READING COMPREHENSION

sách luyện thi TOEFL phần reading với các skill cơ bản và hay

READING

Reading is tested in the third section on both the paper TOEFL test and the computer

TOEFL test This section consists of reading passages followed by a number of questions

The paper and the computer reading sections are similar in the following ways:

© the types of passages

© the language skills tested

¢ the ordering of the questions

The paper and the computer reading sections are different in the following ways:

© the types of questions

© the number of questions

© the amount of time

© the strategies and procedures

READING ON THE PAPER TOEFL® TEST

On the paper TOEFL test, the third section is called Reading Comprehension This section

consists of five passages and fifty questions (although some tests may be longer) You have

fifty-five minutes to complete the fifty questions in this section

There is only one type of question in the Reading Comprehension section of the paper

TOEFL test:

Multiple-Choice questions ask you to select the best answer to questions about the

information given in the reading passages A multiple-choice question on the

paper test may ask about the main ideas, directly answered details, indirectly

answered details, vocabulary, or overall review ideas

The questions on the paper test are presented in linear order The passages progress from

easy to difficult, and the questions are presented in the order in which they appear in the

passage

GENERAL STRATEGIES FOR READING

(Paper TOEFL® Test) [i

| Be familiar with the directions The directions on every paper TOEFL test are the same,

so it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test

You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test

2 Do not spend too much time reading the passages You do not have time to read

each passage in depth, and it is quite possible to answer the questions correctly without first

OVERVIEW (Paper and Computer) 359

360 READING

3 Do not worry if a reading passage is on a topic you are unfamiliar with All of the information that you need to answer the questions is included in the passages You do not need any background knowledge to answer the questions

4 Do not spend too much time on a question you are unsure of If you do not know the answer to a question, simply guess and go on You can return to this question later in the section if you have time

5 Guess to complete the section before time is up There is no penalty for guessing, so

it can only increase your score to guess the answers to questions that you do not have time

Example from the Paper TOEFL Test

Obsidian is a distinctive type of igneous rock that forms

as a result of the melting of deep crustal granite rocks into magma Because of the speed at which the magma cools,

Line crystallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic,

(5) glass-like rock results Most commonly a solid, shiny black in

color, obsidian can also take on a golden or silvery sheen or

be striped in a rainbow of hues

Obsidian is generally found in small outcrops, though large masses of it can be found in a few notable locations Two (10) _ such sites are the giant Valles Caldera in New Mexico, where

the obsidian flows are hundreds of feet thick, and the Glass

Buttes in Oregon, which are composed entirely of obsidian

Because of its properties, obsidian was prized in many ancient cultures Obsidian is easily worked into shapes with (15) razor-sharp edges even sharper than the edges formed from

flint and was thus used in the production of simple hunting weapons It can also be polished to an extremely high luster and was thus held in a high regard in a number of cultures as

a semiprecious stone in jewelry and other embellishments

1 What is stated in the passage about obsidian?

(A) It results from rapidly cooling magma

(B) Itis crystalline

(C) Itisasedimentary rock

INTRODUCTION (Paper and Computer)

To answer this question, you should find the part of the passage that states that because of the speed at which the magma cools, crystallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic, glass-like rock results From this, it can be determined that obsidian results from rapidly cooling magma,

and that it is not crystalline, that it is a volcanic rather than sedimentary rock, and that it

has a shiny finish rather than a dull finish Answer (A) is therefore the best answer to this

(D) distances

To answer this question, you should find the word sites in line 10 in the passage and read

the context around it The passage mentions a few notable locations and two such sites From

this context, you can determine that sztes is close in meaning to locations, or places Answer

(C) is therefore the best answer to this question

Now look at the third question, which is a multiple-choice question that asks you to

infer an indirect detail from the passage

3 It can be inferred from the passage that obsidian would least likely have been used to make

(A) aspear (B) an arrowhead

(C) aring

(D) abelt

The passage states that obsidian was used in the production of simple hunting weapons and that

it was held in high regard in a number of cultures as a semiprecious stone in jewelry From this, it can be inferred that obsidian would likely have been used to make a spear or an arrowhead,

which are types of weapons, or a ring, which is a type of jewelry, and that obsidian, which is

a rock, would have been least likely to have been used to make a belt, which is an article of clothing Answer (D) is therefore the best answer to this question

Now look at the fourth question, which is a multiple-choice question that asks where in

the passage a piece of information can be found

4, Where in the passage does the author discuss the variety of colors

in which obsidian is found?

(A) Lines 1-3 (B) Lines 5-7

(C) Lines 8-9 (D) Lines 18-20

36}

362 READING

To,answer this question, you should skim each of the line numbers in the answer choices

for information about the colors of obsidian Lines 5-7 mention that obsidian is black in

color, that it can take on a golden or silvery sheen, and that is can be striped in a rainbow of hues

This sentence clearly discusses the colors of obsidian, so answer (B) is the best answer to this

question

PROCEDURES FOR A READING PASSAGE

(Paper TOEFL® Test)

| Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization of ideas in the passage You do not need to understand every detail in each passage to answer the questions correctly It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the

questions

2 Look ahead at the questions to determine what language skills are being tested

in the questions Questions related to different language skills are answered in different ways

3 Find the section of the passage that deals with each question The language skill tells you exactly where to look in the passage to find correct answers

¢ For main idea questions, look at the first line of each paragraph

¢ For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and skim for that key word (or a related idea) in order in the passage

¢ For pronoun questions, the question will tell you where the pronoun is located in the passage

¢ For transition questions, look at the beginning or the end of the passage

¢ For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage

¢ For where-in-the-passage questions, the answer choices give you the four possible locations of the correct answer

¢ For tone, purpose, and course questions, look at the first line of each paragraph -

4 Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully The answer will probably be in a very predictable place in the passage

5 Choose the best answer to each question from the four choices listed in your test book You can choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section

of the passage, eliminate definitely wrong answers, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet

368 READING

3 Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully The answer will

probably be in a very predictable place in the passage

4 Choose the best answer to each question You can choose the best answer according

to what is given in the appropriate section of the passage, or you can eliminate definitely wrong answers and select your best guess

5 Click on the answer on the computer screen when you have selected an answer

You may still change your mind at this point and click on a different answer You may also return later to a question within the same reading passage (although it can be time-

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE IDEAS OF THE PASSAGE

It is very common for reading passages in the reading section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test to have questions about the overall ideas in the passage The most common type of question asks about the main idea, topic, title, or subject There may also be questions about how the information in the passage is organized or about which type of information is included in a particular paragraph

SKILL |: ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

Almost every reading passage on the paper TOEFL test or computer TOEFL test will have

a multiple-choice question about the main idea of a passage Such a question may be worded in a variety of ways; you may, for example, be asked to identify the topic, subject, title, primary idea, or main idea These questions are all really asking what primary point the author is trying to get across in the passage Since TOEFL passages are generally written in

a traditionally organized manner, it is relatively easy to find the main ideas by studying the topic sentences, which are most probably found at the beginning of each paragraph

If a passage consists of only one paragraph, you should study the beginning of that paragraph to determine the main idea Look at a multiple-choice example from the paper TOEFL test that asks about the topic of a passage with one paragraph.

READING QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer)

other things and knowing them,” while reasoning is merely the act of an observer, “ a mind that beholds or grasps objects outside the world of things ” With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence (10) that control is taken of events that shape one’s life

The question:

What is the topic of this passage?

(A) The intelligence of John Dewey

(B) Distinctions made by John Dewey (C) Dewey’s ideas on the ability to reason (D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey’s works

This question asks about the topic of the passage Because this passage has only one para-

graph, you should look at the first sentence of the passage to answer this question The first

sentence of this passage discusses a distinction between the ideas of intelligence and reason-

ing in the philosophy of John Dewey, so this is probably the topic A quick check of the rest

of the sentences in the passage confirms that the topic is in fact the difference between

intelligence and reasoning Now you should check each of the answers to determine which

one comes closest to the topic that you have determined Answer (A) mentions only intelli-

gence, so it is not the topic Answer (B) mentions distinctions that John Dewey made, but it

does not say specifically what type of distinctions Answer (C) mentions only reasoning, so

answer (C) is incomplete The best answer is therefore (D); the idea of how intelligence dif-

fers from reasoning comes from the first sentence of the passage, which mentions a sharp dis-

tinction between intelligence and reasoning

If a passage consists of more than one paragraph, you should study the beginning of

each paragraph to determine the main idea Look at a multiple-choice example from the

computer TOEFL test that asks about the title of a passage with more than one paragraph

369

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 5-6)

Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November, with the peak of the hurricane season in September; only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part of the ocean The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the temperature on the water’s surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air

is at its highest

Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the

average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have winds reaching speeds of at least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often much stronger than that; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers per hour

5 The passage mainly discusses 6 The best title for this passage would be

(A) how many hurricanes occur each (A) The North Atlantic Ocean

year (B) Storms of the Northern Atlantic (B) the strength of hurricanes (C) Hurricanes: The Damage and (C) the weather in the North Atlantic Destruction

(D) hurricanes in one part of the world (D) What Happens from May through

November

PASSAGE FOUR (Questions 7-9)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) was perhaps the best-known American poet of the nineteenth century His clear writing style and emphasis on the prevalent values of the period made him popular with the general public if not always with the critics He was particularly recognized for his longer narrative poems Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, and The Courtship of Miles Standish, in which he told stories from American history in terms of the values of the time

Evangeline was set during the French and Indian War (1754-1763), when the British forced

French settlers from Nova Scotia; two lovers, Gabriel and Evangeline, were separated by the

British, and Evangeline devoted her lifetime to the search for Gabriel With its emphasis on

sentimental, undying love, Evangeline was immensely popular with the public

In The Song of Hiawatha, Longfellow depicted the noble life of the American Indian through the story of the brave Hiawatha and his beloved wife Minehaha The tear-inspiring poem follows Hiawatha through the tragedies and triumphs of life, ending with the death of Minehaha and Hiawatha’s departure into the sunset in his canoe

The Courtship of Miles Standish takes place during the early period of the settlement of New England, a period which was viewed as a time of honor and romance In this poem centered

around a love triangle, Miles Standish asks his friend John Alden to propose to Priscilla Mullins for him; John Alden ends up marrying Priscilla Mullins himself, and it takes time for his

friendship with Miles Standish to recover As with Longfellow’s other narrative poems, the

emphasis on high ideals and romance made the poem extremely popular

READING QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer)

7 Which of the following best describes the 8 The best title of the passage is

main idea of the passage? (A) Longfellow’s Popular Appeal

(A) American history is often depicted (B) Historical Narrative Poems

in poetry (C) The Lyric, Dramatic, and Narrative (B) Longfellow described American Poems of Longfellow

history even though people really (D) Longfellow and the Critics did not enjoy it

(C) The popularity of Longfellow’s

poems results from his stress on 9 The subject of the fourth paragraph is the values of the people

(D) Longfellow wrote long narrative

poems that were not always popular with the critics

(A) nobility and honor in the poems of

Longfellow (B) the love triangle involving Miles

Standish (C) the popular appeal of The Courtship

of Miles Standish (D) the period of the early settlement

of New England

SKILL 2; RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS

In the Reading section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer TOEFL test, there may be questions about the organization of ideas in a passage On the paper and the com- puter tests, you may be asked to determine how the ideas in one paragraph (or para- graphs) relate to the ideas in another paragraph (or paragraphs) On the computer TOEFL test, you may also see a question that asks you to click on the paragraph in a pas- sage that contains certain ideas Look at an example from the paper TOEFL test that asks you to determine how the information in the passage is organized

(5) Doubleday was given credit for this invention early in the

twentieth century when sporting-goods manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the question

of who invented baseball In 1908, a report was published by the commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S Army

officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the

invention of the game The National Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday

Today, most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do with the

development of baseball Instead, baseball seems to be a close

relative of the English game of rounders and probably has English rather than American roots

READING QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer)

7 The topic of this passage could best be 9 Click on the paragraph that defines a

described as hoax

(A) the Eiltdown Man 10 Click on the paragraph that explains

(B) Charles Dawson’s discovery

(C) Eoanthropus dawsoni

(D) a definition and example of a hoax

how one particular hoax was resolved

8 The author’s main point is that

(A) various types of hoaxes have been

perpetrated

(B) Charles Dawson discovered a

human skull and jawbone

(C) Charlés Dawson was not an honest

man (D) the human skull and jawbone were

extremely old

Many questions in the Reading section of both the paper TOEFL test and the computer

TOEFL test will require answers that are directly stated in the passage This means that you

should be able to find the answer to this type of question without having to draw a conclu-

sion The directly answered questions that are commonly asked are (1) stated detail ques-

tions, (2) “unstated” detail questions, and (3) pronoun reference questions

SkILL 3: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

A stated detail question asks about one piece of information in the passage rather than the

passage as a whole The answers to these questions are generally given in order in the pas-

sage, and the correct answer is often a restatement of what is given in the passage This

means that the correct answer often expresses the same idea as what is written in the pas-

sage, but the words are not exactly the same The questions that test stated details are gen-

erally multiple-choice questions On the computer test, there may also be a type of stated

detail question that asks you to click on an appropriate drawing Look at a multiple-choice

example from the paper TOEFL test that asks about a stated detail from the passage

379

Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was settled

by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at

Line Jamestown In the beginning, the colony at Williamsburg was

(5) named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle

of a peninsula between two rivers, the York and the James

The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there than at the

Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes

The question:

The passage indicates that Jamestown

(A) was settled in 1633

(B) was settled twenty-six years after Williamsburg (C) was the first permanent English colony in America (D) was originally named Middle Plantation

This question asks what the passage indicates about Jamestown, so you know that the answer

to this question will be directly stated in the passage You should skim through the passage

to find the part of the passage that discusses Jamestown The answer to this question is found in the statement that Wilkamsburg was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown Answer (A) is incor-

rect because it was Williamsburg that was settled in 1633 Answer (B) is incorrect because

Jamestown was settled before rather than after Williamsburg Answer (D) is incorrect because the name Middle Plantation referred to Williamsburg The best answer to this ques- tion is answer (C) because the passage directly states that Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in America

Now look at a multiple-choice example of a stated detail question from the computer TOEFL test

| Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was ° | According to the passage, the

' settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after |.:| colonists chose Williamsburg because

' the first permanent English colony in America was settled =| CC it was in England

~ at Jamestown In the beginning, the colony at - C there were no nearby rivers

Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its a Y location in the middle of a peninsula between two rivers, | © there were lots of mosquitoes the York and the James The site for Williamsburg had FC the soil drained well

been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes

HOW TO IDENTIFY on both paper According to the passage,

THE QUESTION and computer It is stated in the passage

tests LR The passage indicates that

THE QUESTION Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key word or idea

Read the sentence that contains the key word or idea carefully

Eliminate the definitely wrong answers sand choose the best answer from the remaining choices me

PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-4)

Ice ages, those periods when ice covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to have

occurred at least six times Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers Ice ages can also be

Line recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such as U- (5) shaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faces

1 According to the passage, what happens 2 The passage covers how many different during an ice age? methods of recognizing past ice ages?

(A) Rock strata are recognized by (A) One

Line

(2)

3 According to the passage, what in the

rock strata is a clue to geologists of a past ice age?

(A) Ice

(B) Melting glaciers

(C) U-shaped valleys

(D) Substances from other areas

PASSAGE TWO (Questions 5—7)

READING QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer)

4 Click on the drawing that shows the type

of valley mentioned in the passage that results from melting glaciers

The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the

cycle of pumping blood The atria are the thin-walled upper chambers that gather blood as it

flows from the veins between heartbeats The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that

receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart The

left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right The role of the chambers on

the right side of the heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it

on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen-enriched

blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues

5 The passage indicates that the ventricles

(A) have relatively thin walls (B) send blood to the atria

(C) are above the atria (D) force blood into the arteries

6 According to the passage, when is blood

pushed into the arteries from the ventricles?

(A) As the heart beats

(B) Between heartbeats (C) Before each contraction of the

heart (D) Before it is received by the atria

7 Click on the drawing that highlights the part of the heart that gets blood from the body tissues and passes it on to the lungs

lA