b Dùng trong các mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng that làm tân ngữ của các động từ như: suggest đề nghị, recommend đề nghị, propose đề nghị, insist khăng khăng đòi, khẳng định, command ra lệ[r]
Trang 1THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Thức giả định)
-o0o -*GRAMMAR FEATURES:
- Subjunctive Mood (thức giả định hay còn gọi là bàng thái cách) là cách động từ để diễn tả những gì trái với thực tế
hoặc chưa thực hiện, những gì còn nằm trong tiềm thức người ta
- Ngày nay Subjunctive Mood không thông dụng vì người ta quen diễn tả ý nghĩa subjunctive bằng những lối khác,
như dùng cấu trúc:
shall, should, would, may, might + Vo
Chẳng hạn,
Thay vì nói: It is our wish that he do what he pleases (he do: subjunctive)
Người ta nói: It is our wish that he may do what he pleases (he may do: subjunctive equivalent)
(Điều mong ước của chúng tôi là nó được làm những gì nó thích.)
- Subjunctive Mood có 3 hình thức: Present Subjunctive, Past Subjunctive và Past Perfect Subjunctive.
_
1 THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (Hiện tại giả định)
Form: S + Vo (cho tất cả các ngôi và hình thức chủ từ)
Usage:
a) Dùng để diễn tả một lời chúc (wish) hay một lời cầu nguyện (prayer) như:
Long live Vietnam (Việt Nam muôn năm!)
God save the Queen (Cầu mong thượng đế ban phước cho Nữ Hoàng.)
God bless you (Cầu mong thượng đế ban phước lành cho bạn.)
b) Dùng trong các mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng that làm tân ngữ của các động từ như: suggest (đề nghị), recommend
(đề nghị), propose (đề nghị), insist (khăng khăng đòi, khẳng định), command (ra lệnh), demand (đòi hỏi, yêu sách), require (đòi hỏi, yêu cầu), request (yêu cầu),
s+ verb + that + S + Vo (1)
(any tense) (present subjunctive)
Verb: suggest, recommend, propose, insist, command, demand, require, request,
Examples:
The doctor suggested that Tom stop smoking (Bác sĩ đề nghị Tom bỏ hút thuốc lá.)
I demand that I be allowed to be free now (Tôi yêu cầu là tôi phải được trả tự do bây giờ.)
We recommend that he go with us (Chúng tôi đề nghị là anh ta phải đi với chúng tôi.)
Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng subjunctive equivalent trong cấu trúc (1) bằng "should + infinitive".
Examples:
The doctor suggested that Tom should stop smoking
I demand that I should be allowed to be free now
We recommend that he should go with us.
c) Dùng trong các mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng that làm bổ ngữ đứng sau các danh từ như: suggestion/ proposal
(sự đề nghị), command (mệnh lệnh), demand (sự đòi hỏi), request (sự yêu cầu),
proposal suggestion + is + that + S + Vo (2)
request
Examples:
The doctor’s suggestion is that she take a holiday (she take = she should take)
= The doctor suggested that she (should) take a holiday (Bác sĩ đề nghị cô ta nên đi nghỉ.)
Our proposal is that he be elected group-leader (he be = he should be)
= We suggest that he (should) be elected (Chúng tôi đề nghị ông ấy phải được bầu làm tổ trưởng.)
d) Dùng trong các mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng that đứng sau các tính từ như: imperative, important,
necessary, urgent, proposed, advised, required trong cấu trúc
It + be + adjective + that + subject + Vo (3)
Trang 2(any tense) (necessary/important ) (present subjunctive)
Examples:
It is necessary that he find the book (Điều cần thiết là anh ta phải tìm ra cuốn sách đó.)
(he find = he should find)
It was urgent that she leave at once (Điều cấp bách là cô ta phải ra đi ngay lập tức.)
(she leave = she should leave)
It has been suggested that income tax be abolished (Có đề nghị là bỏ thuế thu nhập.)
(income tax be abolished = income tax should be abolished)
e) Trong Cấu trúc S + WOULD RATHER + S + (NOT) Vo mong muốn ở tương lai (4)
Ex: I would rather he be here tomorrow
Note:
Cần phân biệt cấu trúc: It is necessary/important/urgent that + S + (should) + Vo
với cấu trúc: It is necessary/important/urgent/difficult/ (for + O) + to-infinitive (5)
Examples:
It is necessary that he (should) find the book // It is necessary for him to find the book.
2 THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE (Quá khứ giả định)
Form: - V 2 / ed / didn’t + Vo
- TO BE → WERE
- TO BE NOT → WEREN’T cho tất cả các ngôi (I were/ you were/ he were/ it were/ they were ) Tuy nhiên
ngày nay người ta có khuynh hướng dùng was đi với chủ ngữ số ít và were với số nhiều
- Usage: Past Subjunctive diễn tả một hành động hay sự kiện không có thật (trái với sự thật) ở hiện tại và được dùng
trong các cấu trúc sau:
- (a) Dùng trong mệnh đề IF câu điều kiện loại 2 (điều kiện trái với sự thật ở hiện tại):
If + S + V (past subjunctive), S + would/could + Vo
Ex: I work at night, so I can’t attend the evening classes. If I didn’t work at night, I could attend the evening
classes
(b) Dùng trong mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ của động từ WISH khi diễn đạt ước muốn trái với sự thật ở hiện tại
(expressing present wishes):
S + wish + (that) + S + V 2 = If only + S + V(past subjunctive) (6)
Ex: I’m sorry I don’t live near my work I wish I lived near my work.
I have to work in shifts I wish I didn’t have to work in shifts
I am not as clever as he is I wish I were as clever as he is
(c) Trong cấu trúc với WOULD RATHER (‘D RATHER)
S 1 + WOULD RATHER + S 2 + VERB (past subjunctive) Muốn ai đó làm/đừng làm gì (7)
Ex: I’d rather you went by train (Tôi muốn bạn đi bằng tàu lửa hơn.)
I’d rather she didn’t go with you (Tôi muốn cô ấy đừng đi với bạn.)
(d) Trong cấu trúc: IT’S (high, about) TIME + S + VERB (past subjunctive) (8)
→ Note: IT’S (high, about) TIME + FOR O + TO Vo (9)
Ex: It’s time we went home (Đã đến lúc chúng ta phải về nhà.) // It’s time for us to go home.
(e) Trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thể cách (adverbial clause of manner) bắt đầu bằng AS IF/AS THOUGH (như thể
là) để diễn tả một hành động không có thật ở hiện tại.
SUBJECT + VERB (Present Simple) + AS IF/AS THOUGH + S + V (past subjunctive) (10)
Trang 3Ex: She walks as if she had a wooden leg (Cô ấy đi như thể là cô ta có một chân gỗ.)
He treats us as if we were all idiots (Ông ta đối xử với chúng tôi như thể chúng tôi là những kẻ ngốc)
3 THE PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE (quá khứ hoàn thành giả định)
- Form: Subject + had + past participle (V-ed/V 3 )
- Past perfect subjunctive được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau.
(a) Dùng trong mệnh đề IF câu điều kiện loại 3 (điều kiện trái với sự thật ở quá khứ):
If + S + V(past perfect subjunctive), S + would/could have + V(past participle) (11) Ex: I didn’t know her address, so I didn’t send her a postcard
(Tôi không biết địa chỉ cô ta nên tôi đã không gửi bưu thiếp cho cô ta)
If I had known her address, I would have sent her a postcard (Nếu tôi biết đ/chỉ cô ta, tôi sẽ gửi )
We didn’t go swimming because it rained (Chúng tôi không đi bơi vì trời mưa.)
If it hadn’t rained, we would have gone swimming (Nếu trời không mưa, chúng tôi sẽ đi bơi.)
(b) Dùng trong mệnh đề danh từ làm tân ngữ của động từ WISH khi diễn đạt ước muốn trái với sự thật ở
quá khứ (expressing past wishes):
S + wish + (that) + S + V(past perfect subjunctive) = If only + S + V(past perfect subjunctive) (12)
Ex: - I’m sorry you gave him my phone number I wish you hadn’t given him my phone number.
- I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my work last night I wish I had finished my work last night.
(c) Trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thể cách (adverbial clause of manner) bắt đầu bằng AS IF/AS THOUGH (như thể
là) để diễn tả một hành động không có thật ở quá khứ.
SUBJECT + VERB (Past Simple) + AS IF/AS THOUGH + S + V (past perfect subjunctive) (13) Ex: - He ate his dinner as if he hadn’t eaten for a week.
(d) Trong Cấu trúc S + WOULD RATHER + S + HAD (NOT) + V3/ ed mong muốn ở quá khứ (14) Ex: Peter would rather we hadn’t left yesterday
They would rather I had given them a chance to tell the truth
EXERCISES ON SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
-o0o -I Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets
1 The doctor recommended that Susan (reduce) _her daily fat intake.
2 It’s high time the government (do) something to solve the traffic problem.
Trang 43 We suggested that she (go) _ to the city to get good job.
4 It is important that all employees (be dressed) uniform on the ceremony.
5 Alice is a student, but she walks as if she (learn) _modeling.
6 It is imperative that this letter (be) sent immediately.
7 The doctor suggested that he (stop) smoking.
8 If only my next door neighbor (be) more friendly.
9 The captain ordered that his sailors (leave) the ship immediately.
10 I’d rather you (find) another job.
11 Had I known about the truth, I (tell) _ you.
12 It is imperative that the world (work) toward the global warming before it’s too late to do anything.
13 People would believe my story, if I (be) not too young.
14 If I knew how to swim, I (join) _ you to the swimming pool.
15 It’s high time you (study) _ hard for the coming exam.
16 She suggested that we (meet) _ at the zoo.
17 I demanded that he (apologize) _ for insulting me.
18 Because it was difficult to find a hotel that night, I proposed that we ( find) an inn.
19 The environmentalists felt it is important that everyone (reduce) _ pollution.
20 It is obligatory that every student (wear) _ uniform when coming to school.
21 It is imperative that the government (improve) _its public education system What we do now will
affect our young generation
22 I suggest that you (read) the instruction before you use this digital camera.
23 The woman insisted that he (repair) the leaking pipes in her house immediately.
24 Julia asked that we (attend) _ her graduation ceremony next week.
25 It is necessary that a life guard (monitor) the swimming pool while the children are taking their
swimming lessons
26 I wish it (not rain) heavily last Sunday
27 I wish the traffic (not make) so much noise every day
28 Everybody was exhausted It looked as if they (work) _ hard.
29 I’d rather my teacher (give) fewer compositions tonight
30 I haven’t written to my pen pal – Tom - for so long I wish I (know) his address
II Complete the sentences with as if/ as though
1 Tim isn’t the boss but he acts as if he were the boss (be)
2 The hole in my shirt wasn’t made by a bullet, but it looks as though it had been made by a bullet (make)
3 Barabra has met me many times before, but she looked at me _ before (never/ meet)
4 I’m 20 years old, so please don’t talk to me a child (be)
5 She heard everything I said, but she went right on talking a word I’d said (not hear)
6 Mark has many friends, but he looks so depressed a friend in the world (not have)
7 It was a long time ago that we first met but I remember it _ yesterday (be)
8 When Joanna came in from the rainstorm, she looked a shower with her clothes on (take).
9 Steve has only met Nicole once but he talks about her a close friend of her (be)
10 She will be here, but she spoke _ here (not be)
III Read the situation and write sentences with structure “It’s time + S + V 2 / ed” and “It’s time + for O + to Vo”
1 You think the children should be in bed It’s already 11 o’clock
It’s time the children were in bed
It’s time for the children to be in bed
2 You haven’t had a holiday for a very long time You need one now
3 You’re waiting for Mary She is late Why isn’t she here yet?
4 The company you work for is badly run You think there should be some changes
Trang 55 It’s 10 o’clock and Tim is still in bed You think he should get up now
6 You’re sitting on a train waiting for it to leave the station It’s already five minutes late
7 The windows are very dirty You think they should be cleaned now
8 You want your parents to stop treating Tommy like a child He’s 18 years old
.
.
IV Complete the sentences below by using “would rather” + S + subjunctive verb form
1 A: Shall I tell Ann the news? – B: No, I’d rather she (not know)
2 I’d like to see you again, but I’m busy tomorrow I’d rather you (come) at the weekend
3 I’d rather we (not see) that horror film I had a nightmare that night
4 A: I told her a new facts about herself – B: Oh dear! I would rather you (not do) that That might have
been upset her a lot
5 This is a private letter addressed to me I’d rather you (not read) _ it
6 It’s quite a nice house but I’d rather it (be) a bit bigger
7 A: Do you mind if I turn on the radio? – B: I’d rather you (not do) that I’m trying to concentrate on my
study
8 A: I’m sorry I didn’t turn up yesterday – B: Yesterday’s difficult I’d rather you (come)
V TRANSFORMATION ON SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
1 Please don’t tell anyone about it.
- I’d rather you _
2 I would prefer you deliver the sofa this afternoon.
- I’d rather you _
3 Why don’t you ask her yourself ?
- My friend suggests that _
4 She urged her husband to apply for the post in the government.
- She urged that her husband
5 They insisted on my coming early.
- They insisted that _
6 He sent his money luxuriously like a billionaire
- He spent his money as if
7 I should really be leaving here – there’s a little time left
- It’s time for
8 What a pity ! Your sister can’t come with us.
- If only
9 English is not her native language but she can manage to speak it fluently
- She speaks English as though _
10 Michael lost his job last month, so he cannot buy a car.
- If Michael _
11 He regrets applying for the job in that company.
- He wishes _
12 The headmaster insists on every schoolgirl’s wearing ao dai every Monday.
- The headmaster insists that
13 They advise her to eat less meat and fat to keep herself healthy.
- It is advisable that she
14 Naturally, a child had better respect his parents.
- It is natural that _
15 We are afraid that our team won’t win the cup net week
- We wish _
16 “Would you mind not smoking in here?”, said they to Peter
Trang 6- They’d rather Peter
17 It’s too late He must go home.
- It’s high time for _
18 Every student must wear uniform It is obligatory.
- It is obligatory that
19 They recommended her to go to the best doctor in town
- They recommended that she _
20 I really think you ought to acquire a some essential informations about the upcoming exam
- It’s about time you
VI MULTIPLE CHOICE ON SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
1 John would rather free tomorrow
2 I would rather he _ her to his birthday party last Sunday
3 We’d better take an umbrella with us because it looks as if it
4 I wish you to me before you went and bought that car
5 He always talks as though he _a public meeting
6 He talks as if he all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it
7 If only we a car I’m tired of the bad service of public transportation in this city
8 The movie director insisted that everything about his productions authentic
9 It is essential that pollution and eventually _
A must be controlled/ must be eliminated B be controlled/ be eliminated
C is controlled/ is eliminated D Both b and c are correct
10 The students requested that the test _, but the professor decided against a postponement
A be postponed B must be postponed C postponed D could be postponed
11 She treats us as if we all idiots
12 Everybody feels sorry for him and says that “If only he more time revising for his exams”
A should have spent B would have spent C had spent D spent
13 He looks as though he delicious meal in his life, but in fact his wife feels him very well
14 The laws requires that everyone _ their car checked at least once a year
15 I wish I to rewrite my essay I only made it worse
A wouldn’t have tried B wouldn’t try C had tried D hadn’t tried
16 I feel terrible The heavy truck raced by me at full speed I feel as if I over
17 If only he us the truth in the first place, things wouldn’t have gone so wrong
18 It is vital that no one else about the secret military operation near the border
19 It is recommendation of the consultants that the patient _ under medical supervision