Tài liệu Cracking the toefl IBT 2009 edition part 2 pptx

As with the speaking section, the writing section also requires listening and reading.. How the Test Is Scored After finishing the TOEFL, you will receive a score from 0 to 30 for each

‘One Reading section, consisting of three to five passages that

are roughly 550 to 700 words each Each passage will be fol-

lowed by 12 to 14 multiple-choice questions about the content

of the passage Most of these questions will be worth one

point each, though a few toward the end of the section may be

worth more You will have 60 0 100 minutes to complete the

entire section

One Listening section, consisting of six to nine audio selec-

tions, each of which are three to five minutes long, The selec

tions will be either academic lectures or casual conversations

After each selection, there will be five to six multiple-choice

questions about the content of the lecture or conversation You

will have 60 to 90 minutes to complete the entire section

One Speaking section, consisting of approximately six speak-

ing tasks Most speaking tasks will also require some listening

and some reading You will have to speak for 45 or 60 seconds,

depending on the task, and you will have 20 minutes to com-

plete the entire section,

One Writing section, consisting of two writing assignments

As with the speaking section, the writing section also requires

listening and reading You will have 50 minutes to complete

the entire section

How the Test Is Scored

After finishing the TOEFL, you will receive a score from 0 to 30 for each of the

four sections You will also receive a total score on a 0 to 120 scale Each score

corresponds to a percentile ranking This number shows how your score compares

with the scores of other test takers For example, a total score of 100 would put

you in the 89th percentile, meaning that you scored higher than 89 out of 100 test

takers, whereas a score of 50 would put you in the 26th percentile ‘The average

TOEFL score is around 68

Notice that the 0 to 30 scores are scaled scores, meaning that the 0 to 30 number

doesn’t represent how many questions you answered correctly or how many points

your essay was awarded, For example, the Reading and Listening sections cach con-

tain roughly 40 questions You will get a point for each correct answer and a penalty

for each incorrect answer Ar the end of the section, your raw score, which represents

how many points you've earned, is tallied and converted to a number on the 0 to

30 scale

‘The Writing and Speaking sections are scored somewhat differently Each writing

sample receives a score between 0 and 5 These raw scores are then converted to

the 0 to 30 scale Similarly, each speaking task receives a score from 0 to 4 The

scores from all six speaking tasks are averaged and converted to the 0 to 30 scale

To find the right college for

You, register at Princeton- Review.com!

Introduction

6 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT

How Are the Scores Used?

Colleges and universities will look at your TOEFL score when considering your application Of course, your TOEFL score is not the only factor that affects your chance of admission Colleges and universities also look at your academic perfor- mance, letters of recommendation, application essays, and scores on other stan-

dardized tests Alchough a high TOEFL score will not guarantee admission to a

particular program, a low test score could jeopardize your chances

Some schools and programs may require students with TOEFL scores below a certain cutoff score to take supplemental English classes Others may only accept applicants who score better than a particular cutoff score Make sure you check with the programs to which you are applying for specific information

The Computer-Based Format Used for Internet-Based Testing (iBT)

‘The TOEFL is a computer-based test that is delivered to testing centers via the Internet Therefore, the TOEFL can be offered at locations throughout the world

“The test is administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS), the same testing organization that administers the GRE, SAT, and other standardized tests, Ac- cording to ETS, Internet-based testing (iBT) allows ETS to capture speech and score responses in a standardized and fair manner It also makes it possible for them to greatly expand access to test centers

“The iBT format will be new to the untrained eye and may be intimidating, espe- cially if you have never taken a test on a computer A brief tutorial is offered at the beginning of the TOEFL to allow you time to familiarize yourself with the format Still, the iBT presents some challenges For example, when working on a reading passage, you will see something like this:

T0EFL Regding

The Exoskeleton of the Arthropod

There are more arthropods alive on Earth than there are members of any other phylum of animals Given that not only insects and spiders but also shrimp, crabs, centipedes, and their numerous relatives are arthropods, this fact should not occasion surprise For all their diversity, arthropods of any type share two defining characteristics: jointed legs (from which the phylum takes its name) and an exoskeleton (the recognizable hard outer shell)

Though the shell itself is made of dead tissue like that of human hair and

fingernails, it is dotted with sensory cells

These give the arthropod information about its surroundings, much as the nerve endings in human skin do Also like human skin, the shell protects fragile internal organs from potentially hazardous contact with the environment It seals in precious moisture that would otherwise evaporate but permits the exchange of gases

Its primary component is chitin, a natural polymer that contains calcium and is very similar in structure to the cellulose in wood Chitin and proteins are secreted in the epidermis, the living tissue just below the shell, after which they bond to form a thin sheet Each new sheet is produced

so that its chitin fibers are not parallel with those directly above, which increases their combined strength

The result is the endocuticle, a mesh of molecules that forms the lowest layer of the shell, The endocuticle is not quite tough enough for daily wear and tear Over time, however, its molecules continue to lock together As the endocuticle is pushed upward by the formation of new sheets by

Introduction | 7

TUEFL Reading

the epidermis, it becomes the middle shell layer called the exocuticle With its molecules bonded so tightly, the exocuticle is very durable There are points on the body where

it does not form, since flexibility is needed around joints This arrangement allows supple movement but provides armor-like protection

Though strong, the chitin and protein exocuticle itself would provide a poor barrier against moisture loss Therefore, it must be coated with lipids, which are also secreted by the epidermis These lipids, mostly fatty acids and waxes, form the third, outermost layer

of the shell They spread over the cuticles to form a waterproof seal even in dry weather

This lipid layer gives many arthropods their distinctive luster

Combined, the endocuticle, exocuticle, and lipid coating form a shell that provides formidable protection The external shell has other advantages One is that, because it has far more surface area than the internal skeleton found in vertebrates, it provides more points at which muscles can be attached This increased number of muscles

permits many arthropods to be stronger and

more agile for their body size than birds or mammals The coloration and markings of the exoskeleton can be beneficial as well

Many species of scorpion, for instance, have cuticles that contain hyaline The hyaline

is excited by ultraviolet radiation, so these scorpions glow blue-green when a black light

is flashed on them Scientists are not sure why scorpions have evolved to fluoresce this way, but the reason may be that their glow

attracts insects that they can capture and eat

Adaptive as their shell is, it leaves arthropods with at least one distinct disadvantage: The

8 | Cracking the TOEFL i8T

growth As the animal increases in size, therefore, it must occasionally molt The existing cuticle separates from newer, more flexible layers being secreted beneath it, gradually splits open, and can be shaken or slipped off The new chitin and protein will harden and be provided with a fresh lipid coating, but this process can take hours or days after molting occurs The arthropod must first take in extra air or water to swell its body

to greater than its normal size After the shell has hardened in its expanded form, the arthropod expels the air or water It then has room for growth But until it hardens, the new coat is tender and easily penetrated Accordingly, the arthropod

‘must remain in hiding Otherwise, it risks being snapped up by a predator clever enough to take advantage of its lowered defenses

Introduction

Make sure to register early!

We offer an online

TOEFL course at

PrincetonReview.com

10 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT

Clearly, you cannot approach a computer-based TOEFL reading passage the same way you would approach a paper-based test For one thing, you won't be able to underline, circle, or otherwise make marks on the text (well, you could, but the testing center probably wouldn't be happy if you ruined its computer scree

Also, on the computer-based TOEFL, you'll have to take each portion of the test

in its entirery ‘Therefore, you cannot skip part of the Reading section, go to the Listening section, and return to the Reading section However, you can skip ques- tions within some sections; for example, if you skip a question in the Reading section, you are able to return to it when you finish the other questions in that section,

‘The audio portions of the test are also computer-based, and the speaking portion will ask you to speak into a recording device

Even though this book contains paper-based drills and questions, all of the strate- gies in this book are geared toward preparing you for a computer-based test To get a feel for taking the test on a computer, you should practice at the TOEFL website: htep://toeflpractice.ets.org

Registering for the TOEFL

“The easiest way to register for the TOEFL is online, at www.ets.org/toefl/index html Because the test is internet-based, many testing times are available, although this isn't necessarily true overseas Make sure you register early so that you receive ing time and location with which you are comfortable,

You may take the TOEFL as many times as you like Many programs will simply take your best score, but dont forget to check for specific information with admissions coun- selors from the schools to which you are applying

WHAT IS THE PRINCETON REVIEW?

“The Princeton Review is che premier test-preparation company that prepares tens

of thousands of students each year for tests such as the TOEFL, SAT, GMAT, GRE, LSAT, and MCAT At The Princeton Review, we spend countless hours re- searching tests and figuring out exactly how to crack them We offer students proven, high-powered strategies and techniques to help them beat the tests and achieve their best scores

In addition to our books, we offer both live classroom instruction and online

courses If you would like more information about our programs, visit us at

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Invoducton | 414

12 | Cracking the TOEFL i8T

WHAT'S IN THIS BOOK

Cracking the TOEFL iBT contains four parts

1, Orientation: What you're reading now

2 Core Concepts: ‘The basic skills necessary to successfully complete the exam By working through the exercises in this section, you will have a greater understanding of how the integrated tasks on the

‘TOEFL fic together

3 Cracking: The appropriate strategies to crack each question type on

the TOEFL Questions in the Listening and Speaking sections are accompanied by an audio CD

4, Full-Length Practice Test: After you've worked through all the exercises and drills in the previous two sections, you'll get a chance

to practice under real testing conditions The practice exam includes

detailed explanations for every question, as well as sample speaking and writing responses In addition, the audio CD includes samples of the types of conversations and lectures that you will hear on the test

to give you a good idea of what to expect and help you develop your listening skills

WHAT'S WOT IN THIS BOOK

“This book is primarily designed to aid you in preparing to take the TOEFL It does not provide a comprehensive grammar guide or extensive English vocabulary lessons By working through the book, you'll be able to pick up new vocabulary and some grammar rules, but if you need more help with the basics, there are a number of resources available

{available wherever you purchased this book, including online retail- rs) provide extensive help with grammar and vocabulary

trated, and newspapers such as USA Today will help your comprehen- sion and vocabulary

any show or program will be helpful

sites devored to helping people learn English

“This book is more useful if you are comfortable with the English language If you are still having trouble with English, build up your confidence with the language first, then work through this book

H0W T0 USE THIS B00K

‘The material in Cracking the TOEFL iBT is provided to help students of all levels

achieve higher scores on the test Ideally, all students should work through the sec-

tions of the book in the order in which they are presented Even students who are

fairly comfortable speaking, reading, and writing in English will benefit from the

information in the Core Concepts section (Part Il)

Of course, if you feel that you have a strong grasp of the material, you are free to

skip ahead to the Cracking section (Part III) to start working on TOEFL ques-

tions If you find you are not progressing as you'd hoped, return to Part II and

work through ie first

‘The best way to prepare for the TOEFL is to practice as much as possible, and

this book gives you the chance to work through more than 200 sample questions

However, to get maximum value from this book, you must use the strategies and

techniques we present, even if you feel our approach to the TOEFL sometimes

feels awkward or inefficient You must trust that our techniques and strategies do

work, and you should practice them accordingly

CAN | REALLY IMPROVE MY SCORE?

Yes Doing well on the TOEFL is a skill, and as with any skill, it can be learned

This book provides the tools necessary to do better on the TOEFL, but it is up to

you to apply them Work through the book at a comfortable pace Take time to

understand the strategies and techniques and use them Look back at the ques-

tions you've answered: both the ones you answered correctly and the ones you got

wrong Figure out what your strengths and weaknesses are on the test Many test

takers find that if they fail to use the strategies we offer, their scores don’t change

However, test takers who do master our techniques and strategies will improve

their scores

Before We Begin

Before we discuss the TOEFL

any standardized, multiple- here are a few basic principles to keep in mind for

ice test

Wrong Answers

One of the advantages of a multiple-choice test is that the answer to every ques-

tion is right there on the screen! ‘To minimize this advantage, test writers have to

make the wrong answers seem correct; often, the wrong answers are particularly

appealing, and test takers fall into the trap of picking answers that seem too good

Introduction 18

14 | Cracking the TOERLBT

Learning to recognize and avoid these trap answers is one of the keys to your suc- cess on the TOEFL For each question in this book, be sure to review both the right and wrong answers so you have an idea of what both good and bad answers look like Also, pay close attention to our discussion of common trap answers in the Reading and Listening sections

Increase Your Odds Identifying wrong answers greatly improves your chances of getting a question correct On the TOEEL, each multiple-choice question has four answer choices, which means you have a 25 percent (1 in 4) chance of guessing correctly However,

by using Process of Elimination (POE) co cross off wrong answers, you greatly in- crease your odds Finding and eliminating just one wrong answer means you have

a 33 percent (1 in 3) chance of guessing correctly, and eliminating two answers raises your odds of guessing correctly to 50 percent (1 in 2)! This is an impor- tant fact co remember Although you will not be able to answer every question on the TOEFL correctly, you can increase your score simply by increasing your odds

when guessing

TAKING THE TOEFL iBT Read this advice before taking the TOEFL iBT

Computer Practice

‘The TOEFL is only offered online, so make sure you're comfortable with basic

computer functions No specialized knowledge is required, but you should know how to use a keyboard and mouse Some basic typing skills will also be helpful on

the Writing section