Tài liệu TOEFL STUDY GUIDE PART 3 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION pdf

TOEFL STUDY GUIDE PART 3 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Structure & Written Expression Structure questions: test the ability to identify the correct structure needed to complete a g

TOEFL STUDY GUIDE

PART 3 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Structure & Written Expression

Structure questions: test the ability to identify the correct structure

needed to complete a given sentence The examinee reads

incomplete sentences From the four responses provided for each

incomplete sentence, the examinees must choose the word or phrase

that best completes the given sentence Only one of the choices fits

correctly into the particular sentence

Written Expression questions: test the ability to recognize correct

grammar and to detect errors in standard written English Here the

examinee reads sentences in which some words or phrases are

underlined The examinee must identify the one underlined word or

phrase in each sentence that would not be accepted in standard

written English

Test Design Features Tips 35 - 37

Tip 35 Structure (page 84)

Sentence Completion - 15 questions

Error Identification - 25 questions

Time: 25 minutes

Tip 36 Sentence Completion

For Sentence Completion you will be given a sentence that contains

a blank and asked to choose from the four choices the best possible

answer

Use the two-pass system to answer the Sentence Completion

questions

m First pass: answer all the questions that you see the anwer

right away

m Second pass: go back and try to answer the harder questions

GUESS if you still don't know

Tip 37 Using POE to determine the correct answer

POE - Process of Elimination can increase your chances of

answering correctly If you know an answer is wrong, you can

eliminate that choice and increase your chance of answering

correctly

Structure and Written Expression: Grammar Tips 38 -

48

Structure: Grammar Tip 38

Nouns: a person, place, thing, or idea

Structure: Grammar Tip 39

Pronouns: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun

n Examples: he, she, his, it, her

Structure: Grammar Tip 40

Verbs:/ A verb is an action word

n Example: kicked, thought, are, felt

Structure: Grammar Tip 41

Modifiers: used to describe another word

n Adjectives: describe nouns

n Adverbs: describe adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs

(many adverbs end in -ly)

Structure: Grammar Tip 42

Subject: The subject of a sentence is either a noun or a

pronoun It tells you who or what is performing the action

Structure: Grammar Tip 43

Articles: a, an and the are all articles

Articles are used before nouns; "a" and "an" are used as nonspecific

modifiers and "the" is used as a specific modifier

For example: "I put the book on a table."

"the book" shows that it was a specific book;

"on a table" shows that it was not a specific table

If I said, "I put a book on the table", I mean that I put "a nonspecific

book or any book" on "the table" which means that it

was a specific table, one that I could point to or a specific

table that I was referring to

"An" is used the same as "a" except that it is used before

nouns and adjectives starting with a vowel, such as "an

orange" or "an eye" or "an apple" or "an intense storm" "An"

is not used before the letter "Y"; you would use "a", such as

"a yellow towel" or "a young man" or "a yapping dog"

"A" and "an" are used to modify single nouns or adjectives

modifying single nouns "The" can be used for both single

and plural modifiers; for example, "I put the books on the

table" or "I put the book on the table."

Structure: Grammar Tip 44

Prepositions: into, from, without, etc

Note: the most common type of phrase on the TOEFL is the

prepositional phrase

n Examples: "I went into the house"; "She read from

the cookbook"

Structure: Grammar Tip 45

Conjunctions: Conjunctions link words or word groups in a

sentence Examples: and, or, but, etc

n "I bought oranges, apples, and bananas."

n "We could go to the beach or to the park."

n "He would have gone to the movies but he was sick."

Structure : Grammar TIP 46

Sentences: Sentences must have both a subject and a

conjugated verb It expresses a complete thought

For example, "He went to the store"

"He" is the subject, "went" is the verb, and "to the store" is

the adverb clause telling where he went

"Go!" is a complete sentence because it has a verb, "go" and

"you" is the implied subject Command sentences such as

this don't often have a stated subject but it is understood that

"you" is the subject

Structure : Grammar TIP 47

Flexible Verbs: Some words may look like verbs but do not

act like verbs

n Participate: this form of verb often ends in -ing or -ed

and acts as an adjective For example, "The talking

doll was very pretty." or "That baked pie smells

delicious."

n Gerund: this form of verb ends in -ing and acts as a

noun For example, "Listening to him was very

educational."

n Infinitive: the basic form of a verb but is not the main

verb and can act as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective

For example,

n as a noun: "To speak in front of an audience is

very frightening to many people."

n as an adverb: "I plan to arrive at nine o'clock."

n as an adjective: "The work to be done was for

the seminar."

Structure : Grammar TIP 48

Advanced Grammar

n Phrases: A phrase is a group of words that act as a part

of speech It does not express a complete thought like

a sentence

n Adverb phrase, "I went to the store."

n adjective phrase, "The girl with blond hair sits

beside me."

n noun phrase, "To go on the trip was exciting."

n prepositional phrase, "The book was written by

the author"

n Clauses: independent or dependant clauses

n an independent clause can stand on its own

For example, "I was afraid"

n a dependant clause cannot stand on its own

For example, "to go to school."