Ebook luật điều ước quốc tế phần 1

Hien nay, viec ky ket cac dieu uac quoc te can phai phii hgp voi cac nguyen tac va cac quy pham dugc cong nhan chung ciia luit quoc te, vi do la cac quy pham dugc cong dong quoc te cong

LUAT OIEU aOC QUOC TE

•

SACH CHUY&N K H A O

Chiu trach nhiem npi dung GS.TS PHAM HONG THAI

TS LE VAN BINH (Chu bien)

LUAT

DIEU \S6C QUOC TE

SACH CHUYfiN KHAO

NHA XUAT BAN D^I HQC QU6C GIA HA NQI

MUG LVC

Trang

Loi noi dau 5 Chirong I

KHAI Nl£M, BAN CHAT PHAP LY

VA CAC LOAI DIEU U'6C QUOC it 9

C'hurorng II

KY KET VA VI$C TAO HI$U Ll/C

CHO DIEU U6C QU6C TE 59

Chuwn^ III

CAC VAN DE \ t HIEU LlTC

CUA DIEU U6C QU6C it 113

VlpT NAM VA CAC DIEU \S6C QU6C it 203

Til li^u tham khao 227

LOI NOI DAU

La mot trong nhijng noi dung quan trong trong chuong trinh dao tao cu nhan luat hoc va la chuyen de dao tao sau dai hoc, Luat dieu uac quoc te khong chi don thuan la mot chuyen nganh

luat trong he thong phap luat quoc te, ma la mot nganh luat ca

ban va quan trong nhat cua he thong phap luat nay Luat dieu rn'rc quoc te giu vai tro lien thong giira cac nganh luat trong he thong phap luat quoc te voi nhau noi rieng va giira hai he thong phap luat: he thong phap luat quoc gia va he thong phap luat

quoc te noi chung Tren co sa Luat dieu uac quoc te ma cac chii

the ciia luat quoc te ky ket vai nhau cac van kien phap ly quoc te, tao nen he thong cac van ban phap ly quoc te dam bao su truong ton va phat trien cua nhan loai

Cac quy pham luat quoc te dugc xem nhu cac quy che giao tiep can thiet cua con nguai, khong c6 cac quy pham luat quoc te

sC khong CO su giao thoa giua cac toe, bo toe, cac dan toe, cac qu6c gia, cac chau luc va ca cong dong quoc te Neu khong c6 didu uac quoc te, mpt quoc gia kho c6 the "lam quen" va hop tac voi cac quoc gia va cac chii the khac cua luat quoc te hi^n dai Nham phyc vu cho viec day va hoc luat, Khoa Luat true thupc Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi tran trong giai thieu cuon sach

chuyen khao Luat dieu u6c quoc te Cu6n sdch do TS Le VSn

Binh bien scan v6i s\r tham gia ctia GS.TSKH luat Gennidiy

Irinarkhovich Kurdyukov - Chu tjch Hpi dong chSm li4i dm

TSKH luat vk Chii tjch HOi dong chim luan an TS luat, :hu

nhi^m Bp mon Luat Qu6c te va Lu|it Chdu Au, Khoa Luat, Trudng Dai hpc Tong hgrp Qu6c gia Cadan mang ten V.I Lenin (Nga), nh^ ho^t dpng khoa hpc cong huan nude Cpng hoa Tatarstan Lien bang Nga Hy vpng cuon sdch n^y sS la tai li$i bo

ich va dip ting dugc it nhi^u cho vi?c day va hpc

Xin trSn trpng gi(5i thi?u cu6n sach t(5ri b?ui dpc v^ rat m)ng nhan dupe s\r dong g6p ciia quy dpc gi^

Khoa Lu4t trvrc thupc Dai hpc Quoc gia Hk Npi

144 Duong Xuan thuy, Cku Giay, Ha Npi

DT (04) 3754.9177, Fax: (04) 3754.7081,

E-mail: kldhqghn(gvnu.edu.vn

PREFACE

As an important subject in the Bachelor of Laws curriculum and a specialised subject of Master of Laws curriculum, international treaty law is not only a branch of the international legal system, but also one of the fundamental and essential branches of that system Intemational treaty law plays the role of cormecting different branches of law in the intemational legal system as well as connecting the two legal systems: national legal system and intemational legal system Based on intemational treaty law, the subjects of intemational law sign intemational legal documents with each other, creating a system

of intemational legal documents, which ensures the long-lasting existence and development of mankind

Intemational Law's norms are considered essential rules for communication of human beings Without them, there would not

be any exchanges among clans, tribes, nations, countries, Continents and among the entire intemational community A Country can hardly "get acquainted" and cooperate with other Countries and other subjects of modem intemational law without intemational treaties

In order to serve legal teaching and studying activities, the School of Law under Vietnam National University, Hanoi has the

honour to introduce the monograph named "Intemational Treaty Law", which was written by Dr Le Van Binh with the participation

of Prof, DSc Gennadiy Irinarkhovich Kurdyukov, Chairman of the Council for Evaluating theses of Doctor of Science in Laws and Chairman of the Council for Evaluating theses of PhD in Laws, Head of the Intemational Law and European Law Department of the ScKool of Law under Cadan National University named after V.I Lenin (Russia), Honoured Scholar of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Russian Federation We hope that this monograph will be a helpful reference book and could meet the demand of legal teaching and studying to some extents

We have the honour to introduce this monograph to readers and

we look forward to receiving feedbacks from distinguished readers

School of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

144 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi

Tel (04) 3754.9177, Fax: (04) 3754.7081,

E-mail: kldhqghn@vnu.edu.vn

CHlfONG J

KHAI NIEM, BAN CHAT PHAP LY

VA CAC LOAI DIEU l / d C QUOC TE

1 KHAI NIEM VA BAN C H A T P H A P LY

2 CAC LOAI DIEU LT^C QUOC TE

1 Khai niem va ban chat phap ly

Dieu uac quoc te la nguon dugc xay dung bang cac quy pham, tuc la no dugc xay dung bang cac quy pham chung hoac cac quy pham rieng Cac quy pham do quy dinh quyen va nghia

vu doi vai cac ben ciia dieu uac quoc te Ban chat phap ly ciia dieu uac quoc te dugc the hien 6 cho no the hien su dung hoa ve

y chi, ve Igi ich, ve cac quan diem cua cac quoc gia hoac cac chu the khac cua luat phap quoc te Dieu uac quoc te da tao thanh (hoSc thiet lap) ca so phap ly cho cac quan he phap ly quoc te

V^y dieu uac quoc te la thoa thuan giira cac chii the ciia luat

quoc te, trong do viec ky ket, hieu lite va chdm dirt hieu luc cua

no duac dieu chinh hang luat quoc te Khai niem nay khong chi

dugc the hien trong cac vSn ban quoc gia ve dieu uac quoc te,

ma con phu hgp vai khai niem ve dieu uac quoc te dugc quy

djnh tai hai cong uac: Cong uac Vienna ve luat dieu uoc qudc te nSm 1969 (sau day ggi la Cong uac Vienna nam 1969) va Cong uac Vienna ve luat dieu uac giua cac quoc gia va cac to chic quoc te hoac la giija cac to chuc quoc te vai nhau nam 1986 (sau day gpi la Cong uac Vienna nSm 1986)

Thuc tien da minh chung rang, rat kho de chung ta c6 the dira

ra dugc chinh xac so lugng ciia toan bo cac loai dieu uac quoc te

da dugc cac quoc gia, cac chii the khac cua luat quoc te da ky ket

Vi du, rieng Lien bang Nga da tham gia vao 23.000 dieu uac song phucmg, gan 2.000 dieu uac da phuang, gan 400 dieu uac duac

bo sung hang nam Ngay 15 thang 7 nSm 1996, Nga da ban haiih Sac lenh cua Tong thong Lien bang "Ve thanh lap mot ngan hang dir lieu cac dieu uac quoc te ciia Lien bang Nga"^ CJ Viet Nam, trong 10 nam tro lai day (tir nMi 1986 den dau nSm 2005), so lugng dieu uac quoc te ma Viet Nam ky ket b5ng so lugng ciia

ca 50 nam truoc Vi^t Nam da ky ket han 1.000 dieu uac quoc te song phuang va la thanh vien ciia tren 180 dieu uac quoc te da

Cong uac Vienna vl luat dieu xidc quoc te dugc thong qua ng^y 22/5/1969

va cong khai (mo) de c^c quoc gia tham gia ky kk \h gia nhap tir ngAy

23/5/1969 Cong udc Vienna nSm 1969 c6 hieu luc ng^y 27/01/1980 ddi

voi 35 quoc gia, tuc 14 ngay thiir 30 ke tir ngay van kifn \k phe chuSn ho?c

gia nh§p thu 35 dugc luu chieu Cong u6c Vienna nam 1969 da dugc dang

ky s6 18232 ng^y 27/01/1980 va dugc dang cong bo trong Tuy^n tap cAc di^u u6c qu6c te ciia Lien hgp qu6c T|ip 1155

Cong udc Vienna ve luat dieu u6c qu6c tS giOra cic qu6c gia va cac to chiic quoc te hoac gi&a cac t6 chirc quoc te dugc thong qua ngay 21/3/1986 Cong u6c Vienna nam 1986 dugc ghi trong cong trinh cua LJy

ban Lu^t qu6c l& tr 398-437 Cong u6c Vienna nam 1986 hi^n nay chua

c6 hieu Ivrc

MoKayHapoflHoe npaso 06maH nactb Floa peflaKUHefi JI.IO.H., r.H KypflioKOBa KaaaHb, 2007 - C.59

npo4'-10

phuang' Rieng ve goc do hgp tac trong ITnh vuc kinh te - thuang mai, tir nam 1955 den nay, Viet Nam da ky ket 1.082 dieu uoc quoc te ve kinh te - thuang mai, trong do 700 dieu uac quoc te hien con hieu luc ve thuang mai, nong nghiep, cong nghiep, hang hai, hang khong, duang bg, duang sat, lao dong, hgp tac nghe ca va phat trien thuy san, du lich, y te, tai chinh, tin dung, khuyen khich va bao ho dau tu, tranh danh thue hai Ian, bao ho quyen sa hihi tri tue Cac dieu uac quoc te nay da gop phan tang cuong va ma rgng cac quan he hOru nghi va hgp tac nhieu mat, dac biet la day manh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, tang cuong hgp tac thuang mai, thu hut von dau tu, cting nhu nhung nguon lire phat trien chinh thirc^ So lugng hiep dinh ve cac ITnh vuc hgp tac vai cac quoc gia trong khu vuc, cac chau luc va tren the giai ngay cang tang

Hien nay, viec ky ket cac dieu uac quoc te can phai phii hgp voi cac nguyen tac va cac quy pham dugc cong nhan chung ciia lu(it quoc te, vi do la cac quy pham dugc cong dong quoc te cong nhan, dugc phan loai va dugc xem la bat buoc doi vai cac chii

Bp Tu phap - Du thao Bao cao tong the v^ dinh gia nhu cau phat trien toin di?n he thong phap luat Vi?t Nam d^n nam 2010 Tim dpc them: Bao cao tong ket sau 5 nam thuc hien Phap l?nh ve ky ket va thuc hien dieu ui^c qu6c t^ ciia Bg Ngoai giao Viet Nam ngiy 12/5/2004; To trinh Qu6c

h0i ve D\f an Luat Ky kk, gia nhap va th^rc hi|n di^u udc qu6c t^ ciia

Chinh phii Vi^t Nam ngay 17/9/2004; Ngo Dire Manh M6i quan h? giOra dieu uoc qu6c te vdi phap luat quoc gia Nghien curu lap phap s6 12- 24/2004

Chi thi s6 14/2008/CT-TTg ngay 22/4/2008 ciia Thu txiimg Chinh phu ve

cdc bi?n phap tang cudng kidm tra, don d6c thuc hien cac dieu u6c quoc

te trong ITnh vuc kinh tk - thuang mai; Le VSn Binh Cac quy pham luat

qii6c te trong h? th6ng phap luSt quoc gia Tap chi Kinh te-Luat T.XXI

Ki 2 2005

the cua luat quoc tl' Nam 1969, tai Hoi nghj quoc te a Venna

cac quoc gia tham du da thong qua Cong uac Vienna ve luaidieu uac quoc te De thong qua dugc Cong uac Vieruia nSm 196*, Uy ban Luat qu6c te Lien hgp quoc da lam viec gan 20 nSn de nghien cthi va bien soan Du thao cac dieu khoan ciia Cong uac Vienna nSm 1969 Duai su bao trg ciia Lien hgp quoc, ca- hpi nghi quoc te ve phap dien hoa cac quy pham phap luat quoc e ve

luat dieu uac quoc tk da dugc t6 chuc Hpi nghi Ian thu nhit d5

dugc t6 chirc tir thang 3 d^n thang 5 nSm 1968 va Hpi ngh liin thu hai dugc t6 chuc tir thang 4 den thang 5 nSm 1969 l o n g qua trinh thao luan ve cac dieu khoan cua Du thao Congm^c

Vienna nSm 1969, Hoi nghi da giai quyk nhieu xung dgt hay

con gpi la cac bat dong ve quan diem), dac biet la cac van c^ c6 lien quan den quyen cua cac quoc gia tham gia vao cac boat tpng

dihxi uac qu6c tfi, nhu: viec cac quoc gia tham gia vao cac hcu

uac qu6c ik c6 tinh pho cap (toan cau); cac van de ve bao Im doi vai cac dihu uac qu6c te da phuang; ban luan ve cac dieu kiei v6

hieu ciia cac di€u uac qu6c tl; ve thu tuc cong nhan cac dieuucrc quoc te v6 hieu va cac phuang phap len quan den viec chair dirt hieu lire ciia cac dieu uoc quoc te Ket qua cua cac hpi nghi tudc

te nay chinh la viec thong qua Cong uac Vienna nSm I969v(M sir tham gia cua ban 100 quoc gia tren the giai

Le van Binh Ti?m c?n cac quy ph?im lu^t qu6c t l Tap chf Khoah<?c DHQG Ha Ngi, Kinh t^-LuSt 24 (2008) 93-101

BeHCKa« KOHBeHUHH o npaee MOKflyHapoflHux aoroBopoB KoMMeraHf* M., 1997 - C 3 Vi?t Nam da trd thanh thanh vign ciia C6ng u6c Vint»a nam 1969 ngay 09/11/2001

12

Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 da dieu chinh cu the cac quan

he CO lien quan den viec ky ket dieu uac quoc te Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 da tra thanh nguon ca ban de lam ca sa binh thiinh mot chuyen nganh mai cua luat quoc te - do la chuyen nganh luat dieu uoc quoc te Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 dugc

ap dung doi vai cac dieu uac quoc te dugc ky ket giira cac quoc giii Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 da tra thanh bg luat tong hgp

ciia luat ve cac dieu uac quoc te, hay nguai ta con goi la "dieu

udc ciia cac dieu udc qudc te" (trong phap luat quoc gia thuang

gpi luat ciia luat) Ciing vai Cong uac Vienna nam 1969, Hpi

nghi cung da thong qua hai van ban quoc te quan trpng: Mot Id,

tuyen bo ve cam diing cac binh thuc ep huge ve chinh trj, quan

su va kinh te trong ky ket cac dieu uac quoc te; Hai lit, tuyen bo

ve tinh pho cap (universalityJ Ca hai van ban nay deu dugc ghi nhan trong van kien ket luan cua Hpi nghi Can chu y rang, Hpi nghi da thong qua Dieu 81 cua Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 nham tra lai cho cau hoi ve su khong phan biet doi xir trong ky ket dieu uac quoc te Theo do, quy pham Dieu 81 da quy dinh

mo (khong c6 sir phan biet) de tat ca cac quoc gia la thanh vien Lien hgp quoc, hoac la thanh vien ciia cac ca quan chuyen mon Lien hgp quoc, hoac la thanh vien ciia ca quan nSng lugng nguyen tir quoc te, hoac la cac quoc gia tham gia Quy che Toa an qu6c te Lien hgp quoc, boSc la bat ky quoc gia nao khac do Dai hpi dong Lien hgp quoc mai tham gia de tra thanh mot ben ciia Cong uac nay

Viec Lien hgp quoc thong qua Cong uac Vienna nam 1986

dS tao ca sa phap ly cho viec thanh lap chuyen nganh luat mai

-do la nganh luat dieu uac quoc te vai chii the ihara gia khong chi

cac quoc gia, ma con ca cac to chuc quoc tk\ Dieu 73 Cong uac

Vienna nam 1986 quy dinh ve viec uu tien hieu lire cua C6ng

uac nay so vai Cong uac Vienna nSm 1969 X6i ve ban chat cua

chu the luat quoc te, so voi cac quoc gia - chu the ca ban ciia luat quoc te, thi cac to chuc quoc te la chu the ban che ciia luat

quoc iL Mot trong nhung ban che do chinh la kha nSng phdp luat

chu the ve ky dieu uac quoc te Cac to chuc quoc te c6 quyen ky cac dieu uac quoc te vai cac quoc gia boSc vai cac to chuc quOc

te khac nhung chi trong pham vi phii hgp vai cac muc tieu ciia to chuc quoc te va nh4m dat dugc cac muc dich ma da dugc quy dinh (hoac ton chi) trong dieu uac sang lap va trong cac vSn biin khac cua cac to chuc quoc te do Hay noi mot each khac, ve bjin chat cac to chuc quoc te thuc hien quyen nSng chii the luat qut)C

tk ciia minh tren ca sa sir uy quyen ciia cac quoc gia c6 chu

quyen la thanh vien ciia cac to chuc quoc te do Day la dac diem quan trpng va ca ban nhat de phan biet cu the va ro rang kha nang chii the phap luat ciia luat quoc te giira cac to chirc quoc te

va cac quoc gia - chii the ca ban ciia he thong phap luat quoc te

Chung ta biet rang cac to chirc qu6c li r4t khac nhau, dieu d6 da du(;c

khang djnh khong chi trong ly luSn, ma ngay trong thyc tien Tire la khong

t6n tai su thdng nhSt r5 rang trong khai ni?m \h cac t6 chuc qu6c t^ Trong cac Cong udc Vienna nam 1969 va Cong udc Vienna nam 1986 thi qoy

djnh: "T6 chiirc qu6c t^" c6 nghTa la t6 churc giCta cac chinh phu (dieu 2) Nhung tren thyc te de thay rang d6 la to chuc gii^a cac quoc gia, vi cilc thanh vien cua t6 chirc chinh la cac qu6c gia, ma khong phii la cac chinh

phii C6 the dgc them t?i: Tuy6n t|p c6ng trinh cac quan di^m v^ t6 chirc

quoc te cua cac nha khoa hgc a mOt s6 qu6c gia tren the gi6i Cong trinh dugc c6ng b6 dudi sv bao trg cua UNESCO// Le concept d'organnisation intemationale UNESCO Paris, 1980

Trong th\rc tien quan h | phap ly quoc te, c6 quan di^m cho ring, trong mOt

hoan canh dac bi?t nao d6 cac phap nhSn va thk nhSn c6 thS la chu the ciia

14

Trong thuc tien quan he dieu uac con c6 mot dang dieu uac quoc

te d0c biet ma chu the tham gia vao dieu uac do khong chi la cac quoc gia, cac dan tpc, ma c6 ca cac to chuc quoc te Do la Cong uoc ve thong bao sir c6 hat nhan ngay 26/9/1986 Tai Di^u 12 Cong u6c da quy djnh rang day la Cong uac ma de tat ca cac quoc gia, Nammibia', cac to chuc quoc te, ke ca cac to chiic quoc te khu vuc c6 the tham gia ky kit va gia nhap

Co the noi rang, truac khi thong qua hai Cong uac Vienna

ve luat dieu uac quoc te noi tren, thi nguon ciia luat dieu uac quoc te la cac tap quan quoc te Van ban c6 tinh chat qu6c tS d4u tien ve linh vuc dieu uac quoc te dugc ban hanh vao nam 1928 tai Hpi nghi cac quoc gia chau My Do la Cong uac Habana v6 dieu uoc quoc te, nhung cong uac nay chi mang tinh khu vuc va

chi CO hieu luc trong pham vi khong gian a cac quoc gia chau

My Latinh

Nhu vay, nguon ca ban cua luat ve dieu uac quoc te la

CCmg uac Vienna nam 1969 va Cong uac Vienna nam 1986

V$y, hai cong uac do c6 quan he vai nhau nhu the nao trong

lu?t quoc te, nhung quan diem d6 dang c6n nhi6u tranh lu^n va chua dugc cOng dong quoc te cong nh^n, vi cac ly do sau diy: 1) The nhan va phap nhSn khong the la mgt ben ciia dieu udc quoc te trong quan h? phap lu§t qu6c te; 2) The nhan va phap nhan khong the la thanh vien cua cac to chirc

quoc ti lien chfnh phii; 3) Thi nhan va phap nhan khong thi tham gia tryc

tiep vao qua trinh sang tao ra cac quy ph^m phap lu§t quoc te

Cong u6c nay da dugc thong qua t^i ky hgp djc bi?t ciia Hgi nghj ca quan nilng lugng nguySn tu quoc te, van de Nammibia da dugc trinh Uy ban Lien hgp qu6c ve Nammibia Qu6c gia niy tuygn b6 dOc l$p ngay 31/3/1990

viec dieu chinh quan he ve dieu uac quoc te? Truac bet, can khang dinh rang Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 la ca sa (hoac nen tang) dieu chinh quan he dieu uoc quoc te, hoac noi mot each khac Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 la ngudn ca ban cua luat dieu uac quoc te

Tren ca sa ciia Cong uac Vienna nam 1969, Uy ban Luat quoc te Lien hgp quoc da soan thao Cong uac Vienna nam 1986 Khi nghien ctiu hai cong uoc nay, chung ta c6 tbS khing dinh rang Uy ban Luat quoc te Lien hgp quoc da ra scat timg dieu khoan ciia Cong uoc Vienna nam 1969 va thuc hien viec bo sung nhung gi can thiet va c6 the khi ban hanh Cong uac Vienna nam

1986 Chinh vi the nen gan nhu cac dieu khoan cua hai cong uac nay deu dugc ggi theo mot ca cau chung (cac phan va ten cua timg phan) Quan trpng ban la ca hai cong uac da tao thanh mpt

he thong chung dieu chinh ve boat dong dieu uac quoc te

Ve ban chat, dieu uac quoc te chinh la ket qua ciia sir dung boa y chi giira cac chii the ciia luat quoc te, tire la dieu uac quoc

te dugc xay dung tren ca so binh dang giura cac ben Ve nguyen tac xay dung dieu uac quoc te ciing c6 sir tuang dong giira diiiu uac ciia cac to chuc quoc te va dieu uac ciia cac quoc gia Tat nhien ve ban chat, giira hai loai chii the nay ciia luat quoc te c6

su khac nhau ve quyen chu the', con quan he giira hai cong mVc nay da dugc the hien trong phan giai thieu cua Cong uac Viemia nam 1986 Chiing ta c6 the khing dinh ring, c6 su lien he giilra lu^t dieu uac giira cac quoc gia vai luat dieu uoc c6 s\r tham gia

' Dgc them: Chuomg 111 Chii thi cua lu$t qu6c te Giao trinh lu$t qu6c te Tru6ng Dai hgc Lu$t Ha Npi NXB Cong an Nhan dan H 2005 tr 57-80

16

ciia ;ac to chirc quoc te Hoac cung c6 the hieu theo mot each khac do la hai nganh ciia luat chung ve dieu uoc quoc te Nhung dieu do khong the phii nhan rang Cong uac Vienna nam 1986 la mot van ban dpc lap Uy ban Luat quoc te Lien hgp quoc da kharg dinh do la hai cong uac dpc lap nhau ve hinh thirc Chii the ciia dieu uac quoc te ma Cong uac Vienna nam 1986 dieu chini khac so vai chii the dugc dieu chinh bai Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 Cac ben ma Cong uac Vienna nam 1986 dieu chinh ciing dgc lap so vai cac ben ciia Cong uac truoc do Dong thoi, neu ihu trong thuc tien c6 sir cham dut hieu lire ciia Cong uac Vierna nam 1969 thi dieu do cung khong anh huang den quy che phap ly cua Cong uac Vienna nam 1986

Ngoai ra, khi nghien cuu luat dieu uac quoc te, chiing ta khoEg the khong de cap den Cong uoc Vienna ve ke thira ciia cac quoc gia doi vai cac dieu uoc quoc te Cong uac nay da dirge Lien hgp quoc thong qua ngay 23 thang 8 nam 1978 va la nguon ciia luat dieu uac quoc te Cong uac da phap dien hoa va phat trien theo huang hoan thien (tien bp) cac quy pham lien qiiai den ke thira ciia cac quoc gia doi vai cac dieu uac quoc te Cong uac da quy dinh cac quan diem khac nhau cua su ke thira liCn quan den cac dieu uac quoc te da phuang, trong do c6 ca cac van ban sang lap cac to chuc quoc te Cong uac nay ciing

dii Ihing djnh tarn quan trpng ciia Che dinh ke thira trong luat

quo: tS hi?n dai, dong thai nhan manh Cong uac nhu mot phumg tien cung c6 ca sa phap ly cua cac quan he quoc te

Trong khoa hpc phap ly quoc te, ke thira duac hieu la su

chujen quyen va nghTa vu tir rnqt chii the luat quoc te nay sang m^tchu thi luat quScTtt^ac^:^^^^;;^^^^

TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

iV^G^T"" 048221

cuu trong

17

nhieu cong trinh khoa hpc khac nhau' Trong quan he quoc te, che dinh k6 thira luon gan lien vai sir thay doi chu the luat quoc te va cimg vai no la quyen va nghia vu quoc te Ke thira c6 nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau: 1) Do c6 sir thay doi lanh tho (tach, nh;ip qu6c gia hoac lanh tho ciia mot quoc gia nay nhap vao mot quoc gia khac); 2) Do ket qua ciia cac cupc each mang xa hpi; 3) Do ket qua cua cac cupc dau tranh gianh dpc lap dan tpc va thanh lap cac nha nude dpc lap^; 4) Do cac sir kien phap ly quoc te khac v.v

Giao trinh Luat Quoc t i Khoa Luat tnrc thupc DHQG Ha Npi NXB D^i hgc Qu6c gia Ha Npi H 1997, tr 79-88; Giao trinh Lu^t Qu6c te Tnr6iig

D^x hpc Luat Ha Npi NXB Cong an Nhan dan Ha Ngi, 2004 va 2005, tr

73-80; Nguyen Trung Tin, Nguyen DSng Dung, Le Mai Thanh va Nguyen

Hoang Van Tim hieu Luat Qu6c li NXB D6ng Nai, 2000, tr.70-77; DAo Tri IJc Mgt s6 \it\ dk ly luan co ban vk Luat Qu6c te Vi6n Nghien cini

Nha nude va Phap luat NXB Chinh trj Qu6c gia H 1994, tr 66-76; flypfleHCBCKHR B.H FnaBHue npasoBbie Bonpocu npH o6pa30BaHHH HOBoro rocyaapcTBa Bonpocu reopHH H npaicTHKH Me)KayHapoanoro npaBa M., 1959, - C.88; Me)KAyHapoflHoe npaso M., 1947, - C.156; KoMceBHHKOB (D.H yneGHoe noco6He no MOK^yHapoaHOMy npasy (OnepKH) M., 1947 - C.81; Mozwopau JI.A OcHOBHbie npasa H o6H3aHHOCTH TOcyflapcTBa M., 1965, - C.121; Me)KiiyHapoflHoe npaso M., 1965, - C.175; Kypc Me5KflyHapo/iHoro npasa T.3 M., 1967, - C.32; Me)KiiyHapoflHoe npaBO M., 1970, - C.l 16; MoKflynapoflHoe npaso M.,

1979, - C.l57; Clive P., Hopkins J British Intemational Law Cases Vol

2 London, 1973; Konton M The Termination and Revision of Treaties in the Light of New Customary Intemational Public Tome II Les sujets de droit Paris, 1974

Ke thira doi v6i cac qu6c gia mdi gianh dpc ISp la de tai ma nhifiu luat gia, nha khoa hgc phap ly qu6c te trSn the gidi d^c bi?t quan tim Dieu d6 da dugc ghi nh§n trong cac c6ng trinh va cac in pham khoa hpc, chang h^n nhu: Zemannek K State Succession after Decolonisation Leyde, 1965; Bokor-Szege H New States and Intemational Law, Budapest, 1970; Duculescu V Succesiruiea Statelor la tratatele intemational Bucurtsti, 1972; Szafarz R Konwencja Wicden'ska o Sukcesji panstw w Stosunku

18

Chiing ta c6 the lay mot vai vi du thuc tien de minh chung cho ly luan noi tren, chang ban nhu: Dieu 1 cua Dieu uac ve cham dirt hieu luc ciia Dieu uac phan chia Dong Dire, Tay Dire va Tay Bcc-lin de thanh lap nha nuac Lien bang Dire nam 1990; Lien bang cac nuac Cong hoa xa hpi chii nghia X6 viet (CCCP) tach thanh cac quoc gia dpc lap nam 1991; Lien bang Nam Tu tach thanh cac quoc gia dpc lap nam 1992; Tiep Khac tach thanh Tiep

va Slovakia nam 1993; An Dp (thupc dja Anh) truac day thanh

AJTI Dp va Pakistan nam 1947 v.v Viet Nam thong nhat nam

1975 (mien Bac Viet Nam va mien Nam Viet Nam) va tra thanh mpt quoc gia dpc lap, c6 chii quyen va la chii the cua luat quoc te hien dai

Theo Cong uac Vienna nam 1978 thi khai niem ve "quoc gia ke thira" dugc hieu la sir thay doi quoc gia nay bang mgt quoc gia khac va quoc gia mai thuc hien trach nhiem phap ly quoc te tren lanh tho ke thira' Abacov M.M cho rang, ca sa phap ly de giai quyet cac van de ke thira doi vai cac quoc gia mai gianh dugc dpc lap la hoan toan phu thupc vao quyen tu qiiyet ciia ho, toan bp quyen nang chu the va cac van ban phap luat quoc te ciia chii the do se chuyen sang cho quoc gia mai

do traktatow - Panstwo i Prawo 1970, N o i , -S.64-75; MrHareHKO T.B

O T KOJiOHHajibHoro poKHMa K HauHOHajibHOH rocyaapcTBCHHocTH M.,

1966; BaparaujBunH JX.H Hoaue rocyaapcxBa AIHM H A({)pHKH H

MewayHapoaHoe npaBo M., 1968; AaaKOB M.M H o a u e rocyaapcTBa A3HH H A4)pHKH H HCKOTopue Bonpocu npaBonpecMCTBa B u n l M., 1973; SaxapoBa H.B npaBoripecMCTBO rocyaapcTB M., 1973

KojiocoB lO M., KpHBMHKoaa 3.C fleflcTByiomee MeiKflyHapoflHoe npaao M., 1996 T.l - C 4 3 4 ,

gianh dugc dgc lap la mpt tat yeu ma khong phai tuan theo trinh

tu ke thira vi do la quyen tu quyet ciia dan tpc minh tren lanh tho ciia quoc gia minh

Ke thira dieu uoc quoc te a Viet Nam da dugc thuc lign theo cac giai doan Ijch sir: truac nam 1945; 1945-1954; 1954-

1975 va sau nam 1975 Viet Nam da dung tren quan diem khong

ke thira cac dieu uoc quoc te da dugc ky ket bai quoc gia do bp hoac "quoc gia" do quoc gia do bp dung len, ngoai trir cac di^u uoc da dugc ky ket ma c6 Igi cho quoc gia va cho dan sinh Dieu

do da dugc khang dinh trong Tuyen ngon dgc lap rgay

02/9/1945, Chii tich H6 Chi Minh da tuyen b6 vai th^ gia ve nguyen tic ke thira quoc gia va ke thira dieu uoc quoc te ciia 7i#t Nam, do la Viet Nam cham dut tat ca cac moi quan he va <fe quoc Phap va tuyen bo cac hiep uac quoc te ma Phap da ky rfian danh Viet Nam la v6 hieu va chinh thirc tuyen bo cham dirt caic dieu uac no dich da dugc ky ket giua Viet Nam va Phap (ngi^en tic table rasa)

Chiing ta c6 the vien dan mpt so hiep uac sau day:

- Hiep uac (Nham tuit) ngay 05/6/1862 (Hiep uac ^ r n

12 Khoan) ve viec thira nhan vi?c cai quan 3 tinh mien Dinjg thupc nuac Phap, boi thuang tien va ma cac cira bien Da Ning,

Ba Lat va Quang Yen cho Phap thong thuang, cho phep ngiron Phdp va Tay Ban Nha truy^n dao Gia to, bai bo lenh cam Daio truac day va Phap se tra lai tinh VTnh Long cho trieu dinh khii trieu dinh bupc dan chiing thoi chong Phap;

AaaKOB M.M FlpaBonpeeMCTBO OCBOGOAHBIUHXCJI rocyaapcTB M., 1*835,

- C 1 2 7

20

- Hiep uac ngay 15/10/1867 (Hiep uac gom 14 Khoan) ve vice chap nhan nhucmg 6 tinh cho Phap ciing vai chii quyen cac dao Con Lon va Phu Quoc;

- Hiep uac (Giap luat) ngay 15/3/1874 (Hiep uac gom

22 dieu khoan) ve viec dau hang ciia giai cap phong kien Viet Nam, Trieu dinh thuc su thira nhan sir cai tri ciia Phap a xir Nam

Ky, ma cira cac cira bien Thi Nai (Binh Dinh), Ninh Hai (Hai Phong), ma cang song Hong cho nguai Phap thong thuang, tang thOm quyen ban kinh te, xa hpi cho giao hpi Cong giao, cot chat ngoai giao vao nuac Phap;

- Hiep uac Patenotre ngay 06/6/1884 ve viec xoa bo hoan toiin quyen luc ciia che dp phong kien Viet Nam dpc lap'

Cac Hiep uac noi tren da dugc ky ket giira Viet Nam vai Phap ve thiet lap che dp bao ho doi vai Viet Nam

- Hiep uac Nam Ninh nam 1930 ma Phap ky ket vai Trung Quoc nhan danli Viet Nam, ma theo do Phap cho phep chuyen gia Trung Quoc dugc tu do di lai tren Dong Duang khong phu thupc vao nghe nghiep, ITnh vuc boat dong xa hpi va c6 dac quyen nhu nguofi nuac khac';

- Hiep uac Tokyo Phap ky ket thay Viet Nam vai Nhat Ban ngay 06/5/1941 ma theo do Nhat Ban c6 quyen sir dung cac hai cang va cac duang giao thong lien lac a Dong Duong, ciing nhu

1

C6 the dpc them: Tien trinh Ijch sir Viet Nam NXB Giao dye, 2003

tr 211-225; Nguyen Huu Tru Quelques Problemes de Succession d'Etats concemant le Vietnam Bruxelles, 1970 - P 168

Nguyen Huu Tru Quelques Problemes de Succession d'Etats concemant

le Vietnam Bruxelles 1970 - P 168

thira nhan dia vj uu dai dac biet cua Nhat Ban trong quan he kinh

te vai Dong Duong, tuc la Dong Duong la thi truong dpc chi^m cua Nhat Ban'

Ke thira dieu u6c cua Vi^t Nam sau nam 1975 c6 nhung dac

diem rieng Sau giki phong vi?c cong nhan chu the luat quoc te

hoac cong nhan Viet Nam la mpt nha nuac mai thanh lap da khong dugc dat ra do truac d6 Viet Nam dS la mpt quoc gia dpc lap CO chu quyen Dieu d6 da dugc khing dinh ngay sau Cach mang thang Tdm nam 1945, Viet Nam dS tuyen bo voi the giai

ve vifc thanh lap nha nuac Viet Nam Dan chu cpng hoa^, nen

sau nam 1975, Viet Nam chi thuc hi?n kS thira d6i \di cac di^u

uac quoc te

Ke thira dieu u6c quoc te dugc ky ket giCxa "Cpng hoa Viet Nam" vai cac quoc gia khac dugc phan tich tren hai binh dien:

Mot la, cac dilu uac da dugc ky ket giura chinh quyen Sai Gon

vai cac nude Phap, My deu c6 muc dich chung la ch6ng lai Igi ich cua nhan dan Vi?t Nam va img ho chien tranh xam luge;

Hai la, truac nam 1975, cac qu6c gia noi tren c6 quan h? dieu

u6c khong chi vai "Cpng boa Viet Nam" ma ca voi nu6c Vi^t Nam Dan chu cpng boa Do do, sau giai phong nSm 1975, viec

ke thira cdc dieu uoc song phuang da khong dugc dat ra, ma chi

ke thira doi vai cac dieu uoc quoc te da phuang ph6 cap Vi^t Nam da thuc hi?n viec ke thira cac diSu uoc quoc te cua "Cpng

Ti^n trinh Ijch su Vi§t Nam NXB Giao dye, 2003 tr 285

Dpc them.: Luu Van Lgi 50 nam ngo?i giao Vi^t Nam 1945-1995 T§p J Ngo^i giao Vi§t Nam nSm 1945-1975 NXB C6ng an nhSn dSn H., 1996

tr 29-31

22

hoa Viet Nam" ma c6 ban goc dang dugc luu trir tai Lien hgp qu6c theo trinh tu luat dinh'

Truac nam 1975, Viet Nam Dan chii cpng boa va Cpng hoa Nam Viet Nam la thanh vien cua nhieu cong uac quoc te,

vi dM nhu Cong uac Geneve ve bao ve nan nhan chien tranh nam 1949^, sau nam 1976 Viet Nam da ke thira Cong uac nay

va gia nhap mpt so cong uac quoc te khac nhu: cac cong uac ve quyen con nguai^; Dieu uac quoc te ve cam thir vii khi hat nhan trong khi quyen, trong vii tru va duai nuac nam 1963; Dieu uac

ve khong pho bien vii khi hat nhan nam 1968; Dieu uac ve khong bo tri vii khi hat nhan tren ba bien, duai dai duang va trong long dat va cac loai vii khi giet nguai hang loat nam 1971; Cac cong uac ve chong that nghiep, ve dam bao an ninh cho nganh hang khong dan dung va gia nhap nhieu van kien quoc te quan trpng khac'*

Multilateral Trealies Deposited by Secrykry General Status as at 31 December 1981 -N.Y: UN, 1982-P.73

Trong an phdm khoa hpc bang tifing Nga c6 doan vilt: HTO KacacTCH )KeHeBCKHx KOHaeHUMH o samHte npaa jKcpra BOHHU 1949r TO, cMHxaji HcyMecTHUM M HCHyiKHbiM yBeflOMjieHMc o npaBonpecMCTBe, FIpaBHTejibCTao CPB HH(})opMHpoBaao HpaBHTeabcxBO LUaeftuapHH o TOM, HTO C P B

xfuxHerai rocyaapcTBOM-ynacTHHKOM STHX KOHBeHUHft c MOMeHxa

npHcoe/iHHeHHH JIPB K HHM - 1957r., a He PKDB - 1974r

Gom: C6ng u6c ve quyin kinh ti, van hoa va xa hpi nam 1966; Cong xidc

\k cac quy^n chinh trj va dan sir nam 1966; Cong u6c ve xoa bo mpi hinh

thirc phSn bi?t doi xir v6i phu n& nam 1965; Cong u6c ve ngan ngira va trimg trj tpi di€t chung nam 1948; va C6ng udc ve xoa b6 mpi hinh thirc phan bi?t chung tpc nam 1973

Tim dgc them.: Multilateral Trealies Deposited by Secrykry General Status as at 31 December 1982 - N Y : UN, 1983

Sau nam 1975, Viet Nam da thuc hien viec ke thira dieu uac quoc te (ke ca cong ng va tai lieu luu trir) giira chinh quyet Sai Gon vai Phap, Nhat, My tren ca sa quy djnh cua cac cong udfc quoc te (Cong uoc Vienna nam 1978 ve ke thira ciia cac quoc gia doi vai cac dieu uac quoc te va Cong uac Vienna nam 198} ve

ke thira tai san, tai lieu va cong ng quoc gia) Ching ban nhu cac van de ve tai chinh, tai san va cong ng giira chinh quyen Sai j 6 n vai Hoa Ky va vai cac nuac cong nghiep phat trien da dugc gi ai quyet tai Cau lac bp Paris vai ket qua dong thuan, ma theo do Viet Nam dong y ke thira cac khoan ng theo quy djnh ciia lu^t phap quoc te, nhung bao luu ve viec chi chiu trach nhiem ke hi/a

ckc khoan ng ma c6 lien quan den quoc gia va vai dan sinh'

Viec ke thira ve tien va tai san trong quan he song phuHug

giura Viet Nam va Hoa Ky c6 quy mo tuong doi Ion va vai nQi

dung phiic tap ban Sau mgt qua trinh dam phan Viet Nan dta dong y tra cho Hoa Ky nhung khoan tien, tai san thupc t i c h nhiem ciia chinh quyen Sai Gon, nhung theo nguyen tic: /i#t Nam CO trach nhiem tra cac khoan vay ma c6 lien quan true iep den dai song dan sinh va ngugc lai Hoa Ky tra cho Viet >am

Cvi the nhu sau: 1) Cac khoan ng thugc di?n hS trg phat trien (ODA tHii cac nude dong y de Vi?t Nam dugc hoan tra ng qua h^n trong v6n; 3'0 nam, trong d6 12 nam dau chi phai tra lai va lai xuat trong th6i gian loam

ng dugc tinh theo mire uu dai nhdt; 2) Cac khoan ng thuang m^i do /i^t Nam bao lanh tru6c day, cac nu6c dong y cho Vi?t Nam dugc gian mg qua h?n 50% theo phuang thirc hoan tra ng trong vdng 23 nam, trong 16 i6

nam dau chi phai tra lai hoac theo phuang thirc xoa ngay 50% s6ntp

Xem.: Bao Nhin Dan ngay 12/5/1997

24

toan bp tien, tai san ciia chinh quyen Sai Gon cii dang bi phong toa a Hoa Ky'

Chiing ta thay ring, viec ke thira cac dieu uac, cung nhu cac van de ve tai lieu luu triJ va cong ng quoc gia da dugc Viet Nam giai quyet tren ca sa cua luat phap quoc te, ma cu the do la tren

ca sa hai cong uac: Cong uac Vienna nam 1978 ve ke thira ciia cac quoc gia doi vai cac dieu uac quoc te va Cong uac Vienna nam 1983 ve ke thira tai san, tai lieu va cong ng quoc gia

Ke thira dieu uac quoc te o Trung Quoc ciing c6 nhung dac diem tuang tu Chang ban nhu van de ve bien giai, sau khi gianh chinli quyen, Trung Quoc (mai) da tuyen bo xoa bo, khong cong nhan cac dieu uac ve bien giai ma Trung Hoa phong kien da ky ket Trung Quoc cho rang cac dieu uac ma Trung Hoa phong ki«:n da ky ket la bat binh ding Nhung thuc tien lai c6 ngoai le khi Trung Quoc giai quyet cac van de ve bien giai c6 lien quan den cac dieu uac quoc te Trung Quoc va Viet Nam da giai quyet

1

Cdc khoan vay cua Ca quan vien trg phat trien My (USAID) cho bon Du

an da dSu tu 6 miSn Nam Viet Nam do la: He thong cSp nuac Sai G6n, ky nam 1960; He th6ng duiiig sat, ky nam 1960; Thiet bi cho nha may dien sai G6n, ky nam 1961; Chuong trinh trg giiip ky thuat, ky nam 1973; va Hai khoan vay ciia Bp Nong nghi?p My de nhSp khau lua my va nong san

Tren ca sa do, ket qua cu thi dugc giai quyet nhu sau: 1) Ve tien va tai

san hai ben chlm dirt viec phong toa, sau khi bii trir phia Hoa Ky da tra cho Vi?t Nam 158 tri?u USD va Viet Nam da nhan dii khoan tiSn nay; 2) Ve tai san dudi dang nha dat ciing da xir ly xong viec doi, mua va trao tri; 3) Ve cac khoan ng khac hai ben nh4t tri xii ly va ca cau lai ng ma theo d6 Vi?t Nam phai tra so ng g6c va lai qua h?n phat sinh va 153 tri?u USD trong thdi h?n 25 nam, trong d6 16 nam dAu chi phai tra lai v6i lai xu^t uu dai khoang 3% Ben canh d6 Bp Tai chinh My sg c6 trdch nhi^m giup Vi?t Nam tai thiit va phat trien dat nude sau chiSn tranh Xem.: Bao Nhan Dan ngay 12/5/1997

cac van de ve bien giai dua tren ca sa ke thira cac dieu uac c6 lien quan da dugc ky ket giira nha Thanh vai Phap (nhan danh Viet Nam) Do la Cong uac Hoach dinh bien gidi giira nha Trung Quoc va Phap ky ngay 26/6/1887 va Cong uoc bo sung Cong uac Hoach dinh bien giai ky ngay 20/6/1895 cimg cac van kien

va ban do hoach dinh va cam moc kem theo da dugc Cong uac

va Cong uac bo sung noi tren xac nhan hoac quy dinh'

Sau Cach mang thang Muai nam 1917, Lien X6 da tuyen bo xoa bo gan bet cac cac dieu uac quoc te ma Nga Hoang da ky vai nuac ngoai, chi ke thira cac dieu uoc da ky ket voi mpt so quoc gia c6 anh huang true tiep den vi^c xay dung va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi hoac phuc vu cho quan he doi ngoai cua Lien X6,

vi du nhu Tho NhT Ky, Iran, Apganixtan, Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban,

My v.v Sau nam 1991, Cong dong cac quoc gia dpc lap (SNG)

da dam phan va ky dieu uac ve ke thira doi voi Lien X6, theo do cac khoan ng cua Lien X6 da dugc 15 nuac cpng boa ciing ke thua vdi cac ty le khac nhau: Nga 61,34%; Ucraina 16,37%; Beloruxia 4,13%; Udobekixtan 3,27%; Cadacxtan 3,86%; Grudia 1,62%; Adecbaidan 1,64%; Litva 1,41%; Mondavia 1,29%; Latvia 1,14%; Cudoguxtan 0,95%; Tatgikixtan 0,82%; Amenhia 0,86%; Tuocmextan 0,70%; Extinia 0,62%^

Nga da tu nguyen thuc hien cac dieu uoc quoc te dang con

hieu lye ma Lien X6 da ky kh, tuc la ke thira cac dieu uac ciia

Dpc them.: Nguyen Hong Thao NhOiig v^n de phap ly trong ph5n djnh dudng bien gidi dat lien Vi6t-Trung T^p chf Nha nude va Phap luat 2009 3(251), tr 65-71

KoaocoB KD.M., KpHBHHKoaa 3.C flettcTayiomee MOKayHapoflHoe npaBO B 3-x TOMax M.: H3a-B0, MHHMH, 1996-1997 TOM 1, -C.479

26

nhii nuac X6 viet truac do, dac biet la cac dieu uac ve quyen con nguai Dieu do da dugc the hien khi Bp Ngoai giao Nga da tuyen

bo ve viec Nga tiep tuc thuc hien cac quyen va nghia vu trong cac di^u uac quoc te ciia Lien X6 dang c6 hieu lire' Nam 1991, theo thoa thuan giira cac quoc gia trong khoi SNG, Tong thong Nga da giri Cong ham cho Tong thu ky Lien hgp quoc ve viec Nga ke thira ghi ciia Lien X6 tai Lien hgp quoc va tai Hpi dong liao an Lien hgp quoc

Ke thira la mot che dinh phap luat quoc te^ rat phuc tap, cac ijuy pham cua no trong mpt thai gian dai luon c6 tinh chat la cac quy pham tap quan, nhung cimg vai su phat trien tien bp ciia luat ciuOc te thi che dinh nay da dugc phap dien boa trong cac Cong

iroc qu6c ik c6 tinh pho bien toan cau Cu the d6 la Cong uac

Vienna nam 1978 ve ke thira dieu uac quoc te, ke ca ke thira dieu uac da phuang, dieu uoc sang lap to chuc quoc te va dieu uac dugc thong qua trong pham vi cua to chuc quoc te Viec ke thira dieu uac quoc te trong thuc tien rat da dang, tuy theo timg dieu kien va hoan canh lich sir phat trien cu the ciia timg quoc gia, ciing nhu quan he cua quoc gia do vai the giai ben ngoai de bg giai quyet van de ve ke thira dieu uoc quoc te va cac van de quoc

te khac c6 lien quan Tat nhien, ke thira dieu uac nen dugc giai quyet tren ca sa cac nguyen tac va cac quy pham da dugc cong

n h ^ chung ciia luat quoc te Che dinh ke thira dieu uac quoc te

da gdp phan khong nho trong viec binh on trat tu phap ly quoc te

vi boa binh, hgp tac va sir phat trien

Me)KayHapoaHoe ny6.nHMHoe npaao M.: FIpocneKT, 2004 - C.180-181

D^'c them.: Le Van Binh Ch^ djnh ke thira trong lu$t qu6c tk Tap chi

Nha nude va Phap luat Vien Khoa hpc XS hpi Vi?t Nam 2006 8(220),

tr 70-76

Nhu vay, LutSl dieu udc quoc te (law of treaties) - la tgp

hap cac quy pham dieu chinh hogt dong cua cac chii the luat quoc te trong qua trinh ky ket, thuc hien, gidi thich, chdm dut vd tarn ngieng hieu luc cita cac dieu udc quoc te Ban chat ciia kiiai

niem nay da cho chiing ta thay rang, luat dieu uac quoc te khong chi don thuan la mpt nganh luat, ma la mpt nganh luat then chot

CO tinh chat "xuyen suot" giira he thong phap luat quoc te Nhung quy pham rieng cua nganh luat nay c6 y nghia dac bi?t quan trpng doi vai viec ky ket cac dieu uac quoc te Do ciing chinh la phuang phap ca ban nhat va pho bien nhat tao ra (hoac xay dung nen) cac nguon ciia cac nginh luat va cac che djnh phap luat khac nhau ciia he thong phap luat quoc te

Chiing ta c6 the khing dinh tarn quan trpng ciia nganh luat nay trong quan he quoc te thong qua phan n6i dau ciia hai cong uac: Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 va Cong uac Vienna nim 1986: "Cac quy pham ciia luat tap quan quoc te se tiep tuc dieu chinh cac van de ma cac van de do chua dugc quy dinh trong cac dieu khoan ciia Cong uac nay" Can nhan manh lai la ban chat ciia dieu uac quoc te la su thoa thuan cua cac ben dieu uac Sv thoa thuan do ciing chinh la phuang phap duy nhat de xay dung cac quy pham luat quoc te Neu phan tich rpng han thi khong chi

la cac quy pham dieu uoc ma ca cac quy pham tap quan, sir khac nhau giira cac quy pham nay chi la trong qua trinh xay dimg v^ hinh thuc ton tai cua chiing DiSu uac quoc te c6 gia tri phdp ly

va dugc the hi?n tren cac binh di?n:

1 La hinh thirc phap lu^t ca ban c6 chura d\mg cdc quy pham luat quoc te;

2 La phuang tien dam bao quan he hgp tac giii-a cac qu6c gia;

28

3 La CO sa phap ly quy dinh ve quyen va trach nhiem (hoac nghia vu) cua cac chii the luat quoc te;

4 La nguon va la nguon ca ban trong he thong cac quy pbiim phap luat quoc te

Nhu vay, luat dieu uoc quoc te - la toan bp cac van de lien quan den sir hinh thanh cac dieu uac quoc te, nhu: cong viec chuan bj dieu uac quoc te, ky ket dieu uac quoc te va viec thuc hien dieu uac quoc te sau khi ky Npi dung ciia luat dieu uac quoc te chiia dung cac hanh vi phap ly, cac quy tac, thii tuc dieu chinh qua trinh hinh thanh dieu uac quoc te' Cac quy pham dieu irdc quoc te da dat dugc bang each thuc dong thuan ciia cac ben tham gia, chiing se dugc ghi nhan bing van ban, cu the, ro rang, khong map mo va khong the tu y thay doi

Khi nghien ciru luat dieu uac quoc te, chiing ta can hieu ro khai niem ve cac thuat ngu da dugc ghi nhan trong Dieu 2 Cong uac Vienna nam 1969, do la: "dieu uac", "phe chuan", "chap thuan", "phe duyet", "gia nhap", "uy quy6n", "bao luu", "cac quoc gia tham gia dam phan", "cac quoc gia ky ket", "ben tham gia", "quoc gia thu ba", "to chiic quoc te" Theo y kien cua Giao su A.N Talalaev, viec dinh nghTa cac thuat ngir phap luat quoc te luon CO y nghia rat quan trpng vi cac thuat ngij luon gan vai dac tinh chiic nang ciia chiing va quan trpng ban la viec ap dung

Doi khi ngudi ta dua ra sir khac nhau gxQa cac khai ni?m nhu "luat ve dieu

udc" va "lu|it ve hgp dong" Nhung cuoi ciing thi dd la tong the, la s6 lugng cac quy pham phap lu§t dugc chira di/ng (ho^c ghi nhan) trong cac dieu udc quoc te

diing cac dieu khoan cua Cong uac trong viec thi hanh dieu uac quoc te'

Nhieu quoc gia da ban hanh luat ve dieu u6c quoc te cua quoc gia minh Ching ban nhu: Luat Ky ket, gia nhap va thyrc hi?n dieu uoc quoc te nam 2005 cua nuac Cpng hoa x5 hpi chu nghia Vi?t Nam nam 2005 (sau day gpi tit la Luat Ky kSt, gia nh§p va thuc hi?n dieu uac quoc te nam 2005); Luat vd trinh t\r

ky ket dieu uac quoc te cua Cpng boa nhan dan Trung Hoa nam 1990; Luat ve dieu uac quoc te cua Lien bang Nga ngay 15/7/1995 v.v Cac luat cua cac quoc gia noi tren deu dugc ban hanh phii hgp vai cac quy pham cua Cong uac Vierma nam 1969

va Cong uac Vienna nam 1986^

Dieu 2 Cong uac Vieiuia nam 1969 da dua ra khai ni?m ve dieu uac quoc te Theo do, dieu uoc quoc te "c6 nghia la thoa thuan quoc te dugc ky ket giira cac quoc gia duai dang van ban

va dugc dieu chinh bing luat quoc te, khong phu thupc vao vi?c thoa thuan do dugc ghi nhan trong mpt vSn b ^ ho^c trong hai hay mpt so van ban c6 lien quan voi nhau, dong thai khong phy thupc vao ten gpi cu the cua no"

Nghien cuu khai ni?m ve dieu uoc quoc te t^i Dieu 2 Cong uac Vienna nam 1969, chiing ta c6 the phan tich npi dung cua khai ni?m nay tren ca sa cac binh lu|in sau:

' Taaaaaea A.H BeHCKaa KoHseHuiu o npase McwayHapoAHbix aoroBopoB KoMMeHxapHfl M., 1997 - C 10

2 KoMMCHTapHft K OcacpajibHOMy saKOHy "O MOKayHapoaHux aoroBopax PoccHflcKoB OeaepauHH" - M.: "CnapK", 1996

30

Thilr nhat, nhu tren da noi ket qua thoa thuan cuoi ciing ciia

cac (]u6c gia chinh la dieu uac quoc te va dugc ky ket bang van ban giira cac quoc gia do Hay noi mpt each khac, thoa thuan va ban chat thoa thuan the hien ban chat phap ly ciia dieu uac quoc

te va hieu lire ciia no;

Thii- hai, thoa thuan do dugc dieu chinh bang luat quoc te

Digu do CO nghTa la hien nay tat ca cac dieu uac quoc te do cac qu6c gia ky ket phai dua tren (hoac phii hgp vai) cac quy pham

da dugc quy dinh trong Cong uac Vienna nam 1969 Cong uac nay la nguon ciia luat quoc te dieu chinh cac quan he ve dieu uac qu6c te Dieu uac quoc te - la the hien sir dong y mgt each ro rang giira cac quoc gia ve mpt (hoac cac) van de nao do ma bp quan tam Vay, vai dieu kien nhu the nao thi thoa thuan se la mpt dieu uoc quoc te (nguon ciia luat quoc te) hoac khong dugc xem

la mpt dieu uac quoc te (khong la nguon ciia luat quoc te)?

Chiing ta c6 the chiing minh cho van de nay bang cac vi du th\rc tien sau day: Giao su E.H Arecbac (Urugoay) da khang dinh rang khi mpt quoc gia mua mpt toa nha hoac la mpt khu dat cho Dai Sir quan cua minh, thi trong truong hgp nay thoa thuan dugc ky giira quoc gia c6 Dai Su quan vai chinh quyen nude sa tai s2 dugc dieu chinh bing phap luat cua mgt trong hai quoc gia

do (theo thoa thuan giura cac ben) Van ban dugc thuc hien la m()t dang hgp dong va nhu vay, trong truong hgp nay, hgp dong do khong the la mgt dieu uoc quoc te Mpt vi du khac, Phap chuyen mpt phan nho lanh tho ciia minh cho Thuy SI voi muc dich ma rpng san bay Gio-ne-vo Thoa thuan nay dugc ky ket sS duoi dang la mpt dieu uoc quoc te, boi vi doi tugng dieu chinh

trong thoa thuan nay la sir chuyen nhugng mpt phan lanh tho ciia mpt quoc gia c6 chu quyen'

Thuc tien boat dong tu phap cua Toa an quoc te Lien hgp quoc ciing xuat hien van de ve viec cong nhan (hoac khong cong nhan) mpt thoa thuan quoc te la mpt dieu uac quoc te Mpt trong nhimg vi du c6 tinh chat dien hinh do la vu viec ve quoc biiai hoa Cong ty dau lira Anh-Iran Cu the la, nam 1933, Iran va Cong ty dau lira ky dieu uac quoc te nhucmg quyen Nam 1952, Chinh phu Iran quoc hiiru hoa Cong ty nay Anh quoc da tuyen bo ring van ban quoc te ma hai ben da ky ket la mpt dieu uoc quoc te, dieu do CO nghia la thoa thuan quoc te da dugc ky ket c6 tinh

chat "luong tinh": Mot la, thoa thuan quoc te do chinl* la mot

dieu uoc quoc te dugc ky ket giiia Chinh phii Iran va Cong ty

dau lira; Hai la, thoa thuan quoc te do ciing chinh la mpt dieu

uoc quoc te da dugc ky ket giura hai Chinh phii: Anh va Iran Anh da dua vu viec nay ra Toa an quoc te Lien hgp quoc Nhung Toa an quoc te Lien hgp quoc da khong thu ly vu viec noi tren,

vi Toa an quoc te Lien hgp quoc cho rang thoa thuan quoc te ma hai ben da ky ket chi la mpt dang Hgp dong giii-a Cong ty Anh-Iran va Chinh phii Iran Do do, van ban do khong phai la mot dieu uoc quoc te;

Thir ba, cac ben da thoa thuan gi trong van ban dieu udc d

day y muon noi ring, sau khi ky ket dieu uoc quoc t6 cac ben c6

the trao doi vdi nhau cac van ban do, c6 the bao gom cac hire thu

va cac buc cong ham Sau do c6 thS la cac tai lieu kem theo di(;u

3ayapao XHMCHec ae Apenara CoBpeMCHHoe MOKaynapoaHoe npaao M.: Oporpecc, 1983 - C 62

32

uidc quoc te, trong do quy dinh cu the ve npi dung cac dieu khoan CC7 ban ciia dieu udc quoc te Vi du, trong Nghj dinh thu kem theo Dieu uac ve cam toan dien viec thir vu khi hat nhan ngay 2(5/9/1996, da quy dinh cac quy pham ve he thong giam sat, danh

gi a va du bao quoc te (monitoring, MOHHTOPHHF), ve thanh tra tai cho va cac bien phap ciing c6 long tin Cac phu luc, cac nghj

di nh thu kem theo van ban dieu udc la nhung phan khong tach rcYJ ciia dieu udc quoc te;

Thir tir, thoa thuan khong phu thupc vao ten ggi cu the ciia vim ban O day y muon noi den thuat ngtir "dieu udc" la khai

niiem "md" Ten ggi ciia dieu udc quoc te c6 the rat khac nhau, tiiy thupc vao y chi va npi dung ma cac ben dam phan nhugng bg v^ thoa hiep

Do dd, ten gpi ciia cac van ban quoc te trong timg truong hgrp cu the, c6 the la: dieu udc, cong udc, thoa thuan, hiep udc, hiiep dinh, hien chuong, hien udc, quy che, nghi dinh thu, tuyen bc) chung, tuyen bo, thong cao chung, ban ghi nhd v.v (the cc)ntract, the treatise, the agreement, the convention, the charter, thie statute, the pact, the protocol, the declaration, the communique, thie memorandum )'

Dieu udc khong phu thupc vao ten gpi, chi phu thupc vao y cbii ciia cac ben dam phan, ky ket va ket qua cuoi ciing la cac ben cding nhan sir rang bupc ciia minh doi vdi cac cam ket dd trong quan he vdi nhau Ben canh do, ten gpi ciia dieu udc quoc te doi

C6n cd ca ten ggi la Concordats, tire la cac dieu udc Vatican ky kit \k cac

\kn de ton giao (cac loai dieu udc nay cd Xhk dugc ky ket giCta Giao hoang

vdi m^t quoc gia nao dd)

khi con phu thupc vao doi tugng va miic dp phat trien quan he

gixjta cac quoc gia (vi du, phu thupc vao cap dp quan he hgp tac

giura cac quoc gia ma bg se dat quan he ngoai giao hoac la d cap dai sir quan, hoac la d cap lanh sir, hoac la d cap tong lanh sir) van ban vdi ten ggi true tiep la dieu udc quoc te, thudng trong thuc tien quan he quoc te dd la cac dieu udc chinh tri ve hiru nghj va hgp tac Dieu udc quoc te loai nay la quan trgng nhat, thudng dugc ky ket nhan danh nha nude va ky ket vdi dieu kien phai phe chuan Day la mgt dau hieu quan trgng de chiing ta phan bi?t vi tri ciia cac van ban cd ten gpi true tiep la cac dif^u udc quoc te so vdi c^c van ban quoc te cd cac ten gpi khac Dieu nay cung hoan toan phii hgp vdi y djnh ciia Uy ban Luat quoc te Lien hgp quoc khi soan thao Du thao cac dieu khoan ve luat dieu udc quoc te'

Phap luat quoc gia ciing quy dinh phe chuan doi vdi cac dieu udc quoc te quan trpng Chang han, theo Luat Ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien dieu udc quoc te nam 2005 ciia Viet Nam,

ngoai sir phe chuan dugc thoa thuan quy dinh trong dieu udc

quoc te, cac dieu udc phe chuan la cac dieu udc nhan danh Nha nude Con cac dieu udc nhan danh Chinh phii chi phe chuan khi trong npi dung cd dieu khoan trai vdi quy dinh trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat ciia Quoc hpi, Uy ban Thudng vu Quoc hdi, hoac cd lien quan den ngan sach nha nude (Dieu 31) Luat ve dieu udc quoc te Lien bang Nga nam 1995 quy dinh cu the hom, tuc la cac dieu udc quoc te ky nhan danh Lien bang Nga thi ducrc gpi la dieu udc quoc te (Dieu 15)

' Binh Iti^n doi vdi Dieu 1 (khoan 1)// Doc A/4169

3 4

Thoa thuan (The agreement) dugc ky ket thudng la cac van

dc vc kinh te, ve khoa hpc - ky thuat va ca trong cac ITnh vuc kiioa hpc va van boa Cong udc (The convention) cung dugc ky k<5t ve cac van de chuyen mon (nganh, ITnh vuc) nhu kinh te, phap luat va nhan van The charter, the statute, the pact, the protocol, the declaration, the communique, the memorandum -cung la ten gpi ciia cac loai van ban quoc te khac nhau, nhung thuimg la cac van ban sang lap (hoac thanh lap) cac to chiic quoc te,, cac CO quan quoc te, hoac cung c6 the la mpt dieu udc quoc te

vc mpt ITnh vuc nao dd, hoac van ban ghi nhan cac ket qua trong ciac Ian gap go giCra cac nguyen thii quoc gia v.v Vi du Thong ctao chung (the communique) thudng dugc thiet lap trong cac Ian g^p go giura cac nguyen thu quoc gia nham ghi nhan ket qua (hoac cac thoa hiep) da dat dugc ve cac Ian gap go do

Sir phat trien ngay cang tang cac quan he ngoai giao da ty le thuan vdi cac cupc dam phan va cac hpi nghi Dieu do cung dan dicn sir gia tang the loai Thong cao chung va vai tro ciia loai hiinh van ban nay Thong cao chung cd the nham thuc hien cac clhirc nang khac nhau nhu:

- Chiic nang thong tin, tiic la thong bao cho cac quoc gia klhac biet ve ket qua cac cupc dam phan;

- Chuc nang quy pham, dugc quy dinh trong npi dung cac qiuyet dinh va cac thoa thuan da dat dugc

Nhu vay, cimg vdi viec dan chii boa cac quan he quoc te thi

clhirc nang thir nhat cd y nghia dac biet quan trgng Vi du nhu: ^'-

- Thong cao chung giira Hoa Ky va Trung Quoc ngay

1 7/11/2009 da de cap den rat nhieu van de, trong do c6 nbac den

cac thoa hiep da dat dugc trong cac Ian gap nhau trudc dd giila cac nguyen thii cua hai quoc gia (do la Thong cao chung Thugng Hai giura My-Trung Quoc ngay 28/02/1972; Thong cao chung giira Hoa Ky - Trung Quoc ngay 01/01/1979 ve thiet lap quan he chinh thiirc Hoa Ky - Trung Quoc; Thong cao chung giira Hoa Ky

- Trung Quoc ngay 17/8/1982 ve viec Hoa Ky giam dan ban vii khi cho Dai Loan)

Doi khi Thong cao chung con cd y nghia nhim bo sung cho viec thuc hien cac nhiem vu khac nhd Thong cao chung dd Chang ban nhu, Trung Quoc da diing hinh thiic Thong cao chung

de giai quyet van de Dai Loan Theo dd, nam 1972, Trung Qudc

va Hoa Ky da ky Thong cao chung Thugng Hai (Sanghai), trong

do de cap den nhieu van de ma hai ben quan tam Sau do, hai ben

da nhieu Ian nhan manh tam quan trpng ciia Thong cao chung nay, cung nhu viec thuc thi npi dung cua Thong cao chung dd Tam quan trpng cua Thong cao chung dugc nhan manh khi lanh dao Trung Quoc tuyen bo (vao thang 8 nam 1977) rang cac quan

he vdi Hoa Ky se tot ban chi trong dieu kien thuc hien Thong cao chung nay', con phia My thi tuyen bo rang Hoa Ky se xem xet cac nguyen tac trong Thong cao chung Thugng hai^

Ngoai ra, con nhieu hinh thiirc Thong cao chung khac nhu: Thong cao chung Armenia - Tho Nhl Ky ve thiet lap quan he song phuang va md ciia bien gidi ngay 02/9/2009; hoac Thong cao chung Viet Nam - Campuchia ve tang cuong hgp tac va phat trien d cac tinh bien gidi hai nude ngay 06/6/2009 Trong th\rc

f

' The Times 1977 Aug 23

^ Hpaaaa 1977 24 asrycTa

36

tien quoc te Thong cao chung doi khi con dugc diing de lam thay doi npi dung ciia cac dieu udc quoc tc bang each tranh ne ihu tuc hien phap Vi du nhu, Hoa Ky da sir dung Thong cao chung de sira doi cac dieu udc chinh tri ma khong cd sir dong y ciia Thugng vien ve dieu do

Ban ghi nhd (the memorandum) la van ban chung giira cac quoc gia, tiiy theo timg hoan canh ma no cd the la dieu udc qudc

te hoac la sir thoa thuan ve chinh tri Chiing ta c6 the tham khao tam quan trpng cua no thong qua cac vi du sau day:

- Ban ghi nhd giura Chinh phii nude Cpng boa xa hpi chii ng;hia Viet Nam va Doi tac qudc te ve viec thiet lap quan he doi tac cap nude va ve sinh nong thdn dugc ky ket ngay 15/5/2006;

- Ban ghi nhd thoa thuan giira Chinh phu nude Cpng boa xa hcii chu nghia Viet Nam va To chirc Giao due, Khoa hpc va Van h6a ciia Lien hgp qudc (2005-2010) dugc ky ngay 27/7/2005;

- Bien ban ghi nhd ve hgp tac qudc te trong tham dinh gidng caiy trong giiia Cue Trong trpt, Bp Nong nghiep va Phat trien N'ong thdn, Cpng hoa xa hgi chu nghia Vict Nam va Tong cue sam xuat nong nghiep, Bp Nong Lam Ngu nghiep Nhat Ban dugc kjykatngay 15/10/2007;

- Ban ghi nhd giira Viet Nam va Campuchia ve thuang mai biien gidi dugc ky ket ngay 17/3/2009; Ban ghi nhd giiia Miyanmar va Lao ve mien thi thuc dugc ky ket ngay 20/11/2009^;

BeaoHoroB A.M Beaufl aoM H KanHxoaHfi - napTHepu H conepHHKH M., 1974.-C 167

1TXVN/Vietnam+

Cactuyen bo

- Tuyen bd Bang Cdc nam 1967 ve thanh lap ASEAN;

- Tuyen bd Ma-ni-la nam 1987 nhim bay to quyet tam cua cac nude ASEAN tiep tuc thuc day va cimg cd doan ket va hgp tac khu vuc, giai quyet cac tranh chap bang bien phap boa binh, diy manh bon nira hgp tac kinh te, khuyen khich khu vuc tu nhan tham gia vao hgp tac ASEAN (thong qua tai Hpi nghi Cap cao ASEAN lin thir III nam 1987);

- Tuyen bd ciia ASEAN ve xay dung Hien chuong ASEAN nam 2005 (thong qua tai Hpi nghi Cip cao ASEAN lin thii XI); Tuyen bd ve cac nguyen tic co ban trong cac quan he giiia Lien bang Nga va Vuong qudc Dan Mach nam 1994 "500 nam boa binh va tinh hixu nghi";

- Tuyen bo Ha Npi cua ASEAN nam 1998 (thong qua tai Hpi nghi Cap cao ASEAN lin thir VI tai Ha Npi); Tuyen bd Xe-bu ve

dk cuong xay dung Hien chuong ASEAN, Tuyen bo ASEAN ve

bao ve va ihiic day quyen ciia ngudi lao dong nhap cu;

- Tuyen bd Xe-bu, Philippin (nam 2007) ve hudng tdi mpt Cpng dong diim bpc va chia se, Tuyen bd Xe-bu ve day nhanh thoi ban hinh thanh Cpng dong ASEAN vao 2015;

- Tuyen bd ciia phien hpp dac biet cap cao ASEAN-12 ve HIV/AIDS (thong qua tai Hpi nghi Cip cao ASEAN lin thir XII, nam 2007); Tuyen bd Singapore ve mdi truong, nang lugng v^ dien doi khi hau (thong qua tai Hpi nghi Cap cao Dong A - EAS Ian thir 3, nam 2007) v.v

40

Cdc tuyen bo chung

- Tuyen bd chung giira ASEAN va Chinh phii Nga ve hgp

tac irong dau tranh chong khiing bd qudc te ngay 02/7/2004;

- Tuyen bd chung giira nude Cpng hda xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam va Cpng hda Mdn-do-va ngay 28/02/2003;

- Tuyen bd chung ciia ASEAN ve chong khung bd nam

2001 (thong qua tai Hpi nghi cap cao ASEAN Ian thii VII); Tuyen bd chung ve hgp tac Dong A Ian 2 (thong qua tai Hpi nghi

c i p cao ASEAN+3 nam 2007) v.v

Nhu vay, Tuyen bd chung rat da dang va d5 de cap den nhieu van de quan he qudc te quan trpng song phuong ciing nhu

da phuang Trong Ian tham chinh thiirc Viet Nam ciia Chii tich

1 rung Qudc Ho Cam Dao nam 2005, hai nha nude da khang dinh trong Tuyen bd chung nhieu van de quan trpng nhu: cong tac phan gidi cim mdc bien gidi tren dat lien, quy che quan ly bien gidi va cac van de quan trpng khac nhim thuc hien "Tuyen bd ve each img xir cua cac ben d Bien Dong (DOC)" '

Quy che (The statute) va Hien u-dc (The pact, conventio) cdn dugc diing lam ten ggi ciia cac the loai van ban quan trpng khac Vi du nhu, The Statut dugc dimg lam ten gpi cho Quy che Tdu an qudc te Lien hgp qudc The pact cdn dugc diing lam ten gpi cho cac van ban: Cong udc Lien hgp qudc nam 1966 ve cac quygn dan sir va chinh tri va Cong udc Lien hgp qudc nam 1966

ve kinh te, van hda va xa hpi v.v

Phip luat Vi?t Nam So 263 (2.733), ngay 03.11.2005, tr 3