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[...]... taken with the pipeline design where diameter changes occur towards the ends of gas pipelines Pig-trap stations Pig-trap stations can be subdivided into groups: permanent stations for onshore pipelines; portable stations for onshore pipelines; permanent topside stations for offshore pipelines; and permanent subsea stations for offshore pipelines Permanent pig-trap stations for onshore pipelines differ... the series of seminars "Pipelinepigging an art or a science?" organized by Pipeline Equipment Benelux for further detailed information about pig-trap design The author's address is PO Box 186, 2700 AD Zoetermeer, Netherlands 53 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm This page intentionally left blank Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this... discussed here, in the hope that shared experience may one day lead pigging from being considered an art to being accepted as a science 65 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm This page intentionally left blank Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pigging for flexible pipes PIGGING AND INSPECTION OF FLEXIBLE PIPES INTRODUCTION The current... conditions result in uneven speed Trial pigging should be carried out using differential-pressure measurements and conscientious recording (low pressure for pipelines below 14-in diameter is taken as 60bar; in pipelines from 1624in diameter, 30bar; and in pipelines above 24in diameter, 20 bar; low flow is Im/sec or less) 62 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pre-tnspection-survey... configuration for the next run CONCLUSION This paper has the aim of sharing the author's pigging experience, achieved from many pipeline pigging operations, with professional engineers required to deal with a variety of different pipelines It is hoped that the ideas 64 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pre-inspection-survey activities discussed may encourage pig... many others are detailed below Pipeline surveys are carried out as part of an overall maintenance programme; the inspection contractor should therefore have access to all relevant pipeline data in order to be able to present the survey report in the format that fits the maintenance programme 55 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pipeline Pigging Technology PRE-CONTRACT... purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pre-inspection-survey activities PIPE-CLEANING PIGGING The pipe-wall surface condition can only finally be assessed by the use of pigging, although pigs only produce consequential evidence However, as stated in the introduction, a single pig run does not produce conclusive information The reason for this is that the results of pigging. .. that a pipeline pre-survey cleaning programme will be required if the pipeline: is more than 10 years old and is not pigged regularly; carries products that form and/or settle-out hydrates, iron sulphates, salts, sand, waxes or asphalts; is more than 60km long These lines could be gas, crude-oil or water-transmission lines 59 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pipeline. .. dual function of the pig (scraping off and pushing out debris over long distances), makes a true comparison impossible, and assessment very difficult 61 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pipeline Pigging Technology Hence, the only assessment that can be made is gathering field-performance feed-back and examining the design of the pigs In regard to pig design, the... depending on the client for import/export facilities and local transport in certain countries Stand-by rates apply in case of exceeding the basic time 57 Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this waterm Pipeline Pigging Technology Insurance This may differ from country to country, but basically: client and contractor are responsible for insuring their own equipment during the survey; . 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