These impulses wee thought o be the engine fo: hough, emotion, ‘movement, and ternal processes such a8 digestion, However, experiments by Wiliam Bayiss and Ernest Starling onthe checal s
Trang 1
TOEFL Reading
Thế b a0
28 The word it in the passage refers to
(A) secretin
(B) small intestine
(C)_ bloodstream (D) pancreas
488 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT
Hormones in the Body Unt he begining of he tweet century, the nervous system was thought
‘contol all communication within he body andthe resulting integration of behavior, Scions had determined thal nerves ran, essential on electrical impulses These impulses wee thought o be the engine fo: hough, emotion,
‘movement, and ternal processes such a8 digestion, However, experiments by Wiliam Bayiss and Ernest Starling onthe checal sere, which produced inthe small intestine whan food eters he stomach, eventually crallenged that view, From the smal itstn, secretin traves trough ie bloodstream tothe pancreas, Ther, stimulates ie release o igestve chemicals In tis tastin, {he testinal cals that produce secretin ultimately regulate production of itlerent charicas ina iret organ, the panteas
‘Sucha coordination of processes had been thought to require control bythe
‘nervous system: Bayliss and Staring showed hat i could occur rough chemicals alone This discover Spm Staring to coin the term hormone toreler to seein, aking irom he Greek word harman, meaning “to exc
‘Tose in motion” Aformone isa chemical produced by one tissue to make
‘ings happen elsewhere
‘As more hormones were discovered, they were caeporized, primal according tothe process by which hey operated onthe body, Some glands (which make
up the endocrine sytem) secreishormanes deci int the loedsream, Such
‘ands include the thyroid andthe pituitary Te exorie system consis
of organs and glands tat produce substances that ae used ouside the Dioodstream, primarily or ipstion The pancreas i one such organ, although
it secretes some chemicas int the blood an thus i 80 pat of he endocrine system,
‘Much has been learned about hormones since tec iscovery Some pay such
a snag 90) rosso bt le tee wo Cas edt he os abundant ones hat
ry ge an ae aca ek hy touy meds a ae nanan bla, en setae tờ mi think os oltry, Hormonal ystems are very ince Even minute amount lhe ight chemicals can suppress appetite calm aggression, and
‘change theatitudeo parent toward child, Certain hormones accelerate the
‘evelopment fhe body, regulating groath and form: ors may even define anindividals ests The quantities and proportions
so scientists have given a
‘reat deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time In the
‘hopes of alleviating ailments associated with agin
‘nf, some hormone therapies are already very common @ A combination,
af estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
ta women wha want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in
‘body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of hose hormones as they enter middle age, m Krows as
‘homone replacement therapy (HAT), the Weatment was als eleed to prevent
‘weakening o he bones m Alas ne sty ha liked HRT wih heightened risk leat disease and cera types ol cancer HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form, Some proponents of HT have tempered their ethusism inthe face of is new idence, tecommending it only patents whose symptoms inertere with hit abilities to live normal ves, a
Human gromth hormone may also be given o patients who are secreting shnormaly low amounts on their own, Because ofthe complicated effects
‘growth hormone testrcted to children who would be pathologically small in stature has on the body, such treatments are generally without it Growth normeneaflecs not just physical sie but aso the {igestion of food andthe aging process Researchers and lanily physicians tent age that its foolhardy to dispense itn cases in which he rsks are not, proespetabil oleic
Trang 2
Py
29 The word spurred in the passage is Mecmenen ta he Body:
closest in meaning to Un te begining ote wert etry he nervous system mas ought
to comrolacomuneaton wiih ody ante esting inieration at Behave Scents had determined hat eves nese on etal
(A) remembered inaises These mous were eugene tough enaton,
(8) surprised rovent, ad ieral processes Sch as digestion Nweve expesientby
(C) invented Wiliam Bays ra Ernest Staring on he chercl sce which spodiced in tesa testing when oo errs he stomach, even calened fa
(D) motivated ven Fiom the Sra seine secrete raves Prog iodsteam the
pancreas Tet, it stimulates the release ol igstve chemicals In this ashio, {he intestinal cls that produce secretin ultimately reutate the production ot (erent chemicals in aire organ, the pancreas
‘Secha coetination of processes had een thou to requie contol by he nervous system; Bays an Staring showed that i could our hrough
‘Chemicals alone This discovery Spud Staring to coin fhe term hormone
‘ete to secretin, taking it rom he Greek word harmon meaning “io excite
‘oF "Tosetin mation Ahoxmone ia chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere
‘As more hormones ICC by whch they operated onthe body Some gands (which make were iscoveted, hey were categorize, primarily according ple endocrine sytem) secrete hoemones crcl int he bloodstream, Such (lands inciae the hyo andthe itary, The exctine system consists
‘organs an glands tat produce substances that are used outside the bioodsteam, primary or digestion The pancreas ts one such organ, although
‘secretes some chemicals int the Blood and thus is also part othe endocrine system
‘uch as tes eed abut gio fey ein ay processes rte Sneha See play sch er sere wa
Dik lrvetniny 0a sens Sevey cnede Đan ade rose ight coemca csp pete eam anges, aPd
Stnormones produced change wih eat deal a study shite endocrine sytem overtime ihe ope of alleviating aliments associates wih sin,
‘n fact, some hormone therapies are already very common m A combination
of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed fr decades
ta women who want fo reduce mood swings, sudden changes in
> and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of tase hormones as they enter middle age m Know as
‘hormone replacement therapy (HRT), he reatment was also bleed to prevent
‘weakening othe bones mA east oe ty has linked HAT with a heightened
‘isk ol bear disease and certain types of cance: HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel {through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form
Some proponents ot KAT have tempered the erthusiam in the fae of new dence, recommending it oly a patents whose symplons interfere wih het abies fo fv nomal ives
Human growth hermane ay ts be given to patents who are secreting 3b£rr2 low anus on thei own Because of the complicate
ly pathologically small in stature withoat it Groth hoemone atic not us! physical sie but othe Cigestion of ood andthe aging process Researchers and amily pysicians fend to agie hat is footy ocspense tin cases in which he sks ae not Clearly outweighed by the bens
The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 489
Trang 3TOEFL Rending
b IS 0,
30 To be considered a hormone, a
chemical produced in the body must
(A) _ be part of the digestive
process
(B) _ influence the operations of
‘the nervous system
(C) affect processes in a
different part of the body
(0) regulate attitudes and
behavior
Hormones in the Body nti the begining othe twentieth century, the nervous system was thought
‘a contro al communication within the body andthe esting integration of
‘havi Sct had determined tha nerves ran, essential, on lecticl impulses These impulses wer thought oe the engin fo thought, tin,
‘movement, and internal processes such as digestion However, experiments by Wiliam Bays and Erest Starting onthe chemical secretin, whichis produced inthe smal intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view From the small itestin, secretin raves through te bloodstream tothe pancreas Tere stimulates the release ol digestive chemicals In this asian,
‘he intestinal cel that produce secretin ultimately reulathe production ot tere chemicals ina iterent organ, the pancreas
‘ucta coortnation of processes had been thought to require conto bythe
‘nervous system; Bayss and Staring showed that it could occur trough chemicals alone This iscovery Samed Staring to coin he term hormone toteler to secretin taking it rom the Grek word harmon, meaning “to excite”
"to set inmotion” Anotmone isa chemical poduced by one tissue fo make
‘mings happen eisewhere
‘As more hormones were discovered, they were caleprize, primarily according tothe process by which they operated onthe body Some glands (wich make pte endocrine sytem) secrete hormanes deci int the loedsream, Such
‘lands include the yc and the pituitary The exocrine system consists
of rgans and glands that produce substances tha are used outside the bodstream primarily for digestion Te pancreas ison such organ although
it secretes some chemicals int the blood and thus i aso pat fhe endocrine system,
‘Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery Some piay such
00 00055600222620s4e xao sessee4
isso tes nod sl ses man tore sne oar wena wea abe re nea sadn cabo taeda a ey
ch Hormonal systems are very intricate Even minute
amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, caim aggression, and hanes oa pte twatacald Ceram ese he Severs ete ry eqn pow ‘etnias pec carats The quanies and progatons ery eee thormanes produced change wih ape so cents have g reat eal of sey tosis nthe enaacrine syst oer ie int Ropes oaleitng ment atscata wih
Infact, some hormone therapies are already very common mA combi
‘of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age m Know as oxmonereplacemenl herapy (HRT), the eatment wa ls eleved to prevent
‘weakening ofthe bones aA! east one study has linked HRT wi a eighened isk ot heart disease and cerain types ol cancer MRT may also increase the .ikelihoed that blood clats—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form
‘Some proponents ot WRT have lempefd their enthusiasm in the fae of his new
‘evidence recommercig it only to sabents whose symlomsintertere wih thỏ: ables to ve norma lies |
Human gronth hormone may so be given o patents who ate secreting abnormally low amoutis on he own Because of the complicated effects
‘growth hormone has onthe body, such treatments are generally
‘restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stalure
‘withoot it Growth hormone atts not us physical size but also the
‘igestion ol tod andthe aging process Researchers and tamil physicians tend to agree hat ts othr to cspense tin cases in which he risks are not eal utneighd by he Denes
490 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT
Trang 4
KT
„ ‘or
31 The glands and organs mentioned
in paragraph 3 are categorized
according to
(A) whether scientists
understand their function
(B) how frequently they release
hormones into the body
(©) whether the hormones they
secrete influence the aging
process
(D) whether they secrete
chemicals into the blood
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow
PI
ECE 0:08:45
Hormones in the Body
‘Unt the begining othe twentilth century, the nervous system was thought
‘o.contro al communication within the body andthe resulting intagration of
‘behavior, Seen had determined ta nerves ran, essential, on electrical Inptlses These impuises were though be the engin for thought, tion,
‘movement and internal processes such as digestion, However, experiments by Wiliam Bays and Ernest Starling on he chemical secretin which is produced inthe small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventual halen
‘ew Fom the small itstin, secretin raves trodgh he bloodstream tothe pancreas Tar, simulates the lease of digestive chemicals n this asian, the intestinal els that produce secretin liately regulate the production of erent chemicals ina itferent organ, the pancreas
Such acoocination ol processes had been thought torque conto bythe nervous system; Bayss and Staring showed thai could occur rough chemicals alone This iscovery SpumedStaig to coin he erm hormone torelerto secretin, taking it rom the Grek word harmon, meaning “to excite”
"tose inmotion” Aharmone sa chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere
‘smote hormones wee siscovered they were caegorized, primal according tothe proces by which they operated onthe body Some glands (wich make upthe endocrine system) secrete harmanes direc int the loodstveam, Such (ands inci the thyroid andthe pituitary Te exocrine system consists organ and gland nat produce substances that are used ouside the oodsteam, primary for digestion The pancreas is oe such orga, although
it seeretes some chemicals into the blood and thus iso pat of he endocrine system,
‘Much hs ben earned about homones since ther iscovery, Some pay such
ay oles in regulating bodily processes or behavior tal thei absence would
¢ause immeiate death The ost abundant hormones have fics that are less obviousy urgent but canbe more reaching and iil track: They
‘madly moods and llect human behav, even some behavior we normaly Unik of as voluntary Hormonal ystems ae very iticate Even minute amount of he ight chemical can suppress apelite, calm aggression, and change the attitude oa parent toward ach Certain hrmones accelerate the evelopment of he body, regulating groth andlor; thers may even define anindivial’ personaly characteristics, The quantities and proportions
at hormones produced change with age, so scientists have giv
‘reat deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time inthe hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging
In ac, some hormone therapies are lea very common mA combination
of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
od swings, sudden chang iscomorts caused by lower natural els of those hormones as they enter middle age m Know as hovmonereplacemen! therapy (HAT), the weaiment was also elieed to prevent weakening fhe bones m Atleast one study has linked HRT wih abeightened riskol eat disease ang certain types of cancer HRT may also Increase the
\kelinood that blood clots—dangerous because hey could trave through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form
Some proponents of HRT have enipeed their ethustasm nthe foe of is new
‘evidence recommending i only to patents whose symtoms interfere with thi ables to ive nccal ves m2
Human growth hormone may so be given to patients who are secreting normaly ow amounts on thet own, Because ofthe complicated effects jrowth hormone has on the body, such treatments are ger
restricted to children who would be pathologically small
‘without it, Growth hormone aets nat us physical siz út la the
‘igestion ood andthe aging process Researchers and anily physicians tendo apie that it seotary to dispense tin cases in which the sk are not,
‘eal outweighed by he beni
The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test ast
Trang 5
Dy ca
(A) misunderstood
(B) precise
(C) significant
492 | Cracking the TOEFL i8T
32 The word key in the passage is
closest in meaning to
‘Unt the begining of he twentieth century, the nervous sytem was thought tocontol all communication within he body andthe resulting integration of betavor, Siem had determined that nerves ran, essential, on electrical impulses These impulses wee thought obe the engine fo haugh, emotion,
‘movement, and intemal processes suchas digestion However, experiments by Wiliam Bays and Ernest Starling on te chemical secretin, whichis produced inthe smal intestine when fod eters he stomach, eventually challenged that
‘in: From the smal itstn, secretin trae through te bloodstream tothe pancreas Ter, it simulates te release of Sigestve chemicals in this fashion, the intestinal els that produce secretin ultima epuate the production ot itlerent chemicals ina iletet organ, the pancseas,
‘Such cornation of processes had been thought to require conto bythe
‘nervous system Baylis and Saling showed tat i could occu trough chemicals alone This discovery Spd Staring fo coin the term hormone to‘eterto secretin, taking it om the Greek wod harmon, meaning “to excite"
‘orto satin mation Ahora isa chemical produced by one tisue to make things happen elsewhere
‘As more hormones were discovered, hey were categorized, primary according tothe process by which hey operated onthe body, Some glands (which make upthe endocrine system) secrete hormones ciety into the bloadstream Such
‘lands include th hyo andthe pituitary Te exocrine systom consists
‘of organs an glands ta produce substances that are used ouside the oodsheam, primary or digestion The pancreas i one such organ, athough iseretes some chemical into he blood and thus also arto the endocrine sytem,
‘oh a en aed tot omens sen dcr Some pay sch fay negating ny seer ears tte asec wea
“Modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally tasty ornate wy hee Cen me aroun oe hema spe apni an ages, and henge tue sured Cer homont acer Seveapertne boy, gang gown rtm: aes nay evn en nines psa cress Te quantiles ang proporians
ot nomones produced change wir age, so scents have gvena ren deat ol stgy to shits inte endocrine sytem over tine he hopes a alleviating alent associated with 99
‘ntact, some hormone therapies are aleady very common mA combination,
of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
ta women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in
dy temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age m Known as hormone replacement therapy (HAT, te treatment was also belived o prevent weakening othe bones m Alas ne sty has linked HRT wi heightened
‘isk ol beat disease and certain ypes of cancer HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could trav through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will frm
‘Some proponents o HAT have epee tei enthusiasm in the face ot this new vdence, recommending it onl fo patents whose symptoms neler wth it bilities flv normal ves a
Human growth hormone may also be given to patents who are secreting abnormally low anoutson thei own, Because ofthe complicated effects
‘rowth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally testrcted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it Growth hormane alec not just physical size but aso the {gestion ol ood andthe aging process Researchers and tam physicians tend to agre thats foolhardy odspens it incase in which he isk are nat Clearly outwoighed bythe benef,
Trang 6
TOEFL Reading
beta Scns admit tl naves an ese on eal
(A) sudden impulses These impulses wer fought beth ein fo oug emai,
(B) small ‘movement, and internal processes such Wil as nd ret Staring on cama er, ech produced as digestion However, experiments by
‘bancreas Ter, stimulates the eleseof digestive chemicals In this ashio,
"he Ileslualcels tạ produce secretin limately equate the production of diferent chemica'sinadieret organ, the pancreas
‘Such acoorination of processes had been thought to require conto by the
‘nervous system; Bayss and String showed that it could ocur through Chemigals alone This discovery spied Staring fo coin the erm fornone 1o lo serdln, taking irom the Grek word harmon, meaning “to excite”
"to set inmotion” Aharmane sa chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere
‘As more hormones were siscovered, hey were catgorized, primarily according tothe proces by which they operated onthe body, Some glands (which make pte endocrine system) secelhormanes directly inf the bloodstream, Such
‘ands include the hyo nd te pituitary Te exocine system consists
ot orgas and glands that produce substances that ae used ouside the
‘lodstream, primary for digestion The pancreas is one such organ though
‘it secrets some chemicals int the blood and thsi aso pat ofthe endocrine system
‘Much has ben earned about hormones since ther iscvery Some play such {oes in regulating boty processes or benavia thal hi absence would
qs imei ea hematairaahoHnotslgn led v Jess obviously urgent bu canbe more far-reaching and ict ack
‘ody moods ale human evr ev sme tear worn)”
think os oluntary, Hormonal ystems are very ital Even minute amounts othe right chemicals can suppress appetite caim aggression, 20d
‘change the attude of parent oward a child, Certain hormones acolerate the
‘evelopment ofthe body regulating gromh and form thes may even define
an individu’ personaly characteristics The quantities and proportions
‘ot hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given 2
‘eat deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system overtime inthe hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging
{nfct, some hormone rapes ae akeady very common, m A combination
‘to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudd body temperature, and other discomforts caus levels of those hormones as they enter middle age m Knownas hoxmon replacement therapy (HAT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening ol he bones m A east one study has inked HAT wih heightened
‘isk t heart disease and certain types ct canoer HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel
‘through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form
‘Some proponents ot HAT have tempared thelr enthusiasm inthe ae of his new
‘evidence recommenting Ht only to patents whose symplams interfere wih tet alist tive normal ives
Human gro hormone may aso be given to patients who ar secreting avnomally lw amounts on he own, Because of the complicated ettects
‘growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally festricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature
‘without It, Growth hormone alets not just physical siz but also the
‘igeston ood andthe aging process Researchers ad family physicians lendo gree ai slaothardj to dispense tin cases in which thensks are nat cleat outweighed bythe nets,
The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 493
Trang 7NT
34 Which of the sentences below best
expresses the essential information
in the highlighted sentence in the
passage? Incorrect answer choices
change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential
information
(A) Most moods and actions
are not voluntary because they are actually produced
by the production of hormones in the body
(B) Because the effects of
hormones are difficult to
measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are
(C)_ When the body is not
producing enough
hormones, urgent treatment
may be necessary to avoid psychological damage
(D) The influence of many
hormones is not easy to
measure, but they can affect both people's
psychology and actions
extensively
Hormones in the Body Unt te begining othe teenth entry, he nervous system was thought
to contra al communication within the body andthe resulting integration ot
‘behavior Stents had determined tha eres ran, essential, on letieal impulses These impulses wer thought fo be the engine fo: thought, eration,
‘movement, and internal processes such as dgestion Homer experiments by 'Wilam Bays and Emest Staring on he chemical secretin, which is produced inte small intestine when tod eters he stomach eventually challenged that
‘ew, From te smallest, secretin raves hough he bloodstream othe pancreas Thar, it stimulates the release ol digestive chemicals, Inti fashion, the intestinal els that produce secretin liately equate the production of diferent chemicals ina dierent organ the pancreas
Such acoornation ol processes had been thought to equ conta by the nervous system; Bayliss and Stating showed that it could ocur hough
‘chemical alone This discovery sputed Starling to coin he term Pormane
to eter to secretin taking it rom the Geek word homon meaning “io le”
‘Orta set in matin Anoxmone isa chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsenbere
‘As more hormones wore discovered, hey were categorized, primarily according tothe process by which they operate onthe boty, Some giands (ich make pte endocrine system) secrete hormones diet into th bloodstream Such (ands inctde the thyroid andthe ptr The exocrine sytem consists
of organs and lands hat produce substances that are used ouside the bioodsteam, primary lor digestion The pancreas i one uch gan, although secretes some chemicals into the bod and huss ls paso the endocrine system
‘ey roles in (NHÓN AM D0256) ‘ot behavior that theit absence would
Scale eee,
modily moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally Non na HH ence
deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the
Infact, some hormone therapies are aleady very common mA combination
of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
‘sudden changes in discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age mKown as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), Ie treatment was also belived to prevent weakening othe Bones mA! ast one study as linked HRT wth abeightened risk eat disease ang ceran types of cancer HRT may also increase the likelinood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel
‘through the bloodstream and block major bload vessels—will form
‘Some proponents ot HRT have tempeh enthusiasm in the fae otis new
‘evidence, recommending it only to patents whose symptons intelere wth het bills to lve normal ives
‘Human growth hormone may also be given to patents who are secreting abnormally lw amounts on thei own, Because of the complicated effects
‘growth hormone has onthe body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature
‘without it Growth mone allcts not jut physical size but so the
‘Sigestion ood andthe aging process Researchers and amily physicians tend to agree that is fotardy to dspense tin cases in which he sks are not eal outweighed by the bens
494 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT
Trang 8NI
eee
35 The word tempered in the passage is
closest in meaning to
(A) decreased
(B) advertised
(C) prescribed
(D) researched
Hormones inthe Body
‘nti the begining othe teenth century, the nervous sytem was thought
to conto al communication within he body andthe resulting integration ot
‘chavo, Scemiss had determined hat nerves rn, essential, on ectical Impulses These impulses wee thought tobe the engine hough, emotion,
‘movement, ad interna processes such as digestion, However, experiments by Wiliam Bays and Eres Staring on he chemical secretin, which is produced
‘nthe small intestine when lod eters he stomach, eventually challenged that view Fom the smal intestine, secretin avels through he bloods to the pancreas Tete, stimulates the release o digestive chemicals tis shin,
‘he intestinal els tha! produce seein ulmatly equate he production ot ditrent chemicals ina dierent organ, te pancreas
Such acoorination of processes had been thought to require contol by he nervous system; Baylis and Starling showed that t could eceur through chemicals alone Ths discovery spumed Staring to coin the tem hormone torelerta secretin, taking it tom the Greek word harmon, meaning" exci
‘rose in mation Ahormone isa chemical produced by onetissue to make things happen elsewnere
‘As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primal according tothe process by wich they operated on the body Some giads which make upthe endocrine system) secrete hormanes diel note bloodstream Such lands include the thyroid andthe pituitary, The exocrine system consis
‘of orga and gland hat produce substances that are used ouside the boodsteam, primarily or digestion The pancreas sore such gan, hough iseretes some chemical it the blood and ths is also par othe endocrine system,
‘Much has ben learned about homones since her iscovery, Same play such
‘ny oles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that thir absence would
‘cause immediate eat, The most abundant hormones have elles at are Jess obviously urgent but canbe roc fa-reacing and iticul to ack Thay
‘ody moods and allect human behav, even some behavior we normaly ‘hik os voluntary Hormonal ystems are very intricate Even minute
amount ofthe ight chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression and
‘change te attude ofa parent toward a chil, Certain hormones accelerate the
‘evelopment ofthe bod, regulating growth and torn; others may even deine
an individual's personaly characteris, The quantities and proportions
change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study tos ine system overtime in the
‘hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging
In oc, some hormone therapies are alteay vty common, A combination
of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in
‘body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age Kon 2s hormone replacement therapy (HRT, Ie treatment was also believed o prevent weakening a! he bones Al eat one slut has linked HAT with a heightened
‘iskol eat disease and certain fypes of cance HRT may also increase the
\iketinood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form
Some proponents ! MRT hae tempered her entusiasm in the ae of his new evidence recommending it nl talents whose symptoms interfere wth hit abit to ve nral vs
Human promt hormone may aso begven to palints who are secreting abnoimally lw amounts on thei own, Because of the complicated effects
nerally
‘pathologically small in stature
‘without it Growth hormone atc not just physical sie but aso igestion of ood andthe aging process Researchers and family py {ent agte thats foolnardy to sspens itn cases in which tha sk are nat
‘early outweighed bythe beets
‘The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test 495
Trang 9TOEFL Reading
ft “ae
with growth hormone?
(A) Adults of smaller stature
than normal (B) Adults with strong digestive
systems (C) Children who are not at risk
from the treatment (D) Children who may remain
abnormally small
496 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT
36 Which patients are usually treated
Hormones inthe Body Until he beginning ofthe westlth century, the nervous system was thought
to contro al communication within the body andthe resting integration ot
‘behavior Scientists had determine tha nerves ran, essential, on elecical impulses These impulses wee tought oe he engine or though, emotion, movement, and itrnal processes such as digestion However, experiments by Wiliam Bays and Emest laing onthe chemical secretin, which is produced inthe smal intestine when fod ener the stomach, evetualy challenged that
‘wen From the small intstie, secretin raves through he boodsteam othe pancreas Tete, stimulates the release ol iestve chemicals inthis lashin,
"he decal cel that produce secretin lately equate the production of iieren chemicals ina iterent organ the pancreas
‘Sucha cootnation of processes had been hough to equ contr by the eryous system; Bays and Staring showed thal it could occur hog chemicals alone This iscovery sured Staring lo coin he erm hormone toveler to secretin taking it trom the Greek word homon meaning “o excite”
0 "tose in motion” Aharmone is a chemical produced by one issue to make things happen elsewber
As more hormones wee discovered they wee categories primarily according tothe proces by whch they operate onthe body Some giands (ich make pte endocrine system) secrete harmones direct int the bloodstream Such {jandsinctdethe thyroid ard the pttary, The excerne sytem consists
‘of organs and glands tat reduce sutstances ha ae used ouside the ioodsteam, primary for digestion The pancreas ts oe such organ, although
it secretes some chemicals ito the blood and huss als part ol the endocrine system,
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Infact, some hormone therapies are aleady very Common m A combination
of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
‘to women who want fo reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age m Krown as onmone replacement therapy (HAT, te treatment was aso believed to prevent
‘weakening othe ones m Atleast one study as linked HRT wi heightened
‘isk of hear isease an certain pes of cancer MRT may also increase the {ikelinood that blood clots—danger
through the bloodstream: vessels—will frm, Some proponents of HAT Rave tempered thei enthusiasm inthe foe of this new
‘evidence, recomend it nlf patents whose symptoms inertre with hit 28Äiie loIwe ngmallues 8
Haman grout hormone may also be given to patents who are secreting
38004 low amounts on the oun Because ofthe complicated effects
‘growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally
‘restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it Gronth hormone fie: not jst physical size but also te {gestion of ood and the aging process Researcher and family physicians
‘end toate atts foolhardy to dispense tin cases in which he isk arent eat stweighed bythe benefits
Trang 10
37 Click on the highlighted sentence
(in bold text in the passage and
repeated below) in the passage
where the author explains
the primary goal of hormone
replacement therapy
(A) The quantities and
proportions of hormones
produced change with age,
So scientists have given a
great deal of study to shifts
in the endocrine system
over time in the hopes
of alleviating ailments
associated with aging
(B) A combination of estrogen
and progesterone has been
prescribed for decades
to women who want to
reduce mood swings,
sudden changes in body
temperature, and other
discomforts caused by
lower natural levels of those
hormones as they enter
middle age
(C)_ HRT may also increase
the likelihood that blood
clots—dangerous because
they could travel through
the bloodstream and block
major blood vessels—will
form
{D) Because of the complicated
effects growth hormone
has on the body, such
treatments are generally
restricted to children who
would be pathologically
small in stature without
Hormones inthe Body
‘Unt te begining ofthe twee century, the nervous sytem was thought {o conto al communication within the body andthe resulting integration ot Dbehaviot Scientists tad determine tha nerves ran, essential, on elecical impulses These impulses were thought o be te engine fr thought, emotion
‘movement and ternal roceses such as digestion Howevel, experiments by Wiliam Bais ao Eres Staring on the chemical secretin, which is produced inthe sma intestine when lod eters he stomach, eventually challenged that ven From the small intestine, secretin raves tough he bloodstream tothe pancreas Tes, stimulates the release ol digestive chemicals Inti ation,
Me intstinal els that produce secretin ltiatly equate production of ttre chemicals ina diterent organ the pancteas
‘Such cootnation of processes had been hough to equ contro by the
‘nervous system; Bays and Starting showed that it could cur hough ctemicas alone This discovery spurte Staring to coi the em homone tovelerto secretin, taking it tom the Greek word tonmon mearing “io exile”
"tose in motion” Ahormone is a chemical produced by one issue to make things happen esewhere
‘As more hormones were iscoveced, they were categorized, primanly according tothe proces by wich they operated onthe body Some gan (wich make
‘up he endocrine system) secrete hormanes deci int the bloodstream Such (ands include the thyroid andthe pituitary Te exocrine sytem consists
of otgas ad glands hat produce substances that are used ouside the
‘lodsteam primarily for digestion The pancreas i one such orga, although
| secsees some chemicals ino the Blood ad huss also part of he endocrine system
‘Mach hs ben leaned about hormones sinc heir iscovery Some pla such
oy pe nie noi a think fas wobtary Hormonal ysis ae very mince Even mine avout oe right chemicals can supess appetite, calm aggression, and
‘change the atitude of parent owarda child Certain hormones accelerate the evelopment of he bay, reuaing growth andlor; others may even define
‘2 inividuas personaly characteristics The quantities and proportions
‘great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system overtime in the
‘hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging
ln ac, some Narmone therapies are lea very common mA combination
‘of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades
to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in
‘body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural
hoxmone replacement therapy (HAT), weakening fhe bones m A eas one study has liked HAT with heightened
‘sk ol ear disease and eran types ol cancer HRT may also increase the
\ikelinoos that blood clots—éangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will frm
Some proponents of HAT have empeted ther enthusiasm nthe face of his new evidence, recommending it onto patients whose symptoms inferlere wit thế:
absities to live normal ves
Human groath hormone may aso be geno patients who are secreting 2bnormaly low anounts onthe own Because ofthe complicate effects {growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically smal in stature
‘without it Growth hormone acts not jut physical sie but also the
‘Sigestion of tod and the aging process Researchers and family physicians tend to age that tis footardy to dispense tin cases in which thers ar nt eat outaeghed by he bent
The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test 497