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PIPELINE PIGGING TECHNOLOGYPlease purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark... PIPELINE PIGGING TECHNOLOGY2nd Edition, 1992 Edited by J.N.H.TiratsooBSc, CEng,

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PIPELINE PIGGING TECHNOLOGY

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PIPELINE PIGGING TECHNOLOGY

2nd Edition, 1992

Edited by J.N.H.TiratsooBSc, CEng, MICE, MIWES, MICorr, MIHT

J_ Gulf Professional Publishing

H an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann

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reserved Printed in the United States of America This book,

or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without

permission of the publisher.

Originally published by Gulf Publishing Company,

Houston, TX.

10 9 8

For information, please contact:

Manager of Special Sales

For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications

available, contact our World Wide Web home page at:

http://www.bh.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pipeline Pigging Technology / edited by J.N.H.Tiratsoo - 2nd ed.

Typeset in ITC Garamond 11/12pt Printed by Nayler The Printer Ltd, Accrington, UK The cover design, based on that used for the first edition, was originated

by Premaberg Services Ltd.

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They roll and rumble,

They turn and tumble,

Asptgges do in a poke.

Sir Thomas More, Works, 1557

How a Sergeant would learn to Play the Frere

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Part 1: Reasons and Regulations

Why pig a pipeline? 3

Pigging during construction 5

Pigging during operation 9

Specialist applications 12

On-line inspection techniques: available technology 17

Available ELI tools 18

Current HJ technology 19

Which technology is best? 29

US Government pipeline safety regulations 31

Congressional posture 31

DOT/OPS regulatory activities 33

Major pipeline safety issues 36

US Federal pipeline safety regulations 37

Pipeline safety regulations 37

Rehabilitation 38

Basic regulatory areas considered 39

Pipeline design for pigging 47

Optimization of inspection results 63

Pigging and inspection of flexible pipes 67

Understanding pipe construction 68

Composite construction and complex behaviour 70

Defects and modes of failure 72

Formulating an inspection programme 74

Pigging considerations 75

Environmental considerations and risk assessment related

to pipeline operations 79

National environmental policy act 81

Clean water act 82

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Clean air act 84

Comprehensive environmental response, compensation,

and liability actResource conservation and recovery act

Toxic substances control act

Other environmental regulations

Part 2: Operational Experience

A computerized inspection system for pipelines 93

Comparison between magnetics and ultrasonics 122

1988 inspection of Line 1, south 125

The Zeepipe challenge: pigging 810km of subsea gas

pipeline in the North Sea 129

Pigging in Zeepipe 131

Pig wear and tear 134

Pig development and testing 138

Inspection of the BP Forties sea line using the British Gas

advanced on-line inspection system 143

Pipeline details 145

Inspection vehicle details 147

Inspection programme 147

Inspection operation results 153

Gellypig technology for conversion of a crude oil

pipeline to natural gas service: a case history 163

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Corrosion inspection of the Trans-Alaska pipeline 179

Part 3: Pigging Techniques and Equipment

The history and application of foam pigs 215

What is a polly pig? 215

History 216

Specification and design 217

Common types of polly pig 218

Advantages of the polly pig 219

Pigging and chemical treatment of pipelines 223

Paraffin treatment 224

Corrosion control in pipelines 227

Biocide treatment of pipelines 231

Selection of pig design 232

Specialist pigging techniques 237

Pipeline gel technology: applications for commissioning

and production 243

Introduction to gel technology 243

Types of gel 246

Polymer gel pig 249

Pig-lnto-place plugs and slugs 251

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Tool capabilities 262

Information and data handling 264

Tool operational data and sensitivity 267

Tool performance 267

Case study 1 276

Case study 2 278

Cable-operated and self-contained ultrasonic pigs 285

The ultrasonic stand-off method 287

Ultrasonic pipeline inspection tools 288

The assessment of pipeline defects detected during

pigging operations 303

On-line inspection data 305

Calculating the failure pressure of corrosion in pipelines 314

Safety factors on failure pressures 315

A methodology 318

Bi-directional ultrasonic pigging: operational experience 325

Pipeline, pig and other details 327

Corrosion surveys with the UUraScan pig 335

Basic principles 335

Equipment description 338

High-accuracy calliper surveys with the Geopig

pipeline inertia! geometry tool 343

Hardware 345

Data presentation: the Geodent software 350

Analysis of features 355

Recent advances in piggable wye design and applications 365

North Sea wye junctions 365

Research and development 370

Advances in design approach 371

Applications 376

Wye vs riser connection 378

Wye vs tee 382

Pigging characteristics of construction, production and

inspection pigs through piggable wye fittings 385

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Part 4: The Consequences of Inspection

Interpretation of intelligent-pig survey results 417

Acquisition of pipeline data 417

Risk assessment and inspection for structural integrity

management 425

Goal of pipeline integrity programme 427

Risk assessment and pipeline integrity 428

Indentifying pipeline integrity projects 434

Costs and benefits 436

Internal cleaning and coating of in-place pipelines 441

Velocity effect and optimum pig speed 451

Pigs for different diameters 458

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AUTHORS AND SOURCES

Parti

3-16 Dr A Palmer and T Jee US2

Andrew Palmer & Associates Ltd, UK 17-30 J L Cordell REHAB

Pigging Products & Services Association, UK 31-36 J C Caldwell US3

Joseph Caldwell & Associates, USA 37-46 J C Caldwell REHAB

Joseph Caldwell & Associates, USA 47-54 C Bal US1

H Rosen Engineering BV, Netherlands 55-66 C Bal US2

H Rosen Engineering BV, Netherlands 67-78 J M Neffgen US2

Stena Offshore Ltd, UK 79-90 G Robinson US3

Ecology & Environment Inc, USA

Part 2

'Total Oil Marine pic and 2 Scicon Ltd, UK 115-128 PJ Brown US2

Total Oil Marine pic, UK 129-142 JMaribu US2

Statoil, Norway 143-162 TSowerby UK2

British Gas pic On-Line Inspection Centre, UK

'Dowell Schlumberger Inc and

2 Missouri-Omega Pipelines, USA 179-188 J C Harle US3

Alyeska Pipeline Service Co, USA 189-204 DMRamsvigJ Duncan and LZillinger US3

Nova Corporation, Canada 205-212 ABarden UK2

McKenna & Sullivan, UK

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Part 3

215-222 G L Smith US1

Knapp Polly Pig, USA

^elchem Inc and 2 Knapp Polly Pig, USA 237-242 CKershaw UK2

McAlpine Kershaw, UK 243-250 AEvett US1

Nowsco Pipeline Surveys and Services, UK 251-258 AEvett US2

Nowsco Pipeline Surveys and Services, UK 259-284 AAPennington UK2

Vetco Pipeline Services, USA 285-302 A Met 1 , R van Agthoven 1 and J A de Raad 2 US3

^TD, Inc, Canada, and 2 RTD BV, Netherlands 303-324 DrP Hopkins UK2

British Gas pic Engineering Research Station, UK 325-334 N Sugaya, K Murashita, M Koyayashi, S Ishida

and H Akuzawa US2 NKK Corporation Pipeline Inspection Services, Japan 335-342 HGoedecke US2

Pipetronix GmbH, Germany 343-364 H A Anderson 1 , P St J Price 1 , J W K Smith 2

J Pigco Pipeline Services and

2 Pulsearch Consolidated Technology, Canada 365-384 T Jee, M Carr and Dr A Palmer UK2

Andrew Palmer & Associates Ltd, UK

385414 L A Decker 1 , R E Hoepner 2 and W S Tillinghast 3 US3

^ydroTech Systems Inc, transcontinental Gas Pipeline Corp and

3 Conoco Inc, USA

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Part 4

417-424 D Storey and P Moss US2

British Gas pic On-Line Inspection Centre, UK

425440 M Urednicek, R I Coote and R Coutts US3

Nova Corporation, Canada

UKl Pipeline pigging and integrity monitoring, Aberdeen, Feb 1988

UK2 Pipeline pigging and integrity monitoring, Aberdeen, Nov 1990

US1 Pipeline pigging and inspection technology, Houston, Feb 1989

REHAB Pipeline risk assessment, rehabilitation and repair,

Houston, May 1991

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THIS SECOND, completely-revised, edition of Pipeline Pigging

Technol-ogy is essentially a compilation of selected papers presented at the

confer-ences organized by Pipes & Pipelines International and Pipe Line Industry

in the UK and the USA between 1988 and 1991 The book is thus a successor

to the first edition, published in 1987, and brings readers up-to-date with the

rapidly-developing technology of pipeline pigging

Although the international pigging industry has unquestionably made

major advances in its scope and expertise over the intervening years, it is

nevertheless apparent that the comment made in the earlier book - that there

is a general lack of knowledge about the use of pipeline pigs of all kinds - is

still relevant today Not only have the conferences at which these papers were

presented produced questions such as 'How do I interpret the results of this

intelligent pigging inspection?', but they also continue to produce the most

basic of pigging questions such as 'Should I use discs or cups?' or 'Will foam

pigs or rigid pigs work the best in this application?'

It cannot be claimed that this book will provide readers with the answers

to all their questions; indeed, many such answers remain in the experimental

field of 'try it and see' Nevertheless, we have gathered together in this edition

a collection of 33 papers which give a comprehensive overview of the current

situation, written by respected authors, from whom further information can

undoubtedly be readily obtained by seriously-interested readers and

organiza-tions

It is significant to note that, in early October, 1991, the first-ever major

research project into the performance of 'conventional' pigs was entering its

second phase At the same time, the Pigging Products and Services Association

was developing into a healthy organization with increasing membership,

while the world's first long-distance gas pipeline designed with a total

commitment to intelligent pigging was being constructed in the North Sea

These three discrete activities show that the hydrocarbons pipeline industry

is paying increasing interest to pigging, which is seen, more-and-more widely,

as an important aspect of future pipeline operations

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Readers will find in this book papers that cover subjects more diverse than

simply the practicalities of pigging I make no apology for this, as the basic

requirements for pigging have now to be seen in a wider context, the

boundaries of which are increasingly being set by legislation Concepts such

as 'fitness-for-purpose' and 'integrity management', the practical

develop-ment of which will allow an operator to manage his pipeline with greater

precision and safety, will nevertheless be based on data obtained from

successful pigging operations

On page xii will be found a list of the contributors, together with

references to the conferences at which their papers were originally

pre-sented I am greatly indebted to all these authors, both for their willingness

to participate in the conferences, and for their agreement to allow their

papers to be published in this book

It should be explained that, although edited as far as possible into a uniform

appearance, the papers appear here in the same form as that in which they

were originally presented Any errors are, of course, my own

John Tiratsoo, October, 1991

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PARTI REASONS AND REGULATIONS

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Why pig a pipeline?

WHY PIG A PIPELINE?

INTRODUCTION

Why pig a pipeline? This paper introduces a number of reasons for doing

so, together with a discussion of the advantages and alternatives In general

terms, however, pigging is not an operation to be undertaken lightly There

are often technical problems to be resolved and the operation requires careful

control and co-ordination Even then, there is always a finite risk that a foreign

body introduced into the pipeline will become lodged, block the flow and

have to be cut out with all the operational expense and upset which would

accompany such an incident The pipeline operator must therefore give

serious consideration to whether his line really needs to be pigged, whether

it is suitable to be pigged, and whether it is economic to do so

The name pig was originally applied to Go-Devil scrapers which were

devices driven through the pipeline by the flowing fluid trailing spring-loaded

rakes to scrape wax off the internal walls The rakes made a characteristic loud

squealing noise, hence the name "pig" which is now used to describe any

device made to pass through a pipeline driven by the pipeline fluid

A large variety of pigs has now evolved, some of which are illustrated in

Fig.l They typically perform the following functions:

separation of products

cleaning out deposits and debris

gauging the internal bore

improving flow efficiency

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Pipeline Pigging Technology

Fig.l Typical types of pig.

As new tools and techniques are developed, the above list is expanding,

and has come to include self-propelled and tethered devices such as piggable

barrier valves and pressure-resisting plugs

The following paragraphs consider a pipeline from construction through

to operation and maintenance, looking at possible requirements for pigging

4

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Fig 2 Pigging sequence during construction.

Examples have been chosen to illustrate each application There will, of

course, be many other variants which are covered in more specialized texts

PIGGING DURING CONSTRUCTION

A typical sequence of events where pigs are used during pipeline

construc-tion is shown in Fig.2 The main operaconstruc-tions are debris removal, gauging the

internal bore, cleaning off dirt, rust, and millscale, flooding the line for

hydrotest, and dewatering prior to commissioning

Debris removal onshore

During onshore construction, it is quite possible for soil and construction

debris to find its way inside the pipeline Such debris could wreak havoc with

5

Why pig a pipeline?

Tiêu đề	Pipeline Pigging Technology
Tác giả	J.N.H. Tiratsoo
Trường học	Gulf Professional Publishing
Chuyên ngành	Pipeline Engineering
Thể loại	Sách
Năm xuất bản	1992
Thành phố	Houston

Định dạng
Số trang	30
Dung lượng	0,91 MB