Extinction of a species may come suddenly when a healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution makes its entire.. 6 _____ unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousa[r]
Trang 1I Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
There are a (1) _ of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly (2) _ the extinction of a species or group of species Just as each species is unique, and (3) _ is each extinction The causes for each are varied – some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple Most simply, any species that is unable to (4) _ or reproduce
in its environment, and unable to move to a new environment where it can do so, will (5) _ out and become extinct Extinction of a species may come suddenly when a healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution makes its entire (6) _ unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in (7) _ for food to better adapted competitors
The question of whether more extinction in the fossil record have been caused by evolution or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion When talking about species extinction has been raised, most expert concern with the (8) _ of climate change and technological disasters Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned (9) _ the extinction of species caused by human beings, and are attempting to combat further extinctions through a variety of conservation programs Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting, (10) _, habitat destruction, introduction of new predators and food competitors, overhunting, and other influences
7 a compete b competition c competitor d competitive
8 a effects b efforts c destructions d punishment
II Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
The current global extinction rate is (1) _ at about 20,000 species per year, exponentially greater than the
background extinction rate Many (2) _ believe that we are in the middle of the greatest mass extinction episode since the (3) _ of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
From what is known about present-day populations and from (4) _ theory, the change in either the physical (5)
_ the biological environment is the key to extinction However, the vulnerability of a species depends (6) _ a wide variety of factors, such as its total population size, geographical (7) _, reproductive ability, ecological relations
with other species, and genetic characteristics For example, more emphasis is put on the greater vulnerability of species that reproduce slowly as contrasted with those that reproduce (8) _ Other factors, such as food-plant specialization, may make many fast reproducers more vulnerable than species that reproduce more slowly No matter (9) _ fast an insect species that depends on (10) _ certain plan can reproduce; it will still go extinct if that plant's habitat is destroyed
It has been estimated that about one half billion species have lived at one time or another, and today's existing
species are only 2% of those that have ever evolved The other 98% have either died out or evolved into something
sufficiently different to be called a new species
2 a biology b biologists c biological d biologically
3 a disappearance b remain c disposal d limitation
4 a evolve b evolution c evolutionary d evolutionist
III>- Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
The most dominant and reliable features of facial expressions provide a constant channel of communication They can be shifty and evasive; convey hate, fear, and guilt; or (1) _ confidence, love, and support
Referred to as "mirrors of the soul" our eyes serve as the major decisive factor in (2) _ the spoken words The eyes of the man converse as (3) _ as their tongues, with the advantage that the ocular dialect needs (4) _ dictionary, but it is understood all over the world When the eyes say one thing, and the tongue another, a practiced man relies on eyes Except (5) _ extremely shy individuals, most people look for social acceptance by studying the eyes of others Eyes also can (6) _ indicate a positive or a negative relationship People tend to look longer and more often at the people whom they trust, respect and care about than at those whom they doubt or (7) _ Normal eye dilation is not under control of the individual Personally characteristics such as introversion and extroversion also influence eye behavior Eye behavior seems (8) particular importance and is generally used to indicate whether one is open to communication This can be observed when a teacher asks the class a question: students who think they know the answer will generally (9) at the teacher, (10) students who do not know the answer will usually try
to avoid eye contact
2 a interpreting b changing c exchanging d transporting
Trang 23 a much b many c more d a lot
6 a accurate b accuracy c accurately d inaccurate
IV Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
Here are tips that help succeed in your job interview:
Always arrive early If you do not know (1) _ the organization is located, call for exact directions (2) _
advance Leave some extra time for any traffic, parking, or (3) _ events If you are running late, call right away and let someone know The best time to arrive is approximately 5 - 10 minutes early Give (4) _ the time to read your resume one more time, to catch your breath, and to be ready for the interview Once you are at the office, treat
everyone you encounter with respect Be (5) _ to everyone as soon as you walk in the door
Wear a professional business suit This point should be emphasized enough First (6) _ are extremely important in the interview process Women should (7) _ wearing too much jewelry or make up Men should avoid flashy suits or wearing too much perfume It is (8) _ important that you feel comfortable While a suit is the standard interview attire in a business environment, if you think it is (9) _ informal environment, call before and ask Regardless, you can never be overdressed (10) _ you are wearing a tailored suit
3 a expected b unexpected c unexpectedly d expectedly
5 a pleasant b happy c disappointed d excited
6 a attentions b attendances c impressions d pressures
V Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
You will make the interview process easier for the employer if you prepare relevant information about yourself Think about how you want to present your (1) , experiences, education, work style, skills, and goals Be prepared
to supplement all your answers with examples that support the statements you make It is also a good idea to review your resume with a critical eye and (2) areas that an employer might see as limitations or want further information Think about how you can answer difficult' questions (3) and positively, while keeping each answer brief
An interview gives the employer a (4) _ to get to know you While you do want to market yourself to the employer, answer each question with an honest (5) _
Never say anything negative about past experiences, employers, or courses and professors Always think of something positive about an experience and talk about that You should also be (6) If you are genuinely
interested (7) _ the job, let the interviewer know that
One of the best ways to show you are keen on a job is to demonstrate that you have researched the organization prior to the interview You can also (8) interest by asking questions about the job, the organization, and its
services and products The best way to impress an employer is to ask questions that build upon your interview
discussion This shows you are interested and (9) close attention to the interviewer It is a good idea to prepare a few questions in advance, but an insightful comment based on your conversation can make an even stronger statement
At the (10) _ of an interview, it is appropriate for you to ask when you may expect to hear; from the employer
1 a pressures b practices c promotions d strengths
6 a enthusiastic b enthusiast c enthusiasm d enthusiastically
Trang 3VI Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
Vietnam is considered a third world country, its people live (1) _ poverty by the millions After the (2) _, Vietnam's economy remained dominated by small-scale production, low labor productivity, (3) _, material and technological shortfalls, and insufficient food and (4) _ goods The Doi Moi reforms that were instated in 1986 have shed new light and added new features to the Vietnamese economy (5) Vietnamese Communist Party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of communism, mapping strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and (6) _ reforms Doi Moi combined government planning with free-market incentives and (7) _ the establishment of private businesses and foreign investment, including foreign-owned enterprises By the late 1990s, the success of the business and agricultural reforms ushered in under Doi Moi was evident (8) _ than 30,000 private businesses had been created, and the economy was growing at an annual (9) _ of more than 7 percent Farming systems research and the international development projects are a source of new hope for the people of Vietnam If these recent projects are successful and Doi Moi continues on its current path the Vietnamese people may (10) _ a new standard of living More reforms like Doi Moi need to take place in order
to create a more stable Vietnamese future
2 a liberate b liberation c liberator d liberal
4 a consumer b producer c spender d manufacturer
VII Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international (1) _- governmental organization for the (2) _, research, and restoration of the environment The organization was (3) _ as a charitable trust on September 11,
1961, in Morges, Switzerland, under the name World Wildlife Fund It was an initiative of Julian Huxley and Max
Nicholson
It is the world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million (4) _ worldwide, working in more (5) _ 90 countries, supporting 100 conservation and environmental projects around the world It is a charity, with (6) 9% of its funding coming from voluntary (7) _ by private individuals and businesses
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the (8) _ of our environment" Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of three biomes that contain most of the world's biodiversity: forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts Among other issues, it is also concerned (9) _ endangered species, pollution, and climate change The organization (10) more than 20 field projects worldwide In the last few years, the organization set up offices and operations around the world
2 a challenge b keeping c conservation d awareness
4 a supporters b residents c inhabitants d citizens
6 a generally b individually c commercially d approximately
7 a deposits b donations c refunds d loans
8 a destroy b destructive c destruction d destroyed
Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
Over the next 20 to 50 years, it will become harder to tell the (1) _ between the human and the machine All, body (2) _ will be replaceable Computers will function like the human (3) _ with the ability to recognize feelings and respond in a feeling way They will then produce fake people We will then be able to create a machine duplicate of ourselves (4) _ we will appear to be alive long after we are dead Maybe a few decades later, a way will be found to transfer our spirit, including our (5) _ and thoughts, to the new body Then we can choose to live for
as (6) _ as we want It might be expensive When it becomes possible to do a spirit transfer, they will figure out (7) _ to do them automatically So we will be able to reside within whichever duplicate we want, whenever we want Miniature robots will be built to travel through your blood (8) _ and repair damage Also, larger robots will be used when you are sick When you have an upset stomach, you will (9) _ a very small cherry tasting robot which will travel through your stomach taking video of the mess It will be set up like a video game, so you can control the exploring and the selection of images Then you can replay the video to help a doctor (10) _ your illness, or to prove to your employer that you really, were sick
Trang 41 a variety b change c difference d appearance
Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
Robots are already a part of our lives Industrial robots widely used in manufacturing Military and police organizations use robots to (1) _ in dangerous situations Robots can (2) _ be found from vacuuming the floors in your home to exploring the surface of Mars
Within a few more years a whole host of robotic adaptations will be running many aspects' of our lives "I think in (3) _ next thirty years, we are going to see a transformation between the industrial sorts of robots to personal robots," says Brooks from Brooks' company, IRobot, markets floor cleaning robots for homes
"The advances in robotics make it clear that many household (4) will be easily handled by a robot in the near future," says Bob Christopher, who works for a robotic technology company that is marketing a toy robot (5) _ Pleo
"We have only one child but I could easily (6) _ five or six robots in the home as well."
Within the next 10 years one will be able to (7) _, to lease or purchase a domestic robot that not only does the household cleaning and prepare and serve his meals, (8) _ also can carry him to the bathtub if he cannot walk Demographic changes, such as a rapidly aging population and a shrinking workforce, will drive forward the application of new (9) _ There is going to be a real pull for increasing the productivity of working age people So there is going to be a real push for robotics to help people (10) _ addition it is likely that in the near future we will see robots- taking on some of the care functions elderly, or long-term ill people
9 a technology b technological c technique d technician
Fill in each numbered blank with one suitable word or phrase.
Desert biomes are the (1) _ of all the biomes In fact, the most important characteristic of a desert is that it receives very little (2) _ Most deserts receive less than 300 mm a year compared (3) rainforests, which receive over 2,000 mm That means that the desert only gets 10 percent of the rain that a rainforest gets! The temperature in the desert can (4) _ drastically from day to night because the air is (5) _ dry that heat escapes rapidly at night The daytime temperature averages 38°C (6) _ in some deserts it can get down to -4°C at night The temperature also varies greatly depending on the (7) _ of the desert
Since desert conditions are so severe, the plants that live there need to have (8) _ to compensate for the lack
of water Some plants, such as cacti, (9) _ water in their stems and use it very slowly, while others like bushes conserve water by growing few leaves or by having large root systems to gather water or few leaves Some desert plant species have a short life cycle of a few weeks that (10) _ only during periods of rain
4 a change b exchange c transform d transfer
8 a adaptations b agreements c accepts d achievements