Tài liệu STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION docx

Check the subject and verb both present; neither repeated Kiểm tra câu đã đủ các thành phần chủ ngữ và động từ hay chưa.. Check verb agreement, tense and form Kiểm tra sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

PART A: SENTENCE COMPLETION

There are fifteen questions in part A Forty percent are simple sentences, others are complex sentences All the words and phrases in the four answers are grammatically correct when considered independently But just only one’s is correct about meaning You should spend time to find out what type of structure is need to form complete sentence Don’t waste time to find the error in the answers

PART B: ERROR INDENTIFICATION

You are looking for an error, the part of the sentence is wrong Don’t wonder about the error is not underlined or waste time how to change the error corectly The error you are looking for is always underlined and you just need to find it that all

These ten elements are organized into a list of ten objectives, called the

10-point checklist of problems areas

10-POINT CHECKLIST OF PROBLEMS AREAS

1 Check the subject and verb (both present; neither repeated)

Kiểm tra câu đã đủ các thành phần chủ ngữ và động từ hay chưa Đôi lúc là sự lặp lại chủ ngữ bằng các đại từ không cần thiết

2 Check verb agreement, tense and form

Kiểm tra sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ và động từ về thì, dạng và số lượng (số ít, số nhiều)

3 Check for full subordination

Kiểm tra sự đầy đủ các thành phần hay chưa của mệnh đề phụ Thường có thể các

từ liên kết được rút gọn hoặc ẩn đi nhưng phải hoàn chỉnh mệnh đề hoặc ngữ rút gọn

4 Check the verbals

Verbals adjective dùng để bổ nghĩa cho noun Khi thấy nó xuất hiện trước danh từ thì kiểm tra ngay là ở dạng Ving hay Ved/VII tùy theo nghĩa bị động hoặc chủ động

5 Check pronoun form, agreement, and freference

Kiểm tra vị trí của đại từ có đúng loại đại từ hay chưa (có 5 dạng đại từ), sự hòa hợp động từ với đại từ, hoặc hòa hợp giữa đại từ và danh từ mà nó thay thế

6 Check word form

Kiểm tra vị trí của từ được sử dụng có đúng từ loại của nó hay chưa? Có thể bị sử dụng sai từ adj sang adv, hoặc bị xáo trộn giữa danh từ, động từ, tính từ và trạng từ; đôi lúc là cả cụm giới từ

7 Check word order

Kiểm tra trật tự từ trong câu Việc sắp xếp vị trí của động từ và chủ ngữ; adj, adv và noun; các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn, các adv chỉ mức độ; verb và adv, adj;

8 Check for Parallel structure

Các cấu trúc song song phải hoàn toàn giống nhau về từ loại, về dạng, về thì và đôi lúc cả về cấu trúc

9 Check for unnecessary repetition

Một số từ nghĩa của nó đã bao hàm nghĩa của từ khác trong câu Do đó sẽ có sự lặp

lại về ý là không cần thiết và cần phải bỏ bớt từ đi hoặc thay đổi ngữ cho phù hợp Lưu ý trường hợp lặp lại đại từ làm chủ ngữ là ở point 1, không phải point 9

10 Check for correct usage

Đôi lúc một số từ về từ loại không sai nhưng về nghĩa thì không phù hợp Hoặc một

số cụm danh từ, cụm danh động từ, cụm giới từ, thành ngữ, đòi hỏi một số từ phải

đi với nhau nhưng trong câu sử dụng không đúng Khi đó là lỗi ở point 10 và cần điều chỉnh lại cho phù hợp It is the most difficult in 10-points checklist

OBJECTIVE 1: CHECK THE SUBJECT AND VERB

Five types of structures which can function as subjects: noun, pronoun, gerund (V-ing), infinitive (to V ), noun clause Every sentence has at least one subject and one verb The subject is usually placed before the verb

OBJECTIVE 2: CHECK VERB AGREEMENT, TENSE, AND FORM

1 Subject – verb agreement: Does each verb agree with its subject? Do

singular/plural verbs have singular/plural subjects?

2 Tense: Is the tense of the verb correct the intended meaning of the sentence?

Are there any time markers which control tense? Do the tenses of all the verbs in the sentence fit logically with one another?

3 Form of irregular verbs or regular verbs

A Singular subjects

• Some of these words are plural in meaning, but they always require singular verbs

(sin )

every some any

no noun verb gular each

either neither

−



− 



−













• When each or every comes before singular subjects joined bay and, a singular verb is required

• It + verb (singular)

• S + preposition phrase (or other words) + V (agree with S)

• There/Here/Where + V (agree with S)+ S

• Expression stating one amount of time, money, weight, volume, are plural in form but take a singular verb

• Some words about academic subjects, diseases, abstract nouns, are always plural in form but singular in meaning and take a singular verb

• Tittle of books and movies, even if plural in form, take singular verbs

B Plural subjects

• Subjects joined by and or both and take a plural verb

• Several, many, both, few are plural words and always take a plural verb

• Some nouns about clothes, tools, abstract are always plural in form and always take plural verbs: trousers, pants, scissors, pliers, riches, thanks, means, But if they used by the following structure that they take singular verb: a pair of/ a word of + + singV

C Singular or plural subjects depending on special case

• Not only but also, either or, neither nor are some structure that the verb agree with the closer subject

• None/some/all/any/majority/most/half + preposition + N (subject) + V (agree with N)

• A number/mount of + plural S + plural V

• The number of + plural S + singular V

• Collective nouns: class, team, police, committee, audience, family, faculty, are usually singular, but may be plural if the members are functioning

independently

• Some nouns use the same form for both singular and plural meanings as species, series, sheep, deer, The pronouns and modifiers with these words will indicate whether they are singular or plural in meaning

• Nouns for nationality may be singular or plural depending on their meaning When the word refers to a language, it takes a singular verb and if it refers to the people of the country, it take a plural verb and is preceded by the article

“the” (English →singular, The English →plural)

• Borrowed from other languages:

OBJECTIVE 3: CHECK FOR FULL SUBORDINATION

1 A complex sentence contains at least two clauses: a main clause and a

subordination clause

2 A subordination clause can be ADJ, ADV or N clause

• An adjective clause (relative clause): usually begin with the

pronoun such as who, whom, which, that,whose, where or when and immediately

follows the noun or pronoun which it describes

• An ADV clause: begin with an adverbial conjunction, such as

because, although, if, while, and frequently found at the beginning or the end of

the sentence

• A noun clause: begin with the word that or question word, such as

why, what, how and can function in a sentence in any of the ways that a noun can.

3 A subordinate clause is a subject-verb combination that begins with a word

such as because, which,if, and can’t function independently as a sentence A main

clause, in either statement form or question form, can function alone An ADJ

clause must follow a noun in the main clause that it desribes

4 Introductory words about ADV clauses

Time Cause/result Condition Opposition Manner Comparision

After, since,

before, by the

time, when,

whenever,

while, now

that, until,

once, as soon

as, as/so long

as, as

Because, since,

so (that), whereas, in order that

If, even if, unless, only

if, once, in case (that), in the event (that), provided (that), whether or not

Although, though, whereas, while, even though

As though,

as if

Than, as

5 Noun clauses can function as S, but they are more commonly used as objects

of verbs of telling, feeling and thinking, such as said,told, hope, feel, beleive, state,

agrue, show, claim, know, These noun clauses frequently bigin with pronoun that

and follow those words.

6 Noun clauses can also begin with question words and can function as a S or

O

7 The sentences beginning with the subject it can be followed by a noun clause

or infinitive phrases These structures explain the meaning of the subject it.

8 After comma (,) just only use which, not that And when preposition invert

before connector of subordinate clause, just can use connectors which and whom.

OBJECTIVE 4: CHECK THE VERBALS

1 Gerund (V+ing) = Noun

2 infinitive = to + V, but to preposition phrase = to + N

3 A verbal ADJ can be formed by reducing an ADJ clase to a phrase or a word

(omitted relative pronoun, be-verb and change V to V-ing (if have) or keep it

(V-ed/VII) if the tense is perfect) A one-word verbal adj goes before or a verbal phrase

follows the noun it describes

4 Verbal ADJs can be present participle (V-ing) or past participle (V-ed/VII)

Use present participle when the noun does the action or use past participle when the

noun receives the action

5 Each sentence begins with a verbal phrase with an implied but not stated

subject If the implied subject of the verbal phrase is the same as the subject of the

main clause, the sentence is correct If the two subjects are different, the sentence is wrong.

OBJECTIVE 5: CHECK PRONOUN FORM, AGREEMENT, AND REFERENCE

1 Rules for the Subject form

• Subject form is used for a S of a MC or a SC

• Be + subject form

• The subjects of two clauses are being compared

2 Rules for the Object form

• Fuction as the Object (either direct or indirect) of the verb in a main clause or

in a subordinate clause

• Function as the object of a preposition

• Comparing objects of two clauses

3 Rules for the Possessive Adjective

• Be used to modify anoun and indicate possession

• Modify an –ing noun form

4 Rules for the Possessive Pronoun: PP = PA + N

• Replace a noun functioning as S or O

• Be + PP

• Noun phrase + of + PP

• Be used to replace the second noun when comparing two objects of the same kind that are possessed by different people

5 Rules for the Reflexive form

• Be used to emphasize the noun or pronoun it refers to

• By + reflexives pronoun It means that a person does something alone or without help.

• Be used when the object of the sentence or of a preposition is the same

person as the subject

6 Rules for pronoun agreement

• A plural pronoun is used to refer to two words joined by Both and, or more words joined by and.

• A singular pronoun is used to refer to these indefinite pronouns which are singular in form and require singular verbs Any of the third person singular

pronouns may be used (he, she, it, its, his, ) depending on the meaning of the sentence

• When two words are joined by either or , neither…nor…, not only….but also…., the pronoun should agree with the part that is closer.

• The verb that goes with the collective noun will indicate whether the writer

views the noun as singular or plural in a particular sentence

OBJECTIVE 6: CHECK WORD FORM

1 V+suffix=N

Some suffixs: -ation, -ment, -ence/ance, -al, -ure, -y,…

2 V+ing=N

3 Distinguish abstract nouns and nouns refering to people correctly.

Some suffix of nouns is that meaning about people: -er, -ant, -or, -ist, -ic,…

4 N+suffix=ADJ

Some suffixs: -y, -ous, -ive, -ary, - ly, -ic, -al, -less, -ish, -able, - some, -en, -an, -ful, -sque,…

5 Distinguish ADJ and ADV with eding -ly

ADJ

ly

N + = but ADJ+ly=ADV

6 Create word families by deriving four word form a single base word

7 Linking verbs, sense verbs and special combinations are almost always followed

by adjectives.

Linking verbs: be, seem, appear, become, grow, remain, get, go, prove, turn

Sense verbs: look, feel, sound, smell, taste

Special combinations: hold tight, stand still, keep quite, open wide,…

8 Sense verb (description of noun) + ADJ

Sense verb is used as action verb (description of verb) that is followed by ADV

9 ADJ modify only noun but ADV can be modify V, ADJ or other V

The position of ADV can be any order in the sentence However, it usually follows

V and comes before ADJ or other Vs

10 When you used comparision, the ADJ have two sylables with –y that can be

used as short ADJ (-ier, -iest) Some ADJs don’t have comparative and superative form, such as perfect, unique, dead, complete, wrong, right, total, main, principal, well,…

OBJECTIVE 7: CHECK WORD ORDER

1 Inversion of Subject and verb

• Sentence begins with there

• Beginning with prepositional phrase, has an intransitive verb as a main verb and states a location

• In conditional sentences (of type 2 and 3) without if or unless If it have

be-verb, invert to be If it don’t have be-be-verb, can use two structure following:

toV

S

Be+ + or should+S+V

• Beginning with negative words, such as never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarely, barely, no, not, not only, nowhere, at no time,….

• Beginning with only + a time expression, such as only once, only after, only

at night, …

• Down, up, in, out are used at the beginning of the sentence to emphasis

• Such, so, few, little are used at the beginning of the sentence to emphasis

(except where little is an ADJ)

• When a passive verb is split and the main verb begins the sentence

• Direct question with question words

2 Change dirrect yes/no question to indirrect yes/no question as a subordinate noun clase, the subject and verb come after if, whether, whether or not and don’t

have invert

3 Noun with ending –one, -body, -thing can be followed by ADJ However, ADJ

come before regular noun

4 enough ADJ/ADV+N +enough

OBJECTIVE 8: CHECK FOR PARALELL STRUCTURE

1 A series of nouns, adjectives, phrases, clauses, and so on.

2 Be careful with –ing noun forms and infinitives (Đôi lúc cấu trúc song song

bị sai khi các vế lẫn lộn giữa V-ing và To V)

3 Correlatives: both….and…, either…or…, neither…nor…,not only…but

also…, whether…or…,…Khi gặp các ngữ này thì các thành phần sau từ thứ nhất và

từ thứ hai phải giống nhau về mặt cấu trúc, từ loại và cả nhóm nghĩa

4 Comparisions: - Các đối tượng được so sánh phải tương đồng Chỉ sử dụng

that, those, sở hữu cách (‘s), ones, hoặc own để thay thế danh từ đã nêu ra để so

sánh ở vế trước

- Khi muốn so sánh một thành phần trong nhóm với các

thành phần còn lại (đã bỏ ra thành viên đó) thì phải sử dụng các cụm từ như any else, any other

- Khi so sánh 2 đối tượng (2 người hoặc 2 vật) theo 2 loại so sánh và kết hợp lại thành 1 câu thì tất cả các phần của các vế so sánh đều không thay đổi

OBJECTIVES 9: CHECK FOR UNNECESSARY REPETITION

Khi trong câu có các từ, cụm từ mà nghĩa của nó đã bao hàm lẫn nhau thì khi

đó chỉ giữ lại từ hoặc cụm từ mang nghĩa phổ quát hơn

1 Some words are the same meaning

2 Many verbs express the general idea of more or less within their specific

meaning If a verb implies the idea of more, it is unnecessary to repeat this idea by

adding the word more to the sentence And the same with less

Implication of more Implication of less

Exceed Enlarge Inflate Surpass Outweigh Augment Improve Expand Overrate Ascend Accelarate Increase

Descrease Decline Deflate Reduce Lower Devalue Regress Relapse Deplete Diminish Shrink Undervalue

OBJECTIVES 10: CHECK FOR CORRECT USAGE

1 Some words can be used only in reference to two persons, things, or groups

Others can be more than two’s

Refers to two Refers to more

Either Both Neither Between

Most Largest Least Among

Better Former Latter Less Inferior Superior

Worst None Best Worse All More

2 Distinguish take, do and make and more words can make you confused.

A/an (art) Accept(v)/except(prep) Advice(n)/advise(v) Affect(v)/effect(n,v) Almost (adv)

/most (PA)

Already (adv)/ all ready (adj)

Amount (uncount)/

number (count)

Barely, hardly, scarcely (neg adv) Beside (next

to) / besides

(in addition

to)

Between (two) / among (three or more) Capital (city)/ capitol (buiding) Clothes (n)/ clothe (v) / close (adj, prep,

v)

Compared

with

(difference)/

compared to

(similar)

Complement (complete)/

compliment (approval

or congratulation)

Costume/ custom/

customs (n)

Council/ counsel

Desert (n,v)/

dessert(n)

Differ(v), different (adj)

Farther(adj) / further(adj,adv)

Fewer (count) / less (non-count)

Former (the

first of two)/

First (the

first of three

or more)

Formerly (earlier)/

formally (a formal manner)

Forth (adv)/ fourth (adj) Had better (express advisabitity)/ would

rather (express preference)

Its (adj)/ it’s

(it +is/has) Kind/ sort/ type (n) Later (adj/adv) / latter (pron, adj)/

last (adj)

Lay (to put or place) + O / lie (repose) don’t have O Like (prep)/

such as

(prep)/ as if

(conj)

Loose (adj)/ lose (v)/

loosen (v) Maybe (adv)/ may be (V) Passed (v)/ past (adj/prep)

Peace

(opposite

war) / piece

(a part of the

whole)

Personal (adj)/

personnel (n)

Precede (come before)/ proceed (go forward /continue)

Principal (n, adj)/ principle (n)

Quite (adj)/

quite (adv) Raise (lift)/ rise (ascend/ increase) Set (put/place)/ sit (to seat oneself) Stationary (adj)/ stationery (n) Superior

(adj) + to Their (adj)/ there (adv)/ they’re (pron+V) Thorough (adj)/ through (prep) To (prep)/ too (adv), two (adj)

(not than,

and compare

two)

Weather (n)/

whether

(conj)

Who’s (pron+V)/ whose (adj)