Hình thức:
S + WISH/ WISHES + S + WOULD + INF
* Ghi c hú: “Past Subjunctive” được gọi là quá khứ bàng thái và được dùng như thì quá khứ đơn Với động từ “To be” ta dùng “were” cho tất cả các chủ ngữ
Ex: He wishes he were a doctor.
I wish I could speak English fluently
Bài tập:
* Write sentences beginning with “I wish…”
Trang 101 I don’t have time to study
2 I can’t answer the questions
3 We are not living in London
4 Nga is not here
5 They don’t stay in Da Lat
6 Mai doesn’t know many people in the town
7 I’m sorry I can’t go to the party
8 Her work isn’t going well
9 They will leave France next week
10 I’m sorry he gets up so late
11 It’s a pity we don’t know where we are
12 It’s a pity we haven’t a knife
13 I’m sorry I don’t know where you are staying
14 Nga may make a lot of mistakes
15 My family has to move to Lang Son
16 I’m sorry I can’t help you
17 The students keep talking all the time
18 The tickets are too expensive
19 I’m sorry my friends are poor
20 I speak English badly
21 He can’t swim as well as his friends
22 She has to work on Sunday every week
23 They are afraid of ghosts and monsters
24 I don’t know much about him
CHUYấN ĐỀ III : Adjectives - Adverbs ( Tính từ - Trạng từ)
+ Những tính từ có tận cùng là y biến đổi nh sau :
- happy - happily ( hạnh phúc, vui vẻ)
- easy - easily (dễ)
- lazy - lazily (lời)
+ Những trờng hợp không theo qui tắc :
- good - well ( tốt)
- fast - fast (nhanh)
- late - late (muộn)
- much - much ( nhiều)
Eg : - He drives carefully.( Anh ấy lái xe cẩn thận)
Exercise : Chọn từ đúng trong số hai từ trong ngoặc :
1 John is reading (careful / carefully)
Trang 112 He is a (slow / slowly) learner.
3 Maria Elena speaks Spanish ( fluently / fluent)
4 Rita plays the violin ( good / well)
5 He was working ( hard / hardly)
6 The sun is ( bright / brightly) today
7 She's a ( fast / fastly ) swimmer
8 You can do this exercise (easily/ easy)
Exercise : Viết lại các câu sau, giữ nguyên nghĩa :
1 Mr Hai is a bad driver Mr Hai drives
2 She is a careless driver. She
3 Hoa is a fast typist Hoa
4 Mary dances marvellously Mary is
5 Celine Dion sings well Celine Dion is
6 Lien is a good English speaker Lien speaks
7 Mr Linh is a hard worker Mr Linh
8 Minh is a fast swimmer Minh swims
9 My father drives well My father is
10 He runs quickly He is
11 Lan is a bad English speaker Lan speaks
12 Mrs Young is a very slow typist Mrs Young types
13 My mother cooks well My mother
CHUYấN ĐỀ IV COMPARISONS ( So sánh ) A/ So sánh Tính từ I/ So sánh ngang bằng * Mẫu câu : S + to be + as + adj + as + noun (danh từ) pronoun (đại từ)
Eg : - Nam is as quick as Hai. - They are as happy as we are us * Lu ý :- Trong câu phủ định ta có thể dùng so thay cho as : Eg : - Mai isn't as tall as her brother = Mai isn't so tall as her brother Exercise 1 : Dùng từ gợi ý để viết câu ở dạng so sánh ngang bằng : 1 Ha Noi / noisy / Ho Chi Minh City 2 Today / cold / yesterday 3 My bag / expensive / his 4 Their house / big / our house 5 I / not / tired / yesterday 6 this pen / good / that one ? 7 Her shoes / cheap / mine II/ Comparative ( So sánh hơn ) 1/ Short adj (Tính từ ngắn) Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có một âm tiết : Eg : - big, cold, hot, tall
Mẫu câu : S + to be + adj + er + than + noun (danh từ)
pronoun (đại từ)
Eg : - Hoa is taller than I am = I'm not as tall as Hoa (is)
me
- It was colder yesterday than (it is) today
* Lu ý :
+ Những tính từ kết thúc là một phụ âm, trớc khi thêm er, phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối
Eg : - big - bigger
- hot - hotter
+ Những tính từ kết thúc là e , chỉ thêm r :
Eg : - large - larger
+ Những tính từ 2 âm tiết , kết thúc là y, đợc biến đổi nh sau :
Eg : - happy - happier
- pretty - prettier (đẹp)
- lazy - lazier ( lời)
Exercise 1: Dùng từ gợi ý để viết câu ở dạng so sánh hơn :
1 I / short / my brother
2 Hai Duong / small/ Ha noi
3 His shoes / cheap / mine
4 Russia / big / Canada
5 This exercise / easy / that one
6 this car / fast / yours ?
7 Today / cold / yesterday
Trang 122/ Long adj ( Tính từ dài)
Tính từ dài là tính từ có 2 âm tiết trở lên:
Eg : tired, expensive, difficult, interesting
Mẫu câu : S + to be + more +long adj + than + noun (danh từ) pronoun (đại từ) Eg : - They are more tired than us = We are not as tired as them. - This exercise is more difficult than that one Exercise 2: Dùng từ gợi ý để viết câu ở dạng so sánh hơn : 1 Her shoes / expensive / his 2 Mr Jones / careful / wife 3 Football / popular / table-tennis 4 English / difficult / Chinese ? 5 Spring / pleasant / summer 6 Her car / comfortable / mine 7 His chidren / hard-working / my chidren 3/ Irregular Adj ( Bất qui tắc) - good - better - bad - worse - far - farther / further ( xa) - much - more - many - more - little - less ( ít) Eg : - His English is better than mine = My English isn't as good as his Exercise 3: Dùng từ gợi ý để viết câu ở dạng so sánh hơn : 1 My friend's bike / good / mine 2 This picture / bad / yours 3 He has / much money / I have 4 My sister / have / many books / me Exercise 4: Viết lại các câu sau, giữ nguyên nghĩa : 1/ They were happier yesterday than today Today they
2/ English isn't so interesting as biology Biology is
3 / I'm not as good at English as him He is
4/ His role is more important than mine My role
5 / My kitchen is bigger than yours Your kitchen
6 / I haven't got as much money as you You have
7 / French is more difficult than English English
8 / Nam isn't so careful as his father Nam's father
9 / Mai is prettier than her sister Mai's sister
10 / Hai Duong isn't so noisy as Ha Noi Ha Noi
11/ My house is smaller than his His house
III/ SUPERLATIVES ( So sánh bậc nhất ) 1/ Short adj : Mẫu câu : S + to be + the + short adj + est + in / of
Eg : - John is the tallest student in his class = No one in his class is taller than John = No one in his class is as tall as John * Lu ý : + Những tính từ kết thúc là một phụ âm, trớc khi thêm est, phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. Eg : - big - the biggest - hot - the hottest + Những tính từ kết thúc là e , chỉ thêm st : Eg : - large - largest + Những tính từ 2 âm tiết , kết thúc là y, đợc biến đổi nh sau : Eg : - happy - happiest - pretty - prettiest - lazy - laziest 2 Long adj : Mẫu câu : S + to be + the + most + long adj + in / of
Eg : - Freedom is the most important of all ( Tự do là quan trọng nhất trong số mọi điều)
= Nothing is more important than freedom
3 Irregular Adj :
- good - the best
- bad - the worst
- many - the most
- much - the most
- little - the least
- far - the farthest/furthest
Eg : - Mai is the best student in our class
Exercise 1: Dùng từ gợi ý để viết câu ở dạng so sánh nhất :
Trang 131 Russia / large / country/ in the world.
2 She / careful pupil / in my class
3 Ronaldinho / good / footballer / in the world
4 Phil / happy / person / we know
5 These shoes / expensive / of all
6 Ho Chi Minh City / big city / in Viet Nam
7 This / interesting film / I / ever / see
8 Hoa / pretty / girl / in her group
9 Mr Pike / generous / person / in my town
Exercise 2: Hoàn thành các câu sau theo mẫu
Eg : It's a very nice room It's one of the nicest rooms in the hotel.
1/ It's a very old castle It's in Britain
2/ She's a very good player She's in the team
3/ It was a very bad experience It was in my life
4/ Nam is a very intelligent student He .in the class
Exercise 3: Viết lại các câu sau, giữ nguyên nghĩa :
1/ No one in my class is more intelligent than Lan Lan is
2/ We don't know a happier person than him He is
3/ Nothing is more interesting than football Football is
4/ Is this the biggest hat you've got ? Have you got ?
5/ Everest is higher than any mountains in the world Everest is
6/ No one in my class is fatter than Minh Minh is
7/ Mr Ron is the richest man in our town No one
8/ No one in my group is better at English than Lan Lan is
B/ Comparisons (So sánh Trạng từ) I/ So sánh ngang bằng Mẫu câu : S + V + as + adv + as + noun (danh từ) pronoun (đại từ) Eg : - Mr Ba works as hard as Mr Lam * Lu ý : Ta có thể thay as bằng so trong câu phủ định. Eg : - I can't play the piano as well as my sister = I can't play the piano so well as my sister II/ So sánh hơn 1/ Short adverbs (Trạng từ ngắn) Mẫu câu : S + V + short adv + er + than + noun (danh từ) / pronoun (đại từ) Eg : - My brother runs faster than I do = I don't run as fast as my brother. me 2 Long adv : Mẫu câu : S + V + more + long adv + than + noun (danh từ) pronoun (đại từ) Eg : - Mr Jones drives more carefully than Mr Smith = Mr Smith doesn't drive as carefully as Mr Jones 3 Irregular adv ( Bất qui tắc) Eg : - well - better - badly - worse - much - more - early - earlier - late - later Eg : - Sam can speaks French better than me - Yesterday he drank more than today Exercise : Viết lại các câu sau, giữ nguyên nghĩa : 1/ Jane can swim further than I can I can't
2/ We didn't do the test as quickly as Linh Linh did
3/ Peter can't run as fast as Tim Tim runs
4/ John speaks French more fluently than I do I cannot
5/- Thuy is a more fluent French speaker than Phong Thuy speaks French
6/ He plays football better than me I don't
7/ Mrs Hoa doesn't work as hard as her husband Mrs Hoa 's husband works
8/ They answered the teacher's question yesterday more intelligently than us We didn't
9/ Hai couldn't listen to the teacher yesterday as attentively as his friend did Hai's friend
10/ She runs faster than me I don't
11/ Thanh works harder now than last year Last year Thanh
12/ He doesn't understand the lessons as well as last year Last year he
13/ My sister usually gets up earlier than me I usually
14/ Yesterday, Mr Pike didn't drink as much as Mr Withe Yesterday Mr Withe
15/ Tom speaks more persuasively than Bill Tom is
Trang 14CHUYấN ĐỀ V GERUNDS ( Danh động từ )
I/ form V+ ing : - swimmimg, having, playing
II/ Một số mẫu câu với danh động từ
1/ Danh động từ đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ trong câu
- Swimming is my hobby (Bơi là sở thích của tôi)
2/ Danh động từ làm bổ ngữ trong câu (đứng sau to be)
- My hobby is swimming
3/ Danh động từ đ ợc sử dụng sau giới từ
*Một số cụm tính từ +giới từ + V-ing
excited about ( phấn khích)
Eg : - I'm afraid of flying
- Are you bored with staying at home at weekends ?
- He's used to getting up early
- Nam is good at learning French
Eg : - He succeeded in finding a good job.
- I object to going out ( Tôi phản đối việc tôi phải ra ngoài)
- I object to his going out (Tôi phản đối việc anh ta ra ngoài)
- He apologised (to me) for breaking the glass (Anh ta xin lỗi (tôi) vì đã đánh vỡ cái cốc)
* Một số ví dụ về các giới từ khác :
After, before, without, like , for , on
Eg : - He left my house without saying good bye ( Anh ta rời nhà tôi mà không nói lời tạm biệt)
On seeing her mother, she burst out crying = When she saw her mother, she burst into tears.( Khi nhìn thấy mẹ, nó òa lên khóc)
- After saying good bye to me, he went back to the college
4/ Danh động từ đ ợc sử dụng sau một số động từ
- regret doing sth ( Tiếc đã làm gì)
- prevent sb from doing sth ( Ngăn cản ai làm gì)
Eg : - He suggested visiting the museum ( Anh ta gợi ý đi thăm viện bảo tàng)
- We are considering leaving our village
- He kept (on) listening to the radio
- I don't mind working hard
- Would you mind opening the window ?
Trang 15- You should practise speaking English in class.
- The bad weather prevented us from having a picnic
( Thời tiết xấu ngăn cản chúng tôi đi picnic)
- The children enjoy walking in the rain
- My father started working here when he was 23
- They stopped laughing when the teacher came in
5/ Danh động từ đ ợc sử dụng để tạo thành danh từ kép : Dđtừ + Danh từ = Danh từ kép
Eg: - a reading lamp (đèn đọc sách) = a lamp for reading
- a travelling bag ( túi du lịch) = a bag for travelling
6/Danh động từ đ ợc sử dụng sau một số cụm từ sau
- can't stand/ can't bear không thể chịu đựng đợc
- can't help / can't resist không thể đừng đợc
- look forward to mong muốn
- It's no use vô ích khi làm gì
- It's no good
- There's no point in
- It's (not) worth Thật (không ) đáng
Eg : -I look forward to hearing from you ( Tôi mong nhận đợc tin cậu)
- It's no use waiting for her ( Thật vô ích khi đợi cô ta)
There's no point in asking him for money
- We can't help laughing when he told his funny story
( Chúng tôi không nhịn đợc cời khi nghe anh ấy kể chuyện cời)
- It's worth reading this book (Thật đáng đọc cuốn sách này)
7 S + V + possessive adj / object pronoun + Gerund
(Chủ ngữ + đ từ + t từ sở hữu/ đại từ tân ngữ + Danh động từ )
- object to one's doing sth (phản đối ai làm gì)
- insist on one's doing sth (nài nỉ ai làm gì)
- approve / disapprove of one's doing sth (chấp nhận/ không chấp nhận ai làm gì)
- dislike one's doing sth (không thích ai làm gì)
Eg : - We object to his/ him coming late (Chúng tôi phản đối anh ta đến muộn)
- I object to working overtime this week
(Tôi phản đối việc phải làm việc quá giờ vào tuần này)
- They insisted on my attending the party ( Họ nài nỉ tôi đến dự tiệc)
- She insisted on seeing the manager.= She insisted that she had to see the manager
( Cô ta khăng khăng đòi gặp giám đốc)
- His parents disapprove of his marrying that woman
(Bố mẹ anh ấy không tán thành anh ấy cới ngời đàn bà đó)
- I dislike people criticising me unfairly (Tôi ghét việc mọi ngời chỉ trích tôi không công bằng)
EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Provide the correct form of the verbs in brackets
1/ He doesn't enjoy (sit) alone and (do) nothing
2/ My brother (give) up (fish) last year
3/ Please go on (write) I don't mind (wait)
4/ Their children (be) afraid of (walk) on the street at night
5/ Do you mind (turn) off the radio ?
6/ I'm fond of (swim) in the river
7/ She (hate) (get) up early
8/ We are fed up with (eat) the same food everyday
9/ My child is bored with (play) with the same picture
10/ We like (see) people living peacefully
11/Are you interested in (have) dinner with me this afternoon ?
12/ Mr Long loves (watch) football on TV
13/ Nam is used to (stay) up late
14/ There's no point in (ask) him for money He's broke
15/ The bad weather prevented us from (go) on holiday
16/ (Have) a talk with a man like him is really interesting
Exercise 2: Use the suggestions to write complete sentences
1/ Lan / enjoy / listen / music
2/ brother/ interested / find / new job
3/ father / tired / work / his factory
4/ father / give up / drink coffee / last month
5/ your sister / fond / go swimming ?
6/ they / bored / talk / their neighbour
7/ I / begin / learn / English / last year
8/ They / stop / argue / when / I / arrive
16/ We / bored / watch / Vietnamese films / TV
17/ mother / interested / learn / foreign language
Trang 1618/ favourite pastime / fish.
19/ Play chess / not / pastime
20/ I / not used to / work / overtime
21/ Children / fed / with / water / flowers
22/ They / fond / practise English
Exercise 3: Fill in the blank with one suitable word
1/ They're bored watching the same programme everyday
2/ His wife is washing the dishes
3/ She enjoys at home on Sunday
4/ I'm in playing the piano
5/ We're fond English
6/ Do you getting the remote control ?
Exercise 4: Điền vào chỗ trống một giới từ thích hợp
1/ Jane is always afraid flying
2/ She's very bad foreign languages
3/ You should drink this It is good keeping fit
4/ They succeeded finding a good job for their children
5/ I object her coming to work late
6/ Are you interested collecting stamps ?
7/ Lan's fond cooking
8/ We're fed up learning philosophy
9/ Mr Kha is used jogging in the morning
10/ My teacher is capable writing articles
11/ The students are bored his lectures
12/ saying good bye to his wife, he left for London
13/ I don't feel working here
14/ He looked angry He left my house saying good bye
15/ She apologised her boyfriend hurting him
16/ My parents approved my going to study at this college
17/ I want to sell my house I'm really tired my neighbour playing music at night
18/ You can't succeed working hard
19/ We can only succeed working hard
20/ Do your parents approve your working for that company ?
21/ They are excited going to see the football match
22/ I find it hard to get used driving on the left
23/ You should turn off the lights leaving the room
24/ seeing her brother, Lan burst out crying
It is very kind of you to help me ( Cậu thật tốt bụng khi giúp tôi)
It was very careless of you to leave the door open last night ( Cậu thật cẩu thả khi để cửa mở tối qua)
4/ S + to be + too (quá) + adj + to do sth
- You are too young to get married (Cậu còn quá trẻ để lập gia đình)
5/ S + to be + too + adj + for sb + to do
- The bag is too heavy for me to carry (Cái túi quá nặng để tôi mang)
6/ S + to be + adj + enough + to do sth
I'm not strong enough to carry this case (Tôi không đủ khỏe để mang cái va li này)
7/ S + to be + adj + enough + for sb +to do
- The bag isn't light enough for me to carry
8/ S +V + too + adv + for sb + to do
- The cat ran too fast for the dog to catch
9/ S + V + adv + enough + for sb + to do
- He doesn't speak slowly enough for us to understand (Ông ấy không nói chậm để chúng tôi hiểu)
10/ S + to be + the first / second to do sth
- He was the first person to leave the party.( Anh ta là ngời đầu tiên rời bữa tiệc)
= He was the first person who left the party
Exercise I : Dùng từ gợi ý để viết thành câu hoàn chỉnh
1/ It / interesting / have a talk / him
2/ It / unhealthy / live / this / house
3/ It / boring / stay / home / Saturday
Trang 174/ It / difficult / speak English well.
5/ It / wonderful / have / holiday / Paris
6/ It / important / you / know how to drive
8/ It / easy / her / finish work on time
9/ It / impolite / him / say like that
10/ It / careless / you / leave / umbrella / train yesterday
11/ Mr Hai / too old / apply for that job
12/ Children / too young / join this club
13/ The test / too difficult / us / do
14/ house / too expensive / uncle / buy
15/ We / not / rich / buy / car
16/ shoes / not / cheap / me / buy
17/ The task / not / easy enough / us / do
18/ The robber / ran / too fast / policeman / catch
19/ They / walking / too slowly / reach the top before night
20/ Mr Ba / not speak clearly / us / understand
21/ She / the last / person / come in
22/ It / careless / you / let / door / open / last night
23/ It / necessary / us / finish/ work / this afternoon
11/ Động từ nguyên thể đứng sau động từ to be
Eg : His ambition is to become a director
( Tham vọng của ông ấy là trở thành giám đốc)
12/ Những động từ theo sau là động từ nguyên thể -
Eg : - She agreed to marry that old man.
- I'll arrange to meet her
- They decided to move to Ha Noi
- Tom failed to catch the train
- I hope to see you again
-They offer to do the shopping for us
- I managed to get out of the car
- She promised to wait for him
- The kidnappers threatened to kill the child if his parents informed the police ( Bọn bắt cóc dọa giết
đứa bé nếu bố mẹ cậu báo cảnh sát)
13/ Những động từ theo sau là tân ngữ và động từ nguyên thể
- warn sb not to do sth cảnh báo ai đừng làm gì
- tell sb to do / not to do sth bảo ai làm gì / không làm gì
Eg : - The doctor advised me to do morning exercise.
- I remind Minh to bring the umbrella
- They allow their children to watch TV in the evening
- My family encouraged me to apply for the job
14/ Những động từ theo sau là tân ngữ và động từ nguyên thể không "to"
Trang 18- have sb do sth = get sb to do sth (nhờ ai làm gì)
Eg : - Our father made us work hard.
- Don't let him go out too much
- I had my neighbour repair my bike = I got my neighbour to repair my bike
- Someone saw him steal the car
15 Những cụm từ theo sau là động từ nguyên thể
- to be about to do sth ( sắp sửa làm gì)
- to be able to do sth ( có khả năng làm gì)
- do / try one's best to do sth ( cố gắng hết sức làm gì)
Eg : - I was about to leave when it started to rain.
- Try your best !
- She hasn't been able to find a job yet
( Cô ta vẫn cha thể tìm đợc công việc)
16 Động từ nguyên thể dùng sau but , except (trừ, ngoại trừ)
Eg : - We can do nothing but wait.
- She does nothing but complain ( Cô ta chẳng làm gì ngoài việc kêu ca.)
17 S + V + noun + to do sth
Eg : - He didn't have a chance to explain
- We have a lot of work to do
CHUYấN ĐỀ VII Modals (Động từ khuyết thiếu)
2 The use * Chỉ khả năng ai đó biết làm gì ở hiện tại
Eg : - I can swim but I can't sew.
- Can you speak English ?
- Yes, I can / No, I can't
* Dùng trong lời yêu cầu ai làm gì
Eg : - Can you get me the pen ?
- Yes, certainly / Sorry, I can't
*Dùng trong lời xin phép làm gì
Eg : - Can I have some more coffee ? ( Tôi có thể xin chút cà phê nữa đợ chứ ?)
*Chỉ khả năng ai đó biết làm gì trong quá khứ
Eg : - I could swim when I was 10.
* Dùng trong lời yêu cầu lịch sự
Eg : - Could you tell me the way to the bank please ? ( Nhờ ông chỉ giúp đờng tới ngân hàng)
* Đợc dùng khi muốn xin phép làm gì
Eg : - Could I speak to Mr Baker ? (Tôi có thể nói chuyện với ông Baker đợc không ?)
* So sánh giữa could và was/were able to (có thể)
- Could để chỉ khả năng nói chung
- was / were able to để chỉ khả năng ai đó làm một việc gì trong một tình huống cụ thể.
Eg : - He could swim when he was 10.
- His house got fire yesterday Luckily, he was able to get out of it
( Hôm qua nhà ông ấy bị cháy Rất may là ông ta đã thoát ra đợc)
2 The use * Diễn tả điều chắc chắn xảy ra ở hiện tại
Eg : - He's been walking for two hours He must be very tired.( Anh ta đã đi bộ suốt 2 tiếng đồng hồ
Chắc hẳn anh ta rất mệt)
* Diễn tả một nghĩa vụ, điều cần thiết phải làm.
Eg : - You must work hard ( Anh phải làm việc chăm)
* So sánh giữa must và have to (phải)
- Have to có thể đợc dùng ở hiện tại, quá khứ hoặc tơng lai.
Eg : - I have to clean the door now
- We had to go to Hai Phong yesterday
- You 'll have to come here early tomorrow
Trang 19- Must không đợc dùng ở quá khứ Dùng had to thay must trong quá khứ.
Eg : - You must go to London now / tomorrow.
- He had to go to London yesterday
- Mustn't do sth : Không đợc phép làm gì
- Not have to do sth : Không cần phải làm gì
Eg : - You mustn't smoke here (Các anh không đợc hút thuốc ở đây)
- You don't have to do this (Anh không cần phải làm việc này)
2 The use * Dùng để đa ra phỏng đoán
Eg : - He may be in his room now ( Có lẽ anh ấy đang ở trong phòng)
= Perhaps he is in his room now
Maybe
It's possible that
- She may be watching TV now ( Có lẽ cô ấy đang xem ti vi)
= Perhaps she is watching TV now
Maybe
It's possible that
- He may go to London tomorrow ( Ngày mai có thể nó sẽ đi London)
= Perhaps he will go to London tomorrow
Maybe
* Dùng trong câu xin phép
Eg : - May I sit here ?
2 The use * Dùng trong lời khuyên
Eg : - You should drink milk.
- You shouldn't smoke
VII/ Ought to = Should
* Diễn tả điều cần thiết phải làm
Eg : - Need I go ? ( Tôi có cần phải đi không ? )
- Yes, you must / No, you needn't - You needn't go
Notes : Khi need là động từ khuyết thiếu, nó thờng đợc dùng với câu hỏi và câu phủ định.
- Need có thể đợc dùng nh động từ thờng Sau need là động từ nguyên thể (to-infinitive)
Eg : - Do I need to go ?
- You don't need to go - She needs to go
* Cách sử dụng đặc biệt của need
sth needs doing / to be done ( Cái gì đó cần đợc làm)
Eg : - Your hair needs cutting / to be cut.
EXERCISES
Exercise I : Hãy chọn đáp án đúng trong số A.B,C hoặc D
1/ Mary can to the meeting
A come B to come C coming D.come
Trang 202/ Jack should harder.
3/ The whole team must together to win the game
4/ To stay alive, people breathe oxygen
5/ My room is a mess, but I clean it before I go out tonight I can do it in the morning
6/ You open the door while he's there because the light will ruin the picture
A must/have to B must not C don't have to D needn' t to7/ John has been working for 5 hours He be very tired
8/ you please be quiet ? I'm trying to concentrate
9/ I carry the bag for you ?
10/ Thanks for lending me the money I pay you back on Friday
11/ we go on a picnic next Sunday ?
12/ My granfather was a very clever man He speak 5 languages
13/ The phone is ringing It be Tom
14/ - My salary is very low
- You look for another job
15/ I have these postcards please ?
CHUYấN ĐỀ VIII Passive FORMS ( Câu bị động)
QUI TAẫC CHUNG :
S + V + O
S + BE + V3/ed + (by O)
* CAÙCH BIEÁN ẹOÅI CHO TệỉNG THè :
I Present simple tense: (thỡ hieọn taùi ủụn)
S + is/am/are + V3/ed + (By O)
Ex: I see Nga at the bus stop every day
Nga is seen at the bus stop (by me) every day
II Present progressive tense: (thỡ hieọn taùi tieỏp dieón)
S + is/am/are +being + V3/ed + (By + O)
Ex: He is asking me a lot of questions
I am being asked a lot of questions
III Simple past: (quựa khửự ủụn)
S + Were / Was + V3/ed + (By O)
Ex: My mother wrote that letter
That letter was written by my mother
IV Past progressive: (quaự khửự tieỏp dieón)
S + Were/Was +Being + V3/ed + (By O)
Ex: She was doing her homework at that time
Her homework was being done at that time
V Present perfect: (hieọn taùi hoaứn thaứnh)
S + Have/has + Been + V3/ed + (By O)
Ex: She has given me some presents on my birthday
I have been given some presents on my birthday
VI Model verbs: (will/shall/can/must/have to/ …)
Trang 21S + Modal verb + BE-inf + V3/ed + (By O)
Ex: My friend can answer the questions
The questions can be answered by my friend
Chuự yự:
Caực taõn ngửừ “me, you, him, her, them, us, people, someone, …” ta neõn boỷ khoỷi caõu bũ ủoọng neỏu khoõng muoỏn neõu roỷ taực nhaõn
Ghi chuự:
- Taõn ngửừ trong caõu bũ ủoọng ta phaỷi ủaởt sau phoự tửứ chổ nụi choỏn vaứ trửụực phoự tửứ chổ thụứi gian
- Sau caực ủoọng tửứ khieỏm khuyeỏt thỡ ủoọng tửứ “To Be” luoõn luoõn nguyeõn maóu
Baứi taọp:
Turn into the passive voice:
1 The teacher explains the lesson
2 Mrs Green is cooking the food in the kitchen
3 These boys made that noise
4 People speak English all over the world
5 I gave him back the money last Sunday
6 Nga can’t do these exercises quickly
7 They have to pay the bill before the first of the month
8 They will ask you some questions
9 Somebody has locked the box and I can’t open it
10 I want you to do this work now
11 He shouldn’t do that silly thing
12 Nam does some exercises every day
13 The new teacher teaches English
14 They have not used that machine for ages
15 She has eaten all the eggs
*Note: Động từ thường ở cõu chủ động là thỡ nào thỡ khi chuyển về cõu bị động
ta chia động từ to be ở thỡ đú
II Change into passive forms:
1/ You mustn’t open this parcel until Calen comes
2/ People can recycle tires to make pipes or floor coverig
3/ We should use cloth bags instaed of plastic bags
4/ Do they teach French in this school?
5/ Do they teach French in this school?
6/ They make a lot of beautiful toys from recycled plastic
7/ The wokers clean the streets every day
8/ Do they usually hold the concerts at the university?
III/ Một số ví dụ đổi từ câu chủ động sang bị động
Chủ động Bị động
- Some one takes her to school every week.
- Some one is taking her to school now.
- Someone has just taken her to school.
- Some one took her to school yesterday.
- Someone was taking her to school at this time
yesterday
- Someone had taken her to school before I got to
her house
- Someone will take her to school soon.
- Someone should take her to school.
- Someone must take her to school.
- Someone has to take her to school.
- Someone used to take her to school when she
was young
- Someone will continue to take her to school.
- Someone is going to take her to school.
- Someone should have taken her to school.
- She is taken to school everyday.
- She is being taken to school now.
- She has just been taken to school.
- She was taken to school.
- She was being taken to school at this time
yesterday
- She had been taken to school before I got to
her house
- She will be taken to school soon.
- She should be taken to school.
- She must be taken to school.
- She has to be taken to school.
- She used to be taken to school when she was
young
- She will continue to be taken to school
- She is going to be taken to school.
- She should have been taken to school.
Trang 22- We want someone to take her to school.
- She likes someone taking her to school.
- She likes people to help her.
- We want her to be taken to school.
- She likes being taken to school.
- She likes to be helped.
IV/ Một số chú ý khi đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động
- Chuyển tân ngữ của câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ của câu bị động
- Trợ động từ to be trong câu bị động đợc chia theo ngôi, và chia theo thời của câu chủ động
- Khi chủ ngữ của câu chủ động có tính chất chung chung , không rõ ràng ( someone, people, they ) thìkhi chuyển sang câu bị động ta không dùng giới từ by
- Khi chủ ngữ của câu chủ động rõ ràng, đợc nhấn mạnh ( My father, Mr Pike ) thì khi chuyển sang câu
bị động ta phải dùng giới từ by
Eg: - They built this house in 1990 = This house was built in 1990
- My father built this house in 1990 = This house was built in 1990 by my father
Exercise 1 : Viết lại các câu sau giữ nguyên nghĩa
1/ They are building a new bridge at the moment A new bridge
2/ Somebody has taken away some of my books Some of my books
3/ The chief engineer was instructing all the workers how to use the machines. All the workers
4/ They can't make tea with cold water Tea
5/ They will hold the meeting before May Day. The meeting
6/ They have to repair the engine of the car. The engine
7/ People spend a lot of money on advertising every year. A lot
8/ The boys broke the windows and took away some pictures The window
9/ They may use this room for the classroom. This room
10/ Our teacher is going to tell a story. A story
11/ Mary is cutting the cake with a sharp knife The cake
12/ The children looked at the woman with a red hat The woman
13/ You mustn't use this machine after 5.30. This machine
14/ Luckily for me, they didn't call my name. Luckily for me,
15/ I knew that they had told him of the meeting I knew
16/ Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness I
17/ Do they teach English here ? Is
18/ Did your teacher give you some exercises ? Were
19/ Have they changed the window of the laboratory ? Has
20/ Will the buses bring the children home ? Will
21/ How can they open this safe ? How
22/ Why didn't they help him ? Why
23/ What books are people reading this year ? What books
24/ Someone should look into the matter The matter
25/ The police advise drivers to use an alternative rout Drivers
26/ The bank manager kept me waiting for half an hour I
27/ He wants someone to take some photographs He wants
28/ He likes people to call him "sir" He likes
29/ She hates people looking at her She
30/ I don't like people making fun of me I
CHUYấN ĐỀ IX: Conditional sentences
( Câu điều kiện) I/ The first condition: (Câu điều kiện loại 1)
- Là loại câu chỉ tình huống có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai.
- Nếu mệnh đề if đúng trớc thì giữa 2 mệnh đề phải có dấu ","
Eg : - If you work hard, you'll pass the exam ( Nếu bạn học chăm, bạn sẽ thi đỗ )
- You won't pass the exam if you don't work hard
*Notes : - Có thể dùng may, might, should ở mệnh đề chính tùy theo tình huống.
Eg :- If you feel tired, you should go to bed early (Nếu bạn cảm thấy mệt, bạn nên đi ngủ)
- Có thể dùng dạng thức mệnh lệnh ở mệnh đề chính.
Eg : - Please tell him to come to my office if you see him
- Hãy bảo anh ta đến văn phòng của tôi nếu cậu gặp anh ta
- Có thể dùng động từ thời hiện tại hoàn thành ở mệnh đề if
Eg : - If you have written your letter, I'll post it (Nếu cậu viết xong th, tớ sẽ gửi cho cậu)
Trang 231/ I (look) for your note book and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring.
2/ If he (be) late, we (go) without him
3/ If you (come) late, they (not let ) you in
4/ If we (work ) all night we (finish) in time
5/ Tell him to take his bike inside If he (leave) it outside, someone (steal) it
6/ Wait until I (be) ready
7/ The meeting (start) _ when everybody arrives
8/ Let's phone Mandy now before it (be) _ too late
9/ If he (not know) _ what to do he'll ask his mum
II/ The second condition: (Câu điều kiện loại 2)
- Là loại câu chỉ tình huống không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại, trái với thực tế ở hiện tại Đó là tình huống giả
Eg : - Mrs Hoa is too old, so she can't apply for the job If Mrs Hoa were younger, she would/ could
apply for the job ( Nếu bà Hoa trẻ hơn, bà ấy sẽ nộp đơn xin việc)
( To be chia là were cho tất cả các ngôi)
- I don't have money now If I had money, I would/ could/ might buy that house
(Bây giờ tôi không có tiền Nếu tôi có tiền, tôi sẽ mua ngôi nhà đó)
- It is raining I have to stay at home If it weren't raining, I wouldn't stay at home
Exercise: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1/ If I (win) a big prize in a lottery, I (give) up my job
2/ If I (be) sent to prison, you (visit) me ?
3/ I (not drink) that wine if I (be) you
4/ I (get) a job easily if I (have) a degree
5/ Of course I'm not going to give her a diamond ring If I (give) her, she (sell) it
6/ If we (work ) all night we (finish) in time, but we have no intention of working all night
7/ Look at poor Tom trying to start his car by hand again If I (be) Tom, I (get) a new battery
8/ I'd go to see him more often if I (live) _ nearer
9/ If I knew you were right, I (agree) with you
10/ If I (win) a lot of money, I would give up my job
11/ I (buy ) shares in that company if they were cheaper
III/ The third condition: (Câu điều kiện loại 3)
Là loại câu chỉ tình huống trái với thực tế trong quá khứ.
Mẫu câu :
Quá khứ hoàn thành
S + had done + O S + would / might/could + have done + O
Eg : - The weather was bad yesterday I had to stay at home If the weather had been fine yesterday, I
would have gone out (Nếu hôm qua trời đẹp, có lẽ tôi đã đi chơi rồi)
- If the weather hadn't been bad, I wouldn't have stayed at home
- Nếu thời tiết không xấu, tôi đã không ở nhà
Exercise : Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1/ I had no maps; that's why I got lost If I (have) a map I (be) all right
2/ The job is much worse than I expected If I (realise) how awful it was going to be I (not accept ) it.3/ I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel; if I (know) I (bring) my dog He (enjoy) the walk
4/ It rained, which spoiled our picnic; but if it (not rain) it (be) a great success
5/ I didn't recognize him at first because he was wearing dark glasses; if he (not wear) them I (recognize)him immediately
6/ - Why didn't you phone me from the village ?
- Because there was no phone in the village If there (be), of course we (phone) from there
7/ We had to stand almost all the way It was all Tom's fault If he (book) seats, as I told him to, we (have) quite a comfortable journey
IV/ Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp ( 2 + 3)
Là câu chỉ tình huống trái với thực tế ở hiện tại và quá khứ.
Mẫu câu :
Quá khứ hoàn thành (had
done) would/might/could be + V-ing would/might/could + V
Eg :- I ate too much this morning Now I feel uncomfortable.
Trang 24- Sáng nay tôi ăn quá nhiều Bây giờ tôi cảm thấy khó chịu.
- If I hadn't eaten too much this morning, I wouldn't feel uncomfortable now
- Nếu sáng nay tôi không ăn nhiều thì bây giờ tôi đã không cảm thấy khó chịu
- I'm not having a good time now, because I had an accident yesterday
- If I hadn't had an accident yesterday, I would be having a good time now
Exercise : Rewrite the following sentences
1/ I'm having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week If I
2/ Lan feels tired now because she ate too much this morning If Lan
3/ I'm sick now because I went to the stadium yesterday afternoon If I
4/ He didn't learn hard at school; that's why he is unemployed now If he
Notes:
1- may/can ủeồ chổ sửù cho pheựp: EX: If you eat all your dinner, you can have a chocolate 2- may/might/ could ủeồ chổ khaỷ naờng coự theồ xaỷy ra: VD: If he doesn’t come soon, he might miss the train
3- can/could ủeồ chổ khaỷ naờng: EX: If the ice is thick, we can walk across
4- must/ have to ủeồ chổ sửù baột buoọc, should/ ought to ủeồ chổ lụứi khuyeõn hoaởc gụùi yự
EX: You must do your homework if you want to go out
If you want to lose weight, you should do exercise
I Use the correct tense:
1 The teacher will be very angry if you ……… (not do) your homework
2 If he ……… (tell) me, I could help him
3 If you don’t water the flowers, they ……… (die)
4 If you didn’t water the flowers, they ………(die)
5 I ……… (come) if I had time
6 If you don’t hurry, you ……… (miss) the bus
7 If I ……… (be) you, I wouldn’t buy that car
8 He will play tennis if the weather ……… (be) good
9 I would be very happy if she ……… (be) my sister
10 She could win the race if she ……… (try)
11 If he ……… (go) to bed early, he will get up early
12 If he touches this wire, he ……… (get) a shock
13 You will get wet if it ……… (rain)
14 If I knew, I ……… (come) earlier
15 I wouldn’t say it if I ……… (be) you
16 What will you do if you ……… (get) a bad mark?
17 If she ……… (wear) a necklace, her dress will look better
18 If you go near the dog, it ……… (bite) you
19 Bodrum ……… (be) ideal for a holiday if it weren’t so crowded
20 He will be ill if he ……… (eat) so much
21 If she ……… (read) the book carefully, she will understand it
22 The children can stay up late if they ……… (be) good
23 If the dinner isn’t ready, I ……… (go) out
24 We would die if the plane ……… (crash)
CHUYấN ĐỀ X: Reported Speech
(Câu gián tiếp)
* Use: Câu tờng thuật là thuật lại một cách gián tiếp lời của ngời khác
* Những biến đổi khi đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp
1, Thay đổi về thì: ( Động từ chính lùi về quá khứ một thì)
Will/ shall Would/ should
Simple present Simple past
Am/ is/ are + going to + V(inf) Was/ were + going to + V(inf)
Present progressive Present progressive
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Past simple Past perfect
Trang 25Present perfect Past perfect
has seen had seen
will see would see
is going to see was going to see
can see could see
2, Một số thay đổi khác:
Trạng từ thời gian, nơi chốn, đại từ chỉ định, tính từ sở hữu
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day/ the following day
yesterday the day before/ the previous day,
ago before now then next/ on tuesday the next/ following tuesday last the previous / before
the day after tomorrow 2 days later/ in 2 days' time
this that
these those
here there
Exercise 1: Chọn từ, cụm từ đúng trong số a,b và c
1 Agnes "I love aikido."
Michael: "Agnes said (that) she _ aikido."
a loved b loves c loving
2 Magda: "I went skiing."
John: "Magda said (that) she _ skiing."
a went b had gone c have gone
3 Simon: "I will eat pierogi for dinner."
Kate: "Simon said (that) he _ eat pierogi for dinner."
a willing b will c would
4 Maria: "I have been to Gdansk."
Donata: "Maria said (that) she _ to Gdansk."
a had been b has been c was being
5 Peter: "I have had three cars."
6 Victoria: "I'm going to go to Poznan."
John: "Victoria said (that) she _ going to go to Poznan."
a is b was c went
12 Jacek: "I won't buy a new car."
Kasia: "Jacek said (that) she _ by a new car."
a won't b will c wouldn't
Exercise 2: Chuyển các câu sau sang gián tiếp
1 "It's raining," she said
2 He said to her, "I love you."
3 "I saw Maria in the supermarket yesterday," said Carlos
4 "We've lived here for three years," he said
5 "I'll bring a pasta salad," said Francesca
6 "Mark's going to install solar panels," said Miranda
7 "They found gold here," said the geology teacher
8 "Jenny can't speak French," said Pierre
9 "I first met my wife in Seville," he told us
10 "I want your homework handed in by tomorrow," he said
* Reported Speech for Questions
+ "Are you happy, Carla?" asked Bob
Bob asked Carla if/whether she was happy.
+ "Where's your director ?", asked the customer
The customer asked me where my director was.
*Reported Speech for Questions:
S1 + asked
wanted to know + if + S2 + V( lùi quá khứ 1 thì) + O
Trang 26Exercise: Convert the questions below into reported speech.
1 "Can they play the piano?" she asked
2 "Has Sarah ever been to Siena?" he asked
3."Are they French or Canadian?," asked Charlie
4."Where do bears live?" asked George
5."Who wants some more yoghurt ice cream?" asked Mum
6."Are we going out tonight?" asked Bob
7."Can I use your mobile, John?" asked Sarah
8."Have you ever been to Lisbon?" Luis asked Paul
9."What has Daddy made for dinner?" asked Simon
10."Is the Pope a Catholic," asked JK
11."Who won the match?" asked Monica
12."Have you fed the cat yet, Philip?" asked Letizia
13."How much does it cost?" asked Carlos
* Reported Speech for Orders
"Don't turn on the light," she said to him
She told him not to turn on the light.
Exercise: Convert the orders below into reported speech.
1 "Shut up, everybody!" said the teacher
2 "Open the window, Robert," said Jane
3 "Phone your granny," she told him
4 "Don't be late," she warned him
5 "Don't talk to strangers, Michael," said his mother
6 "Don't listen to a word he says," she told me
7 "Clare, help me clean up the kitchen," said Tony
8 "Fiona, get out of my way," said Alastair
9 "Boys! Stay away from the dog when he's eating," said Dad
10 "Minnie, don't scratch the sofa," said Bob
11 "Carla, don't pick your nose in class," said the teacher
12 "Look after your sister," said my father
13 "Break a leg, Oliver," said the actor
* Reporting Verbs Exercise:
Fill the gaps using the verbs in the box Use each verb once only.
advise hope promise suggestbeg insist remind threatendeny invite refuse warn1."I didn't do it," she said
She doing it
2."Have lunch with me," she said
She me to have lunch with her
3."Why don't you buy one?" said Tom
Tom I buy one
4."I promise I'll take you to Prague," said Mary
Mary to take me to Prague
5."I hope Andy phones tonight," said Clare
Clare Andy would phone that night
6."Please, please don't tell anyone!" he said
He me not to tell anyone
7."I won't do it," he said
He to do it
8."You should have lessons," she said
She me to have lessons
9."We really must go with you," they said
They on going with me
10."Don't forget to phone Granny," said Mum
Form: S1 + told + O + to + V(inf) + O
not to
Trang 27 Mum me to phone Granny.
11."If you wear my T-shirt again, I'll pinch you very hard," said Maggy
Maggie to pinch me very hard if I wore her T-shirt again
12."Don't fly kites near electric overhead cables," said my father
My father me not to fly kites near electric overhead cables
CHUYấN ĐỀ XI Relative Clauses ( Mệnh đề quan hệ)
I/ Relative Pronouns ( Đại từ quan hệ)
1 Which ( Cái mà, điều mà )
* Đại từ quan hệ which thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh đề
quan hệ.
Eg1 : - This is the book I bought it yesterday.= This is the book which I bought yesterday.( Đây là cuốn
sách mà tôi mua ngày hôm qua)
- Which đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ which I bought yesterday làm nhiệm vụ xác định cho danh từ đứng trớc nó.
Eg 2 : The book which is on the table belongs to our teacher ( Cuốn sách ở trên bàn thuộc về thầy giáo
của chúng tôi)
- Which đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
* Notes : - Nếu which đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ which đi.
Eg : This is the book which I bought yesterday = This is the book I bought yesterday.
- Which có thể thay cho cả một câu, lúc đó ta phải dùng dấu phẩy trớc which
Eg : - He often goes out at night This makes his wife angry.
= He often goes out at night, which makes his wife angry.( Anh ta thờng đi chơi vào buổi tối, điều đó làmcho vợ anh ta rất bực mình)
2 Who (Ngời mà)
* Who là đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ hoặc đại từ chỉ ngời làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg : - The man comes from China He is sitting at the door = The man who is sitting at the door comes
from China.( Ngời đàn ông ngồi ở cửa đến từ Trung quốc)
3 Whom
* Đại từ quan hệ whom thay cho danh từ hoặc đại từ chỉ ngời làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
Eg : - The man comes from China My father is talking to him = The man whom my father is talking to
comes from China.( Ngời đàn ông bố tôi mà đang nói chuyện với đến từ Trung Quốc)
* Ta có thể để giới từ đứng trớc whom.
Eg : - The man to whom my father is
- Ta có thể bỏ " whom" đi.
Eg : - The man my father is talking to comes from China.
* Ta có thể thay whom = who trong văn nói khi giới từ đứng sau.
Eg : - The man who my father is talking to comes from China.
4 That
* That là đại từ quan hệ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ ngời hoặc vật làm tân ngữ hoặc chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề
quan hệ.
Eg : The book that I bought yesterday is interesting.
The man that came to your house yesterday is Nam's brother
* That thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ ngời và vật
Eg : - We saw many people and cows that went to the forest.
* Notes : Không dùng that để thay cho danh từ đã đợc xác định.
Eg : Không nói : Mr Pike, that is old , is my teacher.
*Không dùng that để thay thế cho cả câu.
Eg : Không nói : He often goes out at night, that makes
* Không dùng giới từ trớc that.
Eg : Không nói : The man to that my father is talking to
* That đợc dùng trong câu nhấn mạnh
It + to be +( cụm) danh từ / cụm từ / mệnh đề + that
Eg : - It's this book that makes me happy ( Chính là cuốn sách này đã làm tôi vui)
- It's in Ha Noi that we met each other ( Chính tại Hà nội chúng tôi đã gặp nhau)
5 Whose
Whose là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his, her, their) hoặc danh từ sở hữu cách.Sau whose là danh từ.
Eg : - The man has just phoned the police His car was stolen near the market.
= The man whose car was stolen near the market has just phoned the police (Ngời dàn ông mà xe của
ông ấy bị đánh cắp gần chợ vừa mới gọi điện cho cảnh sát)
- The house is on sale Its doors are green = The house whose doors are green is on sale (Ngôi nhà có cửa màu xanh đang đợc rao bán)
* Khi dùng với danh từ chỉ vật, ta có thể thay whose = of which
Eg : - The house the doors of which are green is on sale.
