Tài liệu Toefl cbt book part 21 ppt

For example, a suffix may indiindi-cate that the word is a noun, adjective, or adverb, and it may indicate the verb tense, aspect, or person.. Therefore, you normally can’t use your know

13.

-tang-

-strict-

-gress-

-grat-Meaning of root: touch

Meaning of whole words: something you

can touch; something you can’t touch

A corporation has to pay _ible tax on

personal property it owns and in _ible

tax on stocks, notes, and other paper

obligations

14.

-viv-

-mort-

-ject-

-vor-Meaning of root: eat

Meaning of whole word: meat eating

Some dinosaurs were carni _ous

15.

-viv-

-vor-

-secut-

-cred-Meaning of root: live

Meaning of whole word: lively, full of life

Mr Pinder is a talented author whose

_id imagination brings the characters

to life

16. -mor- -omni- -vict-

-viv-Meaning of root: every Meaning of whole word: all

powerful

A proper government carefully follows a series of checks and balances so that no person or group can become _potent

17. -viv- -ped- -mor-

-fid-Meaning of root: foot Meaning of whole word: person on foot

Anne was charged with careless driving when she struck a _estrian while dri-ving too fast

18. -cred- -fid- -corp-

-viv-Meaning of root: body Meaning of whole word: embodiment of an

organization

Mr Padgett said that the articles of in _oration could be filed the day after they were signed

19.

-frag-

-grat-

-viv-

-mort-Meaning of root: break

Meaning of whole word: easy to

break, not strong

Her health is very _ile at this

time

20. -gress- -grad- -cred-

-secut-Meaning of root: step Meaning of whole word: one step at

a time, little by little Richard _ually improved in his anatomy course

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Answers

1. interjects

2. gratuity

3. ruptured

4. credence

5. cursive

6. induce

7. fiduciary

8. immortal

9. evict

10. deflected

11. fractured

12. consecutive

13. tangible; intangible

14. carnivorous

15. vivid

16. omnipotent

17. pedestrian

18. incorporation

19. fragile

20. gradually

Suffixes

A suffix is a group of letters attached at the end of a word Usually, suffixes

indi-cate the word’s part of speech For example, a suffix may indiindi-cate that the word is

a noun, adjective, or adverb, and it may indicate the verb tense, aspect, or person

I cover verb tenses, aspects, and forms in the “Structure Section” chapter

Normally, the TOEFL test Reading section does not use incorrect parts of speech

in the answer choices For example, if the word being tested is a noun, all the

an-swer choices are also nouns Therefore, you normally can’t use your knowledge

of suffixes to eliminate answer choices without understanding the word However,

understanding suffixes can be very useful in order to recognize that a word is

re-lated to another that you know

If there are words or roots in this section that you don’t know, look them up in a

dictionary In fact, you can often understand three or more words from learning

one root The purpose of this section is to assist you in recognizing these suffixes,

not in forming words (That is why I haven’t explained in detail how the suffix is

affixed to the root.)

A suffix often tells whether the word is a noun, verb, or other form The following table offers an example of how suffixes work

Noun Endings

The following endings normally indicate that the word is a noun: -sion, -tion,

-ition, -ation, -ance, -ence, -or, -er, -hood, -ship, -ty, -ity, -cy, -ment, -ness, -ism, and -ist.

All of these suffixes are added to the root of verbs except -ship and -hood, which are added to nouns, and -ness and -ty, which are added to adjectives.

Suffix (Noun Ending) Root +Suffix =Noun

-ion, -sion, -tion action, explosion, invention

-ation, -ition communication, composition

-ance, -ence insurance, correspondence

-ty, -ity, -cy loyalty, reality, complacency

Occasionally, -ant or -ent can indicate a noun, although they normally indicate an adjective and -ance and -ence indicate the related noun Examples of -ant and -ent

as noun suffixes are confidant and correspondent.

Following is a list of suffixes from the previous table that often apply to a person.

Following are suffixes from the same table that often apply to an intangible thing

(an abstract concept)

-ion, -sion, -tion concentration

Verb Endings

The endings -en and -ize normally indicate that the word is a verb.

The suffixes -en and -ize are normally added to nouns or adjectives to make verbs.

standard (noun or adjective) -ize standardize

Other examples of verbs created by -en are awaken, harden, flatten, shorten,

heighten, enlighten, weaken, hearten, darken, and strengthen

Examples of verbs created by -ize are authorize, legalize, criticize, rationalize,

in-tellectualize, symbolize, neutralize, centralize, summarize, emphasize, visualize,

mobilize, categorize, stabilize, economize, and terrorize

Adjective Endings

The following endings normally indicate that the word is an adjective: -less,

-ful, -al, -ous, -ious, -eous, -ed, -en (past participle), -ive, -able, and -ible.

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You normally add all the previous suffixes to nouns, except -able, -ible, and -ive,

which you add to verbs

Suffix (Adjective Ending) Root +Suffix =Adjective

-ous, -ious, -eous gaseous, dangerous

-ed, -en (past participle) cooked, broken, beaten

Adverb Endings

The suffix -ly added to an adjective usually forms an adverb.

For example, intelligent plus -ly equals intelligently Other examples of adverbs

formed this way include absolutely, independently, delightfully, politely, greatly, silently, nicely, centrally, resolutely, falsely, brightly, meaningfully, definitely, and randomly

Note: There are some exceptions to this rule Hard and fast can be used as both

ad-jectives and adverbs, while hardly is an adverb that means “barely.” Both friendly and lively look like they should be adverbs, but they are actually adjectives

Related Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives

Following are lists of verbs, nouns, and adjectives that have the same roots (and sometimes prefixes) but different suffixes If you don’t know the meaning of the words, look them up in your dictionary When you look up one of the words in a row, you should be able to determine the meaning of the other two words by rec-ognizing the words’ parts of speech from their suffixes

In these lists, you may recognize prefixes or roots from the previous sections of this chapter that will help you determine each word’s meaning

In the following table, each noun is made by adding -tion or -sion to the root.

Verb Noun Adjective

In the following table, each noun is formed by adding -ance to the root.

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In the following table, the noun is created by adding -ence to the root.

Suffix Practice Exercise

Indicate whether the following word is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb (Place a check in the correct column.) Don’t worry about the definitions of the words Set

a timer for two minutes so that you move quickly and don’t dwell on the words’ meanings After you finish, look up any word that you don’t know

Word Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

Answers

187

1. noun

2. adjective

3. adverb

4. adjective

5. noun

6. noun or adjective

7. adjective

8. noun

9. adjective

10. noun

11. verb

12. adjective

13. noun

14. adverb

15. noun

16. noun

17. noun

18. noun

19. adjective

20. noun

21. noun

22. noun

23. noun (occasionally used as a verb)

24. adjective

25. adjective

Combining Your Vocabulary Skills

When answering vocabulary questions (or answering detail questions that require

a strong understanding of vocabulary), use your abilities in the following order:

■ Knowledge of a word: If you know what the word in question means,

great

■ Knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and roots: If you don’t know what the

word in question means, try to figure it out from your knowledge of

pre-fixes, sufpre-fixes, and roots

■ Knowledge of grammar: If you don’t know the word and can’t figure out

its meaning from its prefix, suffix, or root, try to determine which part of

speech it is — a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and so on

■ Context: If you still can’t determine the word’s meaning, try to define it

based on how it is used in the context of the paragraph

Determining Meaning from Prefixes,

Suffixes, and Roots

Her idea of ing was to sit with a book open watching television and talking with friends

Here, part of the word in question is omitted, so your knowledge of the word itself

wouldn’t help This word has a suffix, -ing, which means that it’s part of a verb structure, but there isn’t an auxiliary verb (a form of have, be, or do) Therefore,

you know that the word must be acting as a gerund, which is a noun

Even if you have no idea what the word in question means, you should be able to grasp from the context that the sentence is about studying or something similar The missing word in this case could be studying or reading The TOEFL test will give you only one possible answer choice that is correct, unless the question specifically indicates that two answer choices are right

The ultimate result of non-payment for vehicles and similar assets is repossession

Suppose that you don’t know the word repossession Your knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and roots should prove helpful in this situation Re- means “again,”

-possess- means “to hold” or “to own,” and -sion is a suffix that indicates the

word is an abstract noun Therefore, the word indicates the act of possessing again

or again taking control of the asset If you still aren’t sure about the word, look at its context If someone doesn’t pay for something, what is the obvious result?

Determining Meaning from Context

To determine the meaning of a word or a detail of the reading passage from con-text, use the techniques described below

Look for a Nearby Definition

The definition of an unusual word may be contained within or near the sentence through the use of an appositive, reduced relative clause, or other grammatical structure The following examples show how various sentence structures can be used to define a word

Probate, the court-monitored administration of the estate of a deceased

per-son, is costly, so many people try to take steps to avoid it.

Probate, which is the court-monitored administration of the estate of a

de-ceased person, is costly, so many people try to take steps to avoid it.

Probate, or the court-monitored administration of the estate of a deceased

person, is costly, so many people try to take steps to avoid it.

The court-monitored administration of the estate of a deceased person,

known as probate, is costly, so many people take steps to try to avoid it.

The court-monitored administration of the estate of a deceased person, which

is known as probate, is costly, so many people take steps to try to avoid it.

The court-monitored administration of the estate of a deceased person, which

is called probate, is costly, so many people take steps to try to avoid it.

Defining through Opposites

The sentence can also give you the word’s definition by describing the opposite of

the word, such as in the following examples

A child’s feeling of well being depends upon familial harmony, not discord.

The sentence indicates that harmony and discord are opposite because one leads

to the child’s feeling of well being and the other does not

Living in a situation where discord reigns, unlike living in a harmonious

envi-ronment, causes children to be nervous and lack self-confidence.

This sentence also shows that discord is not harmonious by the use of the word

unlike.

Vocabulary Practice Exercise

Now that you have increased your understanding of prefixes, roots, and suffixes,

you should feel more confident in your ability to understand the meaning of

vo-cabulary words, even if you haven’t encountered them during your studies

The format of the following practice exercise is not what you’ll encounter on the

actual TOEFL exam To get a feeling for what you’ll find on the test, be sure to

take the practice tests later in the book However, this exercise will help you to

put into practice the information you learned in the previous section

Directions: In questions 1 through 30, there is one underlined word or phrase in

each sentence and four answer choices marked A, B, C, and D Select the one

an-swer choice that best maintains the meaning of the original sentence if you use it

in place of the word or phrase that is underlined

189

1. The presentation by Dr Dineen

was very illuminating

A bright

B. enlightening

C disheartening

D boring

2. The postnuptial agreement was prepared by the attorney but never signed before George’s death

A trust

B. before marriage

C divorce

D after marriage