Tài liệu Cracking the Toefl IBT 2009 edition part 54 ppt

T0EFL WWiing Wilderness management has advanced greatly over the last century, due in part to such practices as the suppression of forest fires and limitations on the clear-cutting of

T0EFL WWiing

Wilderness management has advanced greatly over the last century, due in part

to such practices as the suppression

of forest fires and limitations on the clear-cutting of trees Monitoring forests for small brushfires is easier with

aircraft, as is the use of large amounts

of water and sophisticated chemical fire extinguishers to prevent fires from spreading

The goals of decreasing the amount

of destruction by fires and cutting are wide- ranging One is simply the longer lives and improved health of trees In some areas of hickory and oak forest on the Eastern Seaboard, fire suppression has allowed the maturation

of so many trees that the treetops form

a continuous canopy

There is evidence of the healthful effects of fire suppression closer to the ground as well Vines and low bushes that would be burned out in a forest fire can flourish when fires are suppressed, of course, but there is

a more indirect way fires harm plant

life Chemical tests on areas that

have recently experienced forest fires demonstrate that burning decreases

the overall amount of nutrients in the

soil Suppressing fires prevents such

a decrease Ferns, wildflowers, and herbs grow without disturbance, Finally, wildlife can benefit In the

bears—are not burned to death

Deer populations, in particular, have

increased notably,

548 | Cracking the TOEFL i8T

[Restart audio CD] C) Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about

Fovest Fires

- Lack o€ fight

= Com peteowr: Grom plant

— 10/a% sn deer epdlae=,

& Fost €lbec

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test 549

Now get ready to answer

the question

You may use your notes

to help you answer

580 | Cracking the TOEFL BT

response will be graded on the quality of your writing and on how well your

response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the

reading passage Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words

to the passage as you write

Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard,

explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of reading You may refer

Wilderness management has advanced

greatly over the last century, due in part to

Such practices as the suppression of forest

fires and limitations on the clear-cutting of

trees Monitoring forests for small brushtires

is easier with aircraft, as is the use of

large amounts of water and sophisticated

chemical fire extinguishers to prevent fires

from spreading,

The goals of decreasing the amount of

destruction by fires and cutting are wide-

ranging One is simply the longer lives and

improved health of trees In some areas

of hickory and oak forest on the Eastern

Seaboard, fire suppression has allowed the

‘maturation of so many trees that the treetops

form a continuous canopy

There is evidence of the healthful effects

of fire suppression closer to the ground

‘as well Vines and low bushes that would

be burned out in a forest fire can flourish

when fires are suppressed, of course, but

there is a more indirect way fires harm

plant life Chemical tests on areas that

have recently experienced forest fires

demonstrate that burning decreases the

overall amount of nutrients in the soi

‘Suppressing fires prevents such a decrease

Ferns, wildflowers, and herbs grow without

disturbance

Finally, wildlife can benefit In the eastern

hickory and oak forests, the suppression of

fires has meant that forest animals—ranging

from small insects and birds to large deer

and bears—are not burned to death Deer

populations, in particular, have increased

notably,

[=rIE=]D

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test 551

Writing 2

write an essay in which you state,

explain, and support your position

on an issue You have 30 minutes to

plan and write your essay

Question:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

A university education should

be provided free of charge to all interested scholars

Use examples and reasons to support your position

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 553

Chapter 19

Answer Key

Ss Fae Se

>> _x¬ ¬

Sông § *xư xe

READING LISTENING

2 Á 2 B,D

% Á a €6

% = D 9 A

12 See explanations 12C

13 A 1 A

15 D 15, B

19 B 19 D

20 A 20 A

a Cc 21 B,D,E

22 B 2 5

23 D 22 C

26 See explanations 26 A

30 C 30 D

3L D 31 A

35 A

$6 D

38 See explanations not multiple choice, see the explanations in the next chap~

39 See explanations ter for how these questions may be answered

Answer Key | 557

Chapter 20

Answers and Explanations

THE READING SECTION

Reading Passage #1: The Veneration of Trees

1 C Refer back to the first paragraph for the answer to this question ‘The text says

It was not a great mental leap for people to see the trees that populated them as embodi- ments of the natural forces that governed their lives

Answer choice (C) is the only choice close in meaning to these lines Here's why the other choices are

incorrect,

* Fortunately, neither (A) nor (B) is mentioned at all in this paragraph

* Answer choice (D) is a trap Although the paragraph does say that the veneration of trees united

people, this is not how people viewed the trees

2 A Hereis the line in question

The woods that covered large areas of Europe and North America, particularly, were difficult to and dangerous to cross

‘We should look for an answer that refers to woods that are “dangerous to cross.” Enter is closest in meaning to “cross.” The other answer choices are not close in meaning to the word crass

3 © This question asks us, Why does the author mention Druids? Go back to the second paragraph and read

the lines about Druids

Itis known that both the Celtic and the Germanic tribes that inhabited ancient North-

em Europe regarded certain trees as sacred, setting them apart by species (as the Druids worshipped oaks)

‘These lines tell us thac the Druids “worshipped oaks,” which is what choice (C) states Here's why the

other answer choices are incorrect

* Eliminate choice (A) because the author has not introduced the other two stages yet

+ And (B) and (D) are not mentioned in relationship to Druids

4, B_ Let's look at the lines referred to in the question for a clue to the answer

These taboos were taken very seriously In some places, one could be punished

for injuring the bark of a tree or stealing its fruit

the taboos were taken “seriously.” Therefore, the word we need in the blank should mean “seriously.” Answer choice (B) is best Here’s why the other answer choices are incorrect + There is no mention of how often the punishment took place, so eliminate (A) and (C), both of which pertain to time

* Also, the lines do not say that the punishment was “secret,” so eliminate (D)

According to these line

560 | Cracking the TOEFL i8T

5 D For a NOT question, return to the passage and look for evidence for each answer If you're having

trouble figuring out where to look, remember that the questions appear roughly in the sequence of the passage, Here’s each answer choice, with the corresponding lines of text that contradict each choice, thereby eliminating them

(A) “Before a tree was felled for human use, woodcutters in many world cultures would offer it

both apologies and thanks for the resources it was about to provide them.”

(B) “In some places, one could be punished severely for injuring the bark of a tree or stealing

its fruic.”

(©) “In some societies, it was claimed that trees cry out in pain when struck oF cut into.”

(D) This is nor in the passage, so this is the correct answer

D This question asks, What is the distinction in the second stage of tree worship? That means the answer is where the passage discusses the “second stage of tree worship.” Here are the lines we need

It is not bound to a single tree but rather stands for a group The distinction may seem

small, but it is a significant first step toward symbolic thinking

‘These lines say thae the distinction is not a “single tree” but a “group,” which is a paraphrase of (D)

‘The other choices are not mentioned as a distinction in the paragraph

‘A Once again, we need to look at the lines around the shaded word and look for a clue to its meaning

“Take a look at these lines

The same spirit may thus take up residence in any tree of a forest; it is not killed when

an individual tree is cut down It is not bound to a single tree but rather stands for a

group

“These lines say that the spirit does not take up “residence” in a “single” tree ‘This is the type of word

we need for our answer Therefore, “limited to,” choice (A), makes sense with a “single” tree Here's

why the other choices are incorrect

‘+ Although answer (B) may be tempting, it’ a trap The lines do not say that the spirit is

“hidden” inside the tree

* Answers (C) and (D) do not have this meaning, so eliminate them

© The question asks us, Why does the author use this phrase? Return to the passage to see these lines

To think about a tree spirit identified with the forest as a whole, therefore, people had

to think about phenomena that were removed from them in time and space—ideas

rather than things Such a tree spirit represented the potential and abstract rather than

the concrete and immediate

‘These lines tell us that people had to think of things that were “removed from them it

space.” The spirits also represent “the potential and abstract.” Both these lines point to choice (C) as the answer Here's why the other choices are incorrect

‘+ These lines do not mention danger, so eliminate answer (A)

* Similarly, these lines do not say the people stopped fearing the forest, so answer (B) is

incorrect

* Answer (D) is extreme and also not mentioned

time and

Answers and Explanations | 561