Ngữ pháp căn bản

Ngữ pháp căn bản

Unit 1: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1.Simple present tense:

a Form:

I / We / You / They + V

He / She / It + V – s/es

b Usage: The simple present tense is used for two main types of action

 Habits: Actions which happen regularly

Ex: It rains a lot in Vancouver

(Trời mưa nhiều ở Vancouver.)

Jerry spends Christmas with his parents

(Jerry dành thời gian Giáng sinh với gia đình anh ấy.)

 States: Things which do not often change

Ex: Martin likes chocolate

(Martin thích sô-cô-la.)

I live in Da Nang

(Tôi sống ở Đà Nẵng.)

The sun rises in the East

(Mặt trời mọc ở hướng Đông.)

c Signal words: always, often, normally, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, every…

d Exceptions when adding 's' :

• For can, may, might, must, do not add s

Ex: he can, she may, it must

• After o, ch, sh or s, add es

Ex: do - he does, wash - she washes

• After a consonant, the final consonant y becomes ie (but: not after a vowel)

Ex: worry - he worries

but: play - he plays

2.Simple continuous tense:

a.Form:

S + am / is / are + V-ing

b.Usage: The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action

 A temporary action happening now: something which is going on right now

Ex: It’s raining outside

(Ngoài trời đang mưa.)

John is working in the library

(John đang làm việc trong thư viện.)

 A definite plan for the future: something we intend to do, usually in the near future Ex: I’m playing football tomorrow

(Tôi có kế hoạch chơi đá bóng vào ngày mai.)

The Olympics are taking place here next year

(Olympics sẽ diễn ra ở đây vào năm tới theo kế hoạch.)

c.Signal words: now, right now, at the moment, at this moment, listen!, look!

d.Exceptions when adding 'ing' :

• Silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)

Example: come - coming

but: agree - agreeing

• After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled

Example: sit - sitting

• After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American

English)

Example: travel - travelling (British English)

but: traveling (American English)

• Final ie becomes y

Example: lie - lying

3.Certain verbs:

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the continuous form)

• state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit

Example: We are on holiday

• possession: belong, have

Example: Sam has a cat

• senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He feels the cold

• feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Example: Jane loves pizza

• brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I believe you

• Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says

Exercise 1: Choose the correct form of the verb to be – am/is/are

1 It ……… cold today

2 I ……… at home now

3 They ……… Korean

4 There ……… a pen on the desk

5 My name ……… Nikita

6 We ……… from Ukraine

7 That ……… right

8 I ……… OK, thanks

9 Clara and Steve ……… married

10 She ……… an English teacher

Exercise 2: Using the words in parentheses, complete the sentences below with the

appropriate tenses

Ex: Steve always ……… his bike in the afternoon (to ride)

→ Steve always rides his bike in the afternoon

1 Andy sometimes ……… comics (to read)

2 We never ………TV in the morning (to watch)

3 Listen! Sandy ……… in the bathroom (to sing)

4 My sister usually ……… in the kitchen (to help)

5 My mother ………breakfast now (make)

6 They often ………the bathroom (to clean)

7 Look! The boys ………home (to come)

8 Every day, his grandfather ……… for a walk (to go)

9 I ……….with my friend at the moment (to chat)

10 Cats ……… mice (to eat)

Exercise 3: Put the verb in the present continuous or simple present.

Ex: Excuse me (you / speak) English?

→ Excuse me Do you speak English?

1 (Not / like) politics?

2 How many languages (you / speak)?

3 Where (you / live)?

4 What (you / do) at the moment?

5 He (not / wear) a tie today

6 I (not / believe) that you are a millionaire

7 He often (travel) abroad on business

8 David is in Paris this week He (stay) at the Hilton Hotel He usually (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he ‘s in Paris

9 We (have) a party next Sunday Would you like to come?

10 Ann, we (go) to town (you / come) with us?

Exercise 4: Match questions in the left column with answers in the right column

Are they coming to the party?

Do we have to pay for it?

Is she coming back?

Does she eat meat?

Is it still raining?

Does it always rain so much here?

Do they have everything they need?

Are you waiting to see the doctor?

Do you see him very often?

Are we going to Greece this year?

Yes, it does, at this time of year

No, they don’t

No, they aren’t

No, we aren’t We can’t afford it

No, she doesn’t

No, I don’t

I don’t think she is Yes, I am He’s very late Yes, we do

Yes, it is

Exercise 5: Put the verb in brackets in the correct form (present simple or present

continuous)

Next week, my friends and I ………(go) camping in the woods I

………(organize) the food, because I ………(like) cooking Dave

……….(have) a big car with a trailer, so he ……… (plan) the transportation Sam ………(bring) the tent – he……… (go) camping every year, so he ………(have) a great tent and a lot of other equipment My wife

………(think) we’re crazy She ……… (like) holidays in comfortable hotels, so she ……… (take) a trip to Paris instead

Exercise 6: Choose the correct form of the verb depending on whether in this meaning it is

an action or a state verb If both the Present Continuous and the Present Simple tenses are possible, use the Present Continuous tense

1 a) Why are you smelling the soup?

b) Why do you smell the soup?

2 a) She was feeling his arm on her shoulder

b) She felt his arm on her shoulder

3 a) Are you having an English dictionary?

b) Do you have an English dictionary?

4 a) What are you thinking about?

b) What do you think about?

5 a) I am feeling much better today

b) I feel much better today

6 a) What are you looking at?

b) What do you look at?

7 a) I am not hearing you

b) I can't hear you

8 a) What are you thinking of me?

b) What do you think of me?

9 a) I am feeling we should go home now

b) I feel we should go home now

10 a) This bread is tasting funny

b) This bread tastes funny

III Writing:

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English

1 Tôi học tiếng Anh mỗi ngày

………

2 Tôi đang học tiếng Anh tại một trung tâm Anh ngữ

………

3 Anh ấy đi bơi mỗi sáng với bạn

………

4 Chúng tôi đang bơi trong bể bơi ở khách sạn

………

5 Cô ấy thường uống một cốc sữa mỗi ngày

………

6 Cô ấy đang uống sữa lúc này

………

7 Họ đang đi xem phim cùng nhau

………

8 Gia đình tôi thường đi xem phim vào cuối tuần

………

9 Peter và John đang đọc sách trong thư viện

………

10 Mary và Anna không đọc sách vào buổi tối Họ thường đi chơi mỗi tối

………

Exercise 2: Answer questions and write a paragraph about yourself:

- What do you do in your free time?

- Do you often use the Internet?

- How many hours do you use the Internet every day?

- What do you do on the Internet?

- Are you using the Internet right now?

Unit 2: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS

1.Simple past tense:

V-ed (regular)

S + V2 in the second column (irregular)

b Usage: use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished

at a specific time in the past

Ex: I saw a movie yesterday

(Ngày hôm qua tôi đã xem phim.)

Last year, he traveled to Japan

(Năm ngoái, anh đã đi Nhật.)

c Signal words: yesterday, last night, last week, last year, 2 days ago…

d Exceptions when adding “ed”:

- when the final letter is e, only add d

Example: love - loved

- after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled

Example: admit - admitted

- after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel)

Example: worry - he worried

but: play - he played

2.Past continuous tense:

a.Form:

I / He / She / It + was + V-ing

We / You / They + were

b.Usage: use Past Continuous to express

Actions in the past happened in the same time

Ex: Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV

(Simon đang chơi máy tính trong khi anh nó đang xem TV.)

An action already in progress

Ex: My mobile suddenly rang when I was sitting in a meeting

(Điện thoại của tôi đã bất ngờ rung lên khi tôi đang ngồi trong phòng họp.)

c.Signal words: when, while, as long as,…

d.Exceptions when adding “ing”:

- silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)

Example: come - coming

but: agree - agreeing

- after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled

Example: sit - sitting

- final ie becomes y

Example: lie - lying

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle

be was, were been

forgive forgave forgiven

learn learned / learnt [?] learned / learnt [?]

make made made

smell smelt smelt

II Drill:

Exercise 1: Put the correct form of verbs, use Simple Past

1 He (walk) to school yesterday.

………

2 They (do) their homework last night

………

3 You (are) lazy last week

………

4 That woman (buy) a new book this morning

………

5 The janitor (clean) the blackboard yesterday

………

6 My mother (cook) food yesterday

………

7 This morning my teacher (teach) English

………

8 I (am) hungry yesterday

………

9 The gardener (cut) the trees last month

………

10 She (drink) milk this morning

………

11 Last month the man (ride) a horse

………

12 Sakda (go) to Hong Kong last year

………

13 The birds (fly) in the sky this morning

………

14 I (know) Tom's house last year

………

15 The joiner (make) tables and chairs yesterday

………

16 The farmer (grow) rice last year

………

17 Two weeks ago the boy (has) a new bicycle

………

18 He (feel) happy yesterday

………

19 We (work) hard last week

………

20 The students (meet) in the hall last week

………

Exercise 2: Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past progressive)

1 When I (do)……… the washing-up, I (break)……… a plate

2 While Tom (play)……… the piano, his mother (do) ………the washing-up

3 He (drink) ……….some juice and then he (eat) ………a few chips

4 I (have)……… dinner when I suddenly (hear)……… a loud bang

5 When my father (work)……… in the garden, an old friend (pass)

……… by to see him

6 She (go) ……… to school, (take) ……… out her textbook and (begin) ……… to learn

7 When it (start) ……… to rain, our dog (want) ……… to come inside

8 When Jane (do) ……… a language course in Ireland, she (visit)

……… Blarney Castle

9 When I (be) ……… on my way home, I (see) ……… an accident

10 I (not / understand) ………what they (talk) ……… about

11 When I (get) ……… up yesterday, the sun (shine) ………

12 It (is) ……… a beautiful morning

13 So I (decide) ……… to cycle around a little

14 I (go) ……… to the shed and (take) ……….out my bike

15 While I (cycle) ………past some villages, I (see) ……… some people in their gardens

16 One man (mow) ……… the grass while his wife (pick) ……… strawberries

17 After one hour of cycling in sunshine, a big fat raincloud suddenly (appear)

……… and it (start) ……… to rain

18 Luckily, a farmer (notice) ……… me and (tell) ……… me to come

in

19 While it (rain) ……… outside, I (sit) ……… in the farmer's house

20 After a while, the sun (come) ……… out again

Exercise 3: Put the verb into the correct form, past simple or past continuous

1 John (fall) ……… off the ladder while he (paint) ……… the ceiling

2 Last night I (read) ……… in bed when suddenly I (hear) ……… a scream

3 (You/ watch) ……… TV when I phoned you?

4 Carol (wait) ……… for me when I (arrive) ………

5 I (not / drive) ……… very fast when the accident (happen)………

6 I (break) ……… a plate last night I (do) ……… the washing –up when it (slip) ……… out of my hand

7 Tom (take) ……… a photo of me while I (not / look) ………

8 I (not / go) ……….out because it (rain) ………

9 What (you / do) ……….at this time yesterday?

10 What (you / do) ……… when I (call) ……… you?

Exercise 4: Use the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate

tenses

Last night, while I (do) ……… my homework, Angela (call) ……… She said she (call) ……… me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA I asked her if she (wait) ……… for class, but she said that the professor (be)……… at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) ……… to

me I couldn’t believe she (make) ………a phone call during the lecture I asked what was going on

She said her biology professor (be) ……… so boring that several of the students (sleep) ……… in class Some of the students (talk) ……… about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) ……… a picture of a horse When Angela (tell) ……… me she was not satisfied with the class, I

(mention) ……… that she switch to my class

While we (talk) ………., I (hear) ……… her professor yell, “Miss, are you making a phone call?” Suddenly, the line went dead I (hang) ………

up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner As I (cut) ………

Vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again It (be) ……… Angela, but this time she wasn’t sitting in class

III Writing:

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English.

1 Tôi đã đi siêu thị và mua một cái áo sơ mi trắng vào tuần trước

………

2 Peter đã không đi bơi với John vào cuối tuần

………

3 Ba đã tặng tôi một cuốn từ điển vào ngày sinh nhật tôi

4 Hôm qua mẹ tôi đã nấu mì và làm một chiếc bánh thật to

………

5 Tối qua, khi tôi đang học bài thì điện thoại rung

………

6 Vào lúc 7 giờ ngày hôm qua, trong khi ba tôi đang xem TV thì mẹ tôi lại ngồi dạy em trai tôi học tiếng Anh

………

………

7 Tôi đã đi xem phim với David 2 ngày trước Tôi cảm thấy rất vui Bộ phim thật thú vị

………

8 Gia đình tôi đã đi Nha Trang và thăm họ hàng vào mùa hè này

………

9 Tôi biết anh ta Tôi đã gặp anh ta trong một bữa tiệc 2 tuần trước

………

10 Tôi đã thấy Mary khi cô ấy đang đọc sách trong thư viện

………

Exercise 2: Read the following text, then write a similar paragraph

Last summer, my family and I went to Vung Tau We had great time together with the joy of swimming We arrived at 9 am and rented a room at a small hotel Then we quickly went to the beach My dad brought us a kite to fly it We swam a lot, until 11 am

At lunch time, we ate fried chicken and fruits The food was so delicious that my brother wanted to eat more and more In the afternoon, we took a taxi to visit my father’s friends They were hospitable and funny We had a small party together At night, my family went sightseeing with some tourist We saw beautiful natural landscapes and ate ice-cream The next day, we went to the amusement park to try some new games They were fantastic I also bought souvenirs for my friends That was the most excellent trip I’ve ever

experienced