Tài liệu Toefl CBT book part 10 ppt

subject verb in complement simple past Passive sentence: The car was struck by the bus.. subject form of be+ verb in past participle In the passive sentence, the form of be was is in th

4. The huge increase in popularity of specialty coffees contribution to the success of Starbucks, Barney’s and other coffee purveyors

5. Patients on Interferon are advised , so that they can sleep through the night without noticing the flu-like symptoms that are characteristic of the drug

A just before going to sleep to inject themselves

B. to inject themselves just before going to sleep

C to inject just before going to sleep themselves

D injecting themselves just before going to sleep

6. After it had conclude work on the budget, the legislature adjourned until the next session

7. Even when awarded a scholarship, a student generally must still paying for books, living expenses, and other costs

8. The U.S government, along with a number of states, is fight a protracted legal battle with tobacco companies in order to obtain relief for the huge medical costs caused by smoking

9. The leaders of the two countries an agreement to avoid future conflicts

A have recently reach

B. recently reach

C have reached recently

D have recently reached

10. The teachers are expecting to call tomorrow a meeting in order to review the disciplinary problems

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D C

A

B

D

C B

A

Answers and Explanations

for Structure Quiz 1

1. B: with its Has is not correct because the clause between commas is a dependent

clause and simply provides additional information (The sentence, “The rain

for-est is home to unique flora and fauna” could stand alone, and the information

about trees is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.) Because is is a

jugated verb and the sentence isn’t setting up a parallel structure sequence, a

con-jugated verb such as has makes no sense in the dependent clause The answer and

is not possible because it would make a plural subject, and the relative clause

contained within the commas would be incomplete The answer although has is

incorrect because although would need to be followed by a subject and a verb,

such as “although it has.” Although also wouldn’t make sense in the context of

the sentence; the fact that the rain forest has large trees is a reason that it provides

protection.

2. A: it is capable The first clause is dependent because of the word Despite.

Therefore, the second clause must be independent There must be a subject and a

verb In this case, the subject is it, which is why the second answer choice is

in-correct Distracters appear in the other answer choices Both able (adjective) and

ability (noun) require to, not of, when followed by a preposition.

3. D: working an The verb is or was needs to appear between working and an The

sentence is compound Both parts of the sentence are clauses, which means that

they both must have a subject and a verb In the first part of the sentence, having

multiple sclerosis is the subject and has diminished is the verb In the second part

of the sentence, the subject is his ability, which is modified by the complements

beginning with infinitives (to maintain a positive attitude and continue working).

The conjugated verb is or was is required to complete the subject/verb structure.

4. B: contribution The sentence requires a conjugated verb The subject is The huge

increase in popularity of specialty coffees Therefore, it must be followed by the

verb has contributed.

5. B: to inject themselves just before going to sleep The correct order is subject,

verb, complement, modifier The subject is Patients The verb phrase is are

ad-vised The complement is the infinitive and its complement, to inject themselves.

The modifier of time is just before going to sleep Choice D is incorrect because

advise must be followed by the infinitive, not a gerund (verb+ing).

6. A: conclude The verb is past perfect (had+ verb in past participle), so the

an-swer must be concluded.

7. B: paying After the modal must, the simple form of the verb is required, so pay

is correct The word awarded is correct because it’s the result of a reduced adverb

clause, when he or she has been awarded.

8. A: fight The verb structure is fighting is required because the verb be is followed

by a verb +ing in an active sentence.

9. D: have recently reached The modifier of time can appear between the auxiliary

and main verb Choice A is incorrect because the main verb is not in the past

par-ticiple Choice B is incorrect because the word recently sets up a time, so the

sim-ple present makes no sense Choice C is incorrect because the modifier can not

appear between the verb and the complement (have reached an agreement).

10. B: tomorrow a meeting The order of a sentence is usually subject, verb,

comple-ment, modifier The complement is a meeting, so the modifier must come after the complement — a meeting tomorrow.

Recognizing Unusual Subjects

Sometimes subjects and complements are not standard nouns or noun/adjective combinations Several types of phrases and clauses can function as noun phrases The point is to recognize the subject or complement so you can determine

whether the sentence is complete and verify that the subject and verb agree

Infinitives and Gerunds

An infinitive, a verb in the form to +verb in simple form, can be the subject

of a sentence.

Typically, an infinitive is part of a verb construction Technically, it completes a verb construction, meaning that it introduces a complement construction

Sometimes the sentence is reversed and the infinitive appears as a subject When used that way, the infinitive is a singular noun

Pam wanted a book.

A book is the complement What did she want? She wanted a book.

Pam wanted to read another book.

To read another book, an infinitive phrase, is the complement What did she

want? To read another book

The sentence construction can also be turned around:

A book is what Pam wanted.

To read another book is what Pam wanted.

To learn piano requires considerable practice.

To be great musicians is their goal.

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In the last three examples, infinitive phrases are acting as subjects of the

sentences

A gerund is a verb+ing that is used as a noun or part of a noun phrase.

Gerunds act just like infinitives in a sentence construction.

Jennifer enjoys good books.

In this sentence, good books is the complement.

Jennifer enjoys reading good books.

Here, the gerund phrase reading good books serves as the complement.

Reading good books is what Jennifer enjoys.

In this case, the gerund phrase acts as the subject of the sentence It is always

sin-gular, so the verb is agrees with the subject.

That Clauses

A clause that begins with the word that can also serve as the subject of the

sentence.

This sentence structure is the reverse of a structure that uses a that clause as a

complement Remember that a clause contains both a subject and a verb If you

are unsure whether a sentence contains a that clause (as opposed to a phrase,

which does not contain a subject and verb), omit the word that and see if the rest

of the clause can be a sentence on its own

It was a miracle that anybody survived the accident.

That anybody survived the accident was a miracle.

It is well known that the meat manufactured in those factories is unsanitary.

verb complement

That the meat manufactured in those factories is unsanitary is well known.

subject verb

In the last example, don’t get confused by the fact that the noun factories is plural,

because factories by itself is not the subject of the sentence The verb must be

sin-gular because the subject is the entire that clause.

It surprised the doctor that the patient’s condition had worsened so quickly.

complement

That the patient’s condition had worsened so quickly surprised the doctor.

Question Words

A question word can serve as the subject of a sentence Examples of these

words include: How, how long, how many, how much, how often, how soon,

what, when, where, whether, and why.

Just like infinitives, gerunds, and that clauses, question words can appear in the

subject or object position of a sentence When question words appear as part of a

clause in the complement position, we say that the sentence contains an embedded question An embedded question is one that is included within a sentence or

an-other question The word order is different from typical questions, except for

sub-ject questions A subsub-ject question is a question in which the unknown item is the

subject of the sentence:

She is not certain who is in the room (The question portion of the sentence is

in the same order as it would be for a question.)

The word order for most embedded questions is: Subject + verb + question word+subject +verb+ complement.

The police are not certain where the suspect is hiding.

The teacher learned whom the woman had called.

An auxiliary (a form of be, have, do) cannot appear between the question word and the subject If the auxiliary would be a form of do in the question, there isn’t

an auxiliary in the embedded question

Question: When will the meeting take place?

Embedded question: We haven’t determined when the meeting will take

place

Question: Why did the professor cancel the class?

Embedded question: We don’t know why the professor cancelled the class.

When the clause beginning with the question word appears at the beginning of the sentence, it becomes the subject of the sentence Remember that the verb is singu-lar because the entire clause is the subject Don’t be confused if a noun appearing immediately before the verb happens to be plural

A typical construction for a sentence beginning with a question word is as fol-lows: Question word +noun phrase +verb (complement) +verb +subject.

When the play will begin is uncertain.

How many fans attended the game is still unknown.

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Complex Sentence Structures

Earlier in this chapter, I reviewed the structure of simple sentences Not every

sentence follows the same pattern as the simple structure In fact, most of the

sen-tences you encounter on the TOEFL test will be slightly more complex than those

I presented above This section helps you prepare for the types of sentence

struc-tures you need to know in order to score well on the Structure section

Compound Sentences

Two simple sentences can be joined with conjunctions in order to create a

com-pound sentence

Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, so, and yet.

Conjunctions are used to join sentences in the same way they are used to join

nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech

The University of Florida and Florida State University both have excellent

academic programs

In this sentence, and joins two nouns to create a compound subject, The

University of Florida and Florida State University.

The University of Florida has a large and successful athletic program, and

potential students are drawn to the school because of it

In this example, the first and joins the adjectives large and successful, which both

describe the athletic program The second and joins two simple sentences to

cre-ate a compound sentence

The scholarship was designed for students with high grade point averages,

but it was adapted to A students from a particular geographical area.

In this case, the conjunction but is used to join two simple sentences Notice that

in the last two examples, the clauses that come before and after the conjunctions

can stand on their own as complete sentences

Passive Voice Sentences

A sentence can be constructed either in the active or passive voice In an active

sentence, the subject performs the action In a passive sentence, the subject

re-ceives the action

To create a passive sentence, the structure of an active sentence is reversed.

Active sentence with simple verb: The bus struck the car

subject verb in complement simple past

Passive sentence: The car was struck by the bus

subject form of be+ verb

in past participle

In the passive sentence, the form of be (was) is in the same tense as the verb in the active sentence (struck, which is past tense) But here, the word struck is actually

in the past participle, even though it looks identical to the past tense

Active sentence with progressive verb: A man was reviewing the artwork

subject verb in complement

past progressive

Passive sentence: The artwork was being reviewed by a man

subject form of be+ verb

in past participle

Active sentence with present or past perfect verb:

The bus has struck the car

subject verb in complement

perfective

Passive sentence: The car has been struck by the bus

subject form of have +been +

verb in past participle

Active sentence with modal: A man will review the artwork.

subject modal + verb in complement

simple form

Passive sentence: The artwork will be reviewed by a man.

subject modal +be+ main

verb in past participle

Active sentence with modal in the perfective:

A man will have reviewed the artwork.

subject modal +have+ verb complement

in past participle

Passive sentence: The artwork will have been reviewed by a man.

subject modal +have +been+ main verb

in past participle

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Conditional Sentences

A conditional sentence indicates that something will happen if something else

happens first That is, one circumstance will occur only under the condition that

the other circumstance occurs A conditional sentence can be real, meaning that

one thing will happen if the other thing happens, or unreal, meaning that

some-thing may or may not happen (or be happening right now) Whether or not the

condition will occur is already determined

A conditional sentence contains a dependent (or subordinate) clause and an

inde-pendent clause The Structure section questions presented on the TOEFL test will

typically require you to determine whether the sentence is complete, with both the

dependent and independent clause following the rules of standard written English

The dependent clause can appear as the first or second clause in the sentence with

no change in the meaning

If the bus had not already passed by, we would have been on time

We would have been on time if the bus had not already passed by

The dependent clause is the clause that starts with if The modal generally won’t

appear in the dependent clause The if clause can appear as the first or second

clause in a sentence

For sentences that begin with an if clause, a typical structure is as follows:

If+subject +conjugated verb +subject +modal +verb

For sentences that end with an if clause, a typical structure is as follows:

Subject +modal +verb +if+subject +conjugated verb

If the man had called the ambulance, the boy would have survived

The boy would have survived if the man had called the ambulance

Real (Possibly True) Conditions

The real or possible condition is used when the speaker expresses an action or

sit-uation that usually occurs or will occur if the stated circumstances are satisfied

The tense (time) in the two clauses will generally be the same

The professor will grade the essays if he has time

(He will grade the essays unless he does not have time.)

Real conditional sentences are usually constructed in the future tense and

contain a verb in the simple present tense in the dependent clause and will,

can, may, or must+a verb in simple form in the independent clause.

If she wants to study tonight, she will call you.

She will call you if she wants to study tonight

Unreal (Not True) Conditions

The unreal (not true) condition expresses a situation (past, present, or future) that

would take place or would have taken place if the circumstances expressed were

or had been different The tense will always be one step further in the past than what is logically the time of the sentence

Unreal conditional sentences constructed in the present or future tense

con-tain a verb in the simple past form in the dependent clause and would, could,

or might+the verb in simple form in the independent clause.

If she wanted to study tonight, she would call you.

She would call you if she wanted to study tonight.

The use of the past tense and past modal means that she doesn’t want to study tonight and, therefore, won’t call

The past tense of the verb be is always were and never was in a conditional sentence, even when the subject is I, he, she, and it.

If Linda were here, she would know what to do.

Linda would know what to do if she were here.

This means that Linda is not here

Unreal conditional sentences constructed in the past tense contain a verb in

the past perfect in the dependent clause and would, could, or might+have +

the verb in simple form in the independent clause.

If she had wanted to study tonight, she would have called you.

She would have called you if she had wanted to study tonight.

This means that she didn’t want to study and, therefore, didn’t call

Relative or Adjective Clauses

Two independent clauses that have the same subject can join into a single

sen-tence through the use of a relative clause (Some people use the term adjective clause instead of relative clause, but both terms refer to the same construction.)

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To create a sentence joined with a relative clause, the subject of one of the

inde-pendent clauses must be replaced with a relative pronoun

The relative pronouns are that, which, who, whom and whose.

The clause that has the relative pronoun becomes a subordinate or dependent

clause, which means that it must be joined to the independent clause in order to be

correct Note: A regular pronoun, such as he, she, or it, cannot appear with a

rela-tive pronoun

Take, for example, two independent clauses that both have Sally as the subject.

Sally is the secretary

Sally is in charge of the calendar

To combine them, one of the subjects will drop out and be replaced by the relative

pronoun who The relative pronoun who cannot be combined with a regular

pro-noun, such as she.

Incorrect: Sally is the secretary who she is in charge of the calendar.

Correct: Sally is the secretary who is in charge of the calendar.

In the following example, the object of one sentence is the same as the subject of

the next A relative pronoun can be used to combine these sentences as well

Bill bought a boat The boat cost $16,000.

Bill bought a boat that cost $16,000.

The word that replaced The boat in the second sentence.

That and Which

The words that and which may seem to be interchangeable, but they are not Their

use in a sentence depends on whether a relative clause is restrictive or

nonrestric-tive A restrictive clause conveys information that is essential for understanding

the meaning of the sentence A restrictive clause is like an adjective because it

helps to define a noun A nonrestrictive clause, on the other hand, contains

infor-mation that isn’t required to define the noun A nonrestrictive clause is set off

from the independent clause by commas; a restrictive clause is not

That can be used only in restrictive clauses, and which is generally used only

in nonrestrictive clauses.

Restrictive clause: Palm-sized computers that connect to the Internet are

be-coming very popular