[...]... Turbines 361 (Kaplan, propeller, bulb, bevel gear, S and Straflo-turbines 36 3, Francis turbines 36 4, Pelton turbines 36 5, Cross-flow turbines 36 6, Water wheels 367); Outflow and tailrace 368; Shaft coupling and transmission 368; Generator 368; Transformer 369; Regulation 369 8.2.4 Isolated and grid operation 369 8.2.5 Energy conversion chain, losses, and power curve 370 Energy conversion chain... shading Tangential force List of Symbols XXV FWi,slow FWi,WEC FF Force given by the wind energy converter slowing down the wind flow Overall wind force affecting the wind energy converter Fill factor g g gdiffuse Gabs Gap Gb Gb,n Gb,t,a Gd Gd,t,a Gg Gg Gg,abs Gg,t,a Gr,t,a Gg,rel GMST GMT Acceleration of gravity Energy transmittance factor (g-value) Diffuse energy transmittance factor (diffuse g-value)... terms According to Max Planck, energy is defined as the ability of a system to cause external action In this respect the following forms of energy are distinguished: mechanical energy (i.e potential or kinetic energy) , thermal, electric and chemical energy, nuclear energy and solar energy In practical energy appliances, the ability to perform work becomes visible by force, heat and light The ability to... consumption Final energy (e g briquettes, gas, heating oil, natural gas, power, wood chips, district heating) Consumer losses Useful energy (e g heat, power, light) Fig 1.1 Energy conversion chain (see /1-1/) In terms of energy resources, generally fossil and recent resources are distinguished − Fossil energy resources are stocks of energy that have formed during ancient geologic ages by biologic and/ or geologic... sources Primary energy - Conversion losses - Distribution losses - Self consumption - Non-energetic consumption (e g hard coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, uranium, hydropower, solar radiation, forest wood) - Conversion losses - Distribution losses - Self consumption - Non-energetic consumption Secondary energy (e g coke, briquettes, gas, biodiesel, heating oil, power, wood logs, district heating)... secondary energy carriers, either directly or by one or several technical conversion processes (e.g gasoline, heating oil, rape oil, electrical energy) , whereby the term secondary energy refers to the energy content of the secondary energy carrier and the corresponding energy flow This processing of primary energy is subject to conversion and distribution losses Secondary energy carriers and secondary energies... or secondary energy carriers and as final energy carriers The respective energy content of these energy carriers consists of primary energy, secondary energy and final energy Definitions of the individual terms are as follows (Fig 1.1) /1-1 /, /1-2/ − Primary energy carriers are substances which have not yet undergone any technical conversion, whereby the term primary energy refers to the energy content... primary energy carriers and the "primary" energy flows From primary energy (e.g wind power, solar insulation) or primary energy carriers (e.g hard coal, lignite, crude oil, and biomass) secondary energy or secondary energy carrier can either be produced directly or by one or several conversion steps − Secondary energy carriers are energy carriers that are produced from primary or other secondary energy. .. costs 17); Environmental analysis 18 1.4.3 Heat provision technologies 19 Economic analysis 19 (Investments and operation costs 2 1, Heat generation costs 22); Environmental analysis 22 2 Basics of Renewable Energy Supply 23 2.1 Energy balance of the earth 23 MARTIN KALTSCHMITT, ANDREAS WIESE 2.1.1 Renewable energy sources 23 Solar energy 23; Geothermal energy 26; Energy from... the provision of heat and electricity are also briefly described and characterised; they set a base standard for evaluating energy provision options based on renewable energy sources 1.1 Energy system Our current living standard could not be maintained without energy The provision of energy or – more precisely – of the related energy services (e.g heated living spaces, information, and mobility) involves . Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany Institute for Energy and Environment (IE) gGmbH, Leipzig, Germany. alt="" Renewable Energy With 270 Figures and 66 Tables 123 Renewable Energy Technology , and Environment Martin Kaltschmitt . Wolfgang Streicher Andreas