Ebook luật điều ước quốc tế phần 2

Vi dy, rong Luat Ky kit, gia nhap va thyc hien dilu udc quoc tl nam ZO'OS ciia Viet Nam gpi la "thuc hien dilu udc qudc tl" Chuong VIII; Luat ve cac dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga nam 19

CHlfONG TV

THirC HIEN DIEU iTdC QUOC TE

1 THI HANH DIEU \S6c QUOC TE

2 GIAI THICH DIEU \S6c QUOC TE

3 BO SUNG VA Sl/A DOI DIEU UCJC QUOC TE

1 Thi hanh dieu u-dc quoc te

Giai doan thyc hien dieu udc qudc te dugc bit dau sau khi dieu udc cd hieu luc Ddi khi, dieu udc qudc te cd the dugc ap dyng trudc khi nd cd hieu lyc Trudng hgp nay dugc ggi la ap dyng tam thdi dieu udc qudc te Dieu 25 Cdng udc Vienna nam

1969 quy djnh rang, dieu udc qudc te hoac mpt phan cua dieu udc qudc te dugc ap dyng tcun thdi trudc khi dieu udc dd cd hipu lyc neu: dieu dd dugc quy djnh ngay trong dieu udc qudc te boic cac qudc gia tham gia dam phan da thda thuan vdi nhau ve dieu nay bing mpt each khac nao dd

Dilu udc quoc te bit dau cd hipu luc cd nghia la dilu udc quAc te dd da chinh thirc rang budc phap ly ddi vdi cac thanh vien cua nd va neu cac thanh vien cua dieu udc qudc te vi pham

cac dieu khoan ciia dieu udc dd se gay ra nhimg hau qua plap ly qudc te nhat dinh

O tren, chiing ta da de cap den sy can thiet phai gii l\i\i

chieu dieu udc qudc te Noi luu chieu dieu udc qudc te ciing thiyc hipn nhirng chiic nang rieng lien quan den thyc hipn diei udc qudc te Chang ban nhu luu trir ban gdc dieu udc qudc te, s«o luc

cd chiing thyc dieu udc qudc te, thdng tin ve dieu udc qidc t l cho cac ben tham gia (ke ca trudng hgp khdng la thanh vier d i l u udc qudc te nhung mudn gia nhap dieu udc dd) ndi chung /a ve thdi gian dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc v.v

Thuat ngii thyc hien dieu udc qudc te dugc van durg rat khac nhau trong thyc tien Chang ban nhu: thyc hien, thi lainh, thyc thi, trien khai, ap dung, tuan thii, chap hanh v.v >o>ng khoa hpc phap ly qudc te va trong cac an pham dao tao chra bd sung them (hoac thdng nhat hda) cac hinh thirc thyc hien ngiitem ngat cac quy pham cua luat phap qudc te nhu trong ly luan ciumg

ve phap luat (tuan thu, thyc hien, su dung, ap dung)'

Cdn ve phan cac van ban quy pham phap luat, d cac qiudc gia khac nhau, sii dyng cac thuat ngir khac nhau Vi dy, ro)ng Luat Ky kit, gia nhap va thyc hien dilu udc quoc tl nam ZO'OS ciia Viet Nam gpi la "thuc hien dilu udc qudc tl" (Chuong VIII); Luat ve cac dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga nam 1995 gpi li "thi hanh cac dieu udc qudc te" (Chuong IV); Cdng udc Vienna nlSm

1969, tai Phin III cd ten gpi la "tuan thu, ap dyng va ".NIhu

' OcMHHHH B.H npHHHXHe H pcaaicamw rocyaapcxBaMH Me)KayHap(aHU.ix aoroBopHWX odaaaxeatcxB M., 2006

vay Cong udc Vienna nam 1969 lai tach rieng thanh cac dieu khoan ve tuan thii cac dieu udc (Chuong 1, Phan 111), gom cac dieu: "pacta sunt servanda" (Dieu 26); va "luat qudc gia va tuan thii cac dieu udc" (Dieu 27) Hoac ap dyng cac dieu udc (Chirimg 11, Phan 111) gom cac dieu tir 28-30 Tuan thu cac dieu udc qudc te trong dd bao gdm ca nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda (dieu udc can phai dugc tuan thii) va phap luat trong nude Dieu

nay cd nghia la mdi dieu udc qudc te hien hanh (cd hieu lyc) da

n"mg huge quyen va nghia vy cac thanh vien ciia dieu udc vdi dieu udc do va hp phai ty nguyen thyc hien dieu udc dd (Dieu 26) Cac thanh vien (ben tham gia) dieu udc qudc te khdng the vien dan vao cac dieu khoan cua phap luat qudc gia minh de bien minh cho viec khdng tuan thu dieu udc qudc te (Dieu 27)

Ap dyng cac dieu udc qudc te trong Cdng udc Vienna nam

1969 dugc quy djnh tai cac dieu: "cac dieu udc khdng cd hieu lyc hoi to" (Dieu 28); "hieu lyc cac dieu udc theo pham vi lanh thd" (Dieu 29); va "ap dyng ke tiep dieu udc lien quan den ciing mgt van de" (Dieu 30) Hoac, ndi mgt each khac, viec ap dyng dieu udc qudc te - dd la sy thyc hien cac quyen va trach nhiem mdi phat sinh trong cac dieu kien cu the cua qudc gia hoac la qudc te

Cac qudc gia khi thi hanh cac dilu udc quoc te can can cir vao hai nguyen tic: ty nguyen thi hanh cac cam ket theo luat qudc te va cac dieu udc phai dugc tuan thii Dac diem cua cac nguyen tSc nay dugc the hipn d cho: cd su ddng y mgt each ty do, ty nguyen, trung thyc, cdng bing, thien chi, tdn trgng cac cam ket Ty nguyen thi hanh cac cam ket qudc te tir phia cac qudc gia co nghia la cac qudc gia can phai thi hanh cac cam kit ma chinh minh da ky ket, tham gia hoSc gia nhap, tiic la cac cam ket dd phai:

- Phil hgp vdi Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc va cac cam ket theo Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc cd hieu lyc hon va dugc uu tien

- Phap luat trong nude ciia cac qudc gia can phai phii hgrp

vdi cac cam ket phkp ly ciia minh theo luat quoc te'

Pacta sunt servanda (Dieu 26), cd nghia la moi dieu udc cd hieu lyc hien hanh deu rang budc vdi cac ben tham gia va cac ben phai ty nguyen thi hanh dieu udc dd Day cd the la nguySn tic cd kinh nhat, nen mdng nhat cua luat dieu udc qudc tl ndi rieng va toan bd he thdng luat qudc te ndi chung Nguyen tic nay xuat hien cimg vdi luat qudc te Khdng cd nguyen tic nay thi khdng the cd luat qudc te va viec hgp tac qudc te ciing khdng tdn tai Vipc hgp tac qudc te tren co sd ky cac dieu udc qudc te se

Lu|t quoc tl d day y ndi din cac nguyen tic eo bin cua nd ma nOi dung dupe ghi nh§n trong cac van bin quoc tl: Tuyen b6 vl cac nguyen tic ca ban Iu§t quoc tl ngay 24/10/1970 dilu chinh quan h$ h&u nghj va hpp tdc gitta cac qu6c gia phii hpp vdi Hiin chuong Li€n hpp qu6c; va trong vftn ban Kit l u ^ cua Hpi nghj vl an ninh va hpp tic chSu Au nam 1975 (trong Giap trinh Lu§t qu6c tl cua Khoa Lu§t tryc thu^c D?i hpc Quoc gia Ha NOi NXB D?i hpc Qu6c gia Ha NOi H., 1997 thi gpi la Djnh udc cu6i cung cCia Hpi nghj Henxinky nSm 1975 vl an ninh va hpp tac ciia cac nude chSu Au

tr 42-43; trong Giao trinh Lu$t qudc tl ciia Tnrdng D^i hpc Lu|it Ha NOi NXB Cdng an NhSn dSn H., 2005 thi gpi la Djnh udc Henxinky ngAy 01/8/1975 vl an ninh va hpp tic cac nude chSu Au tr 40.)

khdng cd y nghia neu khdng cd sy tuan thu cac dieu udc da ky ket tir phia cac ben cua cac dieu udc dd Cac qudc gia nghiem chirih tuan thii va thi hanh mpt each ty nguyen cac cam kit dieu udc quoc te la phuang tien quan trpng de phat trien cac quan he hda binh va than thien, cung nhu dam bao an ninh qudc te Day

la nguyen tac da dugc nhieu nha khoa hpc - luat qudc te tren the gidi quan tam, nghien ciru va ndi dung ciia nguyen tic nay cdng

bd trong nhieu an pham khoa hpc'

Ndi dung ciia nguyen tac "pacta sunt servanda" la quy dinh cac quyen va nghia vy cd di cd lai giiia cac ben ciia dieu udc qudc te Dieu dd cd nghia la:

- Dieu udc qudc te can phai dugc thi hanh, khdng phu thugc vao cac sy kien ben trong va ben ngoai dieu udc, ngoai trir trong tnrdng hgp bat kha khang (vi dy, cd sy thay ddi can ban vl cac cam ket qudc te);

- Cac quoc gia khdng the vien dan vao phap luat qudc gia minh de bien minh cho viec khdng thi hanh dieu udc qudc te;

I E!Iias T.O The Mordem Law of Treaties Leiden, 1974 P 43-44; TyHKHH

r H TeopHH MesKaynapoaHoro npaBa M., 1970 - C 245-252; 3axapoBa H.B BbinoaneHHe odHsaxeabcxB, suxeKaiouiHx H3 MOKaynapoaHoro aoroBopa M., 1987; TnynoB O.H OpHHUHn codaioaeHHjj Mie)KayHapoaHbix odssaxeabcxB M., 1979; AaeKCHaae JI.A HcKoxopue BC)npocbi xeopHH Me^aynapoaHoro npaBa HMnepaxHBHue nopMU jus cogens TdnaHCH, 1982 - C 323; LUecxaKOB Jl.H HMnepaxMBHue HopMU

B cHcxeMe coBpeMCHHoro MOKayHapoanoro npaBa M., 1981; riiepexepcKHft M.C ToaKOBanHe MeMcaynapoaHbix aoroBopoB M., 1959 -

C 152-155 Hojc cac van ban: United Nations Conference on the Law of Tr-eaties First Session P 150-158, 427; Conference des Nations Unies sur

le droit des traites Deuxi^me sesion P 47-52; flomiaabi KOMHCCHH

MOKayHapoflHoro npaBa 1966.-C 151-152

- cac qudc gia khdng cd quyen ky cac dieu udc qudc tl trai

vdi ckc cam ket trong cac dieu udc qudc te hi?n hanh ma chinh

hp da ky ket;

- Cam viec don phuong cham dirt dieu udc qudc te ciing nhu viec thanh kiem tra dieu udc qudc te, neu dieu dd khdng dugc quy dinh trong dieu udc qudc te;

- Viec cit dirt quan he ngoai giao hoac quan he lanh sy giOra cac ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te khdng anh hudng den quan h? phap ly da dugc thiet lap trong dieu udc qudc te giura hg, ngo^ trir trudng hgp khi ma su tdn tai cua quan he ngoai giao ho^c lanh sy la khdng the thieu cho viec thi hanh dieu udc quoc tl (Dieu 63 ciia Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969)

Dac diem phap ly cua quy pham pacta sunt servanda duyrc the hipn d cho:

1) Cac qudc gia the hien sy ddng y ring cac quy pham quoc

tl va ckc dilu khoan ciia dieu udc cd tinh chat bit budc doi vdi hg;

2) cac qudc gia the hien sy ddng y ring cac nguyen tic cd tinh chit dac trung nhu: dieu udc cin dugc ty nguyen thyc hipn, dieu udc dugc cdng nhan vdi tinh chat bit huge va nhu v§y, cdc

quy pham phap luat qudc te dugc xay dyng bing phuang phkp

thda hipp giiia cac qudc gia - chu the cua Iu|it qudc te la bit bu^c phai thyc hipn'

Ngoii ra, khi thyc bipn cac dieu udc qudc tl, cac b€n ciia dieu udc can chii y den hai nguyen tic sau day:

THyHOB O.H HpHUHn codaioaeHHJi aoroBopoB B MewflynapoaHOM npase nepMb, 1976.-C 17

h'guyen tac thir nhat, cac dieu udc qudc te khdng cd hieu lyc

hdi tc (nguyen tic khdng hdi td)' Nguyen tic nay khdng dugc quy dnh trong dieu udc qudc te, nhung ddi khi cac qudc gia cd quy (inh rieng: "dieu udc nay khdng cd hieu lyc hdi td" Neu

dieu idc qudc te dugc cac qudc gia kp dyng hieu lyc hdi td, thi

chi nlim thi hanh dieu udc qudc te hoac nhirng sy kien nao dd

xay n trudc khi dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc Tuy nhien, trong

thyc ten quan hp dieu udc qudc te, hieu lyc hdi td rat hiem khi xay re

hguyen tac thii hai, viec ap dyng ke tiep nhau cac dieu udc

qudc :e da dugc ky ket lien quan den cimg mgt van de (hoac ddi tugng) Ddi khi cac qudc gia ky ket cac dieu udc qudc te nhu vay

va rit cd thi ca hai dieu udc quoc te cimg cd hieu lyc (dieu udc

da ky trudc dd va dieu udc qudc te mdi ky sau dd) Day la bipn tugng "song ton" hai dieu udc qudc te cimg cd hieu luc Nhung

de thix; hien cac dieu udc qudc te dd can phai dy tinh trudc cac dieu kipn sau day:

- Mgt Id, trong dilu udc qudc tl ky ket sau (dieu udc mdi)

cin plai quy dinh cy the: cd ap dung ho^c khdng dugc ap dyng dilu udc qudc te da ky ket trudc do;

- Hai Id, trong dieu udc qudc te mdi can phai chi ra rang:

dieu udc quoc te mdi nay dugc uu tien ap dyng hon so vdi dieu udc qidc te d§ ky trudc dd;

bill 28 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 "Cac dilu udc qu6c te khdng cd hifu Hrc i6i to" quy djnh rang: "Trir khi cd y djnh khac dupe ndi rd trong dilu udcho^c dupe thi hi?n bang mOt each khac, cac dilu khoan cua dilu udc

se kidng rang buOc doi vdi cac b€n dilu udc vl mpi hanh vi ho^c sv ki|n xay a trudc ngay dilu udc dd cd hi§u l^c"

- Ba Id, dieu udc qudc tl da ky ket trudc dd dugc ap dung

trong dieu kien ma cac dieu khoan cua nd cdn phii hgp vdi c4c dieu khoan ciia dieu udc qudc te ky ket sau;

- Bdn Id, nlu cac ben tham gia dieu udc ky kit sau khdng la

cac thanh vien cua dieu udc da ky ket trudc dd, thi hg cd the ap dyng cac dieu khoan quy dinh trong dieu udc qudc te da ky ket trudc dd, nhung can chii y ring cac dieu khoan cua dieu udc da

ky ket trudc dd phai phii hgp (hoac khdng trai) vdi cac dieu khoan quy dinh trong dieu udc qudc te ky ket sau (Dieu 30 Cdng udc Vierma nam 1969)

De tiem can vdi nguyen tic thu hai ndi tren, chiing ta can bilt ngi dung chinh cua nguyen tic nay la gi? Dd la:

a) Uu tien hieu lyc cho ckc cam ket qudc te trong Hien

chuong Lien hgp qudc (Dieu 103 Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc); b) Luat chuyen nganh thay luat chung (lex specialis derogat generalli);

c) Luat sau thay the luat trudc dd (lex posterior derogat prior) Chiing ta sS cimg tim hieu thyc tien cua luan cii ndi tren thdng qua cac dieu udc qudc te ma ngi dung ciia chiing lien quan den cimg mpt ddi tugng dieu chinh Dd la cac Cdng udc Geneve ve luat bien nam 1958 va Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982 Cac Cdng udc nay cimg dieu chmh ve luat bien Theo dd, cac Cdng udc Geneve ve luat bien nam 1958, gdm cd 4 Cdng udc:

1) Cdng udc ve lanh hai va vimg tiep giap;

2) Cdng udc ve them lyc dia;

3) Gong udc ve bien qudc tl;

4) Cdng udc ve danh bat ca va bao ve ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat d bien ca

('ong udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982 ban hanh sau (thong qua 10/12/1982) va la Cdng udc cd tinh tdng hgp, bao ham nipi van de ve luat bien Trong Cdng udc ve luat bien nam

1982 cd nhieu dieu khoan da dugc quy djnh trong cac Cdng udc Geneve nam 1958, nhung trong thyc tien Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc nam 1982 dugc uu tien hieu lyc (uu tien ap dyng) hon so vdi Ccic Cdng udc Geneve nam 1958 Neu nhu cac qudc gia khdng gia nhap Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982, thi cac Cdng udc Geneve nam 1958 tiep tyc cd hieu luc ddi vdi cac qudc gia tham gia cac Cdng udc dd

Vay, thi hanh dieu udc qudc te - la boat ddng cua cac qudc gia tren cap do qudc te va qudc gia nhim hudng tdi xay dung mgt he thdng cac phuang tien phap ly va td chiic, hoac ndi mgt each khac la xay dyng co che de thuc hien cac myc dich ciia dieu udc qudc te Viec tuan thii cac quy pham phap luat qudc te se phan anh true tiep den quan he giiia cac qudc gia va trat ty phap

ly qu6c te Cac quy pham dd cd the bao gdm: quy pham cdng udc, quy pham tap quan, quy pham chung, quy pham rieng, quy pham phd thdng, quy pham cd tinh khu vyc va lien khu vyc

Thi hanh dieu udc a cap do quoc te

Q cap dg qudc te, cac phuong tien thi hanh dieu udc gdm: kiem tra; sy dam bao; cac co quan qudc te chuyen nganh; thyc hi^n cac cudc tiep xiic thudng xuyen giiia cac ben ciia dieu udc qudc te; danh gia tham djnh va hdi nghj tham dinh; cu the hda cac dieu udc qudc te cd tinh phd cap bang each ky ket cac dieu

udc qudc te chuyen nganh hoac cac dieu udc qudc te cd tirh llifen

ng^nh; ckc ben thdng qua dieu udc, trong đ cam ket khdig ky vdi ckc quoc gia thir ba cdc dieu udc qudc tl ma cd npi diung

xung dpt vdi dieu udc pho cap nay; thii tyc tu phap va tlii tyc trpng tdị

Neu mpt ben vi pham dieu udc quoc tl thi dp dung cd; bipn

phdp ve trdeh nhipm phdp ly quoc tl

Trong Ijch su luat phdp qudc tl da dp dung nbiea cdc phuang tien nhu vaỵ Ching ban nhu: mpt Idi hiia; Idi tuyei fth?;

cam cd; chiem cii cdc vimg lanh thd; the chap mpt phan Idm ttho;

đm bdo tdi chinh; thi chap nhiing vat quy cd gid tri i ^ i t dr^x vd

ngudi bdo đm'

Trong luat phdp quoc te da hinh thanh mpt he thdng kiiem

sodt Hinh thirc vd phuong phdp cua nd dugc quy djnh troig cdc

cdng udc vd trong cdc nganh luat^ Gido su P.M Valeev nihan

manh ve tam quan trpng ciia cdng tdc kiem tra, gidm sdt qid(C tl

trong viec dam bdo trat tu phap ly vd nen tdng phdp che qidtc ll

nhu la mpt che dinh mdi ciia luat quoc tệ Theo nguyen tfc, cdc

Vi dy, theo tai li^u vl di khao van hda-phap ly cd xua thi trong D^u udc

nam 1296 TCN dupe ky giaa Hoang dl Ai C|ip Ramzes II Na Vua

Hatusalem (cua dSn tOc phin trung va đng tilu chSu A va Bac X^ri vio

thi ky XVIII din diu thi ky XII TCN) quy djnh cac bifn khi v plh?im

Dilu udc: "S6 mit nha, dit dai va cac nd 1$ dii vdi ai vi pham cim> kit

(hôc idi hira) nay" Sy trimg ph^t dang sp nhit đ ia Idi nguy!n cua

Chiia, ciia s6 p h ^ va siic m?nh huyin bi cua thifin nhifin

Baaees P.M KoHxpoab B cospeMeHHOM McxcayHapoaHOM npasẹ lasiaHb,

2003

BaneeB P.M KoHxpoab B COBPCMCHHOM MOKaynapoanoM npasẹ laasaHb,

1998.-C 7

dieu udc quoc te da phucmg quy djnh cac phuang tien thi hanh

va kiem tra viec thi hanh chimg Vi dy, cac qudc gia da ky Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve chdng tdi pham cd td chirc xuyen quoc gia (Palermo, ngay 15/11/2000) Tai phien hgp ciia Hdi nghj ve Cdng udc nay (tir ngay 28/6/2004 din ngay 08/7/2004) da thdng qua Chuong trinh nhu sau:

a) Dua (chuyen hda) vao phap luat qudc gia cac quy dinh cho phii hgp vdi Cdng udc va cac Nghj dinh thu ciia Cdng udc;

b) Xay dung luat trong linh vyc hinh sy (criminalization) va tinh trudc nhung khd khan phat sinh khi ap dyng cdc quy dinh ciia Cong udc nay;

c) Hgp tac qudc te va giiip dd ho trg ky thuat de khic phye cac klid khan phat sinh trong viec dp dyng Cdng udc va cac nghj djnh thu ciia Cdng udc nay'

Thi hanh dieu udc quoc te & cap dp trong nude (quoc gia)

0 cap do qudc gia cung da thanh lap cac co che phap ly va

td chiic de dam bao viec thi hanh cac dieu udc qudc te Thyc hien cac quy pham luat qudc te dudi dang cac dilu udc qudc te d cap dp trong nude dugc ggi la sy thi hanh Cac qudc gia se dp dung cac bien phap theo luat quoc gia va dam bao sy phdi hgp ho^t ddng giira cac co quan khdc nhau de thi hanh cdc dieu udc qudc te Giao su Mingarov L.X nhan dinh ring mpt phan ddiig

ke cac quy pham phdp luat qudc te ciing dugc thyc hipn trong ITnh vyc phap luat quoc npi Rd rang, tinh hieu qua ciia cdc quy

KocxcHKO H.H Poab OpraHHsauHH OdieaHneHHUX Hauntt H j(t)4)eKXHBHbie Mepw no dopbde c xpancHauHOHaabHofi opraHH30BaHHott

npecxynHocxbio// FocyaapcxBO H npaBO 2006 }{°1 - C 76-82

pham luat qudc tl phan nhieu phu thupc viec chimg nao quoc gia vdi tu edeh la chii the quan he phap luat qudc te dam bao vi?c thyc hien cdc quy pham dd cd hieu qua trong cap dp qudc gia' Trong vipc thi hdnh dieu udc qudc te d cap dp quoc gia chiing ta cin luu y miy dilm sau day:

1) Xuat hien trdeh nhipm chung cua cdc quoc gia la phai chuyin hda vao phdp luat cua qudc gia minh cac quy djnh cho phii hgp vdi cdc cam ket theo dieu udc qudc te;

2) Cdc qudc gia can ban hdnh cdc vdn ban quy pham phdp luat dieu chinh trinh ty cd hieu lyc cua cdc dieu udc quoc tfi, ciing nhu viec phe chuan vd phe duyet cdc dieu udc qudc te dd; 3) Cdc qudc gia can dieu chinh de cd sy phdi hgp va ho trg nhau giiia cac quy pham dieu udc qudc te vdi cac quy pham cua luat qudc gia, tir dd xac dinh cdc bien phdp, phuang tien nhdm ddm bdo thuc thi cac cam ket dieu udc qudc te Dieu do cd the thyc hien bing each cdc qudc gia ban hanh cac vdn ban quy pham phdp luat, bode bing phuong phap chuyen hda phap luat (chuyen hda vao van bdn quy pham phdp luat qudc gia) Cdng viec tiep theo Id cdc qudc gia cd the thyc hien nhirng sira doi, b6 sung vao cdc vdn bdn phdp luat hien hdnh nhim myc dich thi hdnh dieu udc qudc te Neu xuat hien cdc xung dot, sy khdng phu hgp, mau thuan giiia cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat qudc gia vd dilu udc qudc tl, thi cdc qudc gia cin quy djnh m ^ nguyen tic chung Id uu tien dp dyng cac quy pham cua dieu irdc quoc te Chang ban nhu: Neu dieu udc qudc te cd nhirng quy

' MHHraaoB Jl.X 3(})(tieKXHBHocrb nopM MewaynapoaHoro npasa KaaaHb H3a-B0 Kaaan yH-xa, 1990 - C 187

dinh khac so vdi phap luat qudc gia hien hanh, thi uu tien dp dung theo cdc quy djnh ciia dieu udc qudc te

Trong phap luat qudc gia, cac quoc gia thudng ap dung cac phuong phap nhu chu dan, chii thich ddi vdi cac dieu udc qudc

te, ho(ic la tiep nhan (vay mugn) tir hoac thuat ngir cua dieu udc qudc te vao phdp luat trong nude, hoac la bo sung, tire la chuyen cdc quy pham dieu udc qudc te vao he thdng phap luat qudc gia Dieu nay da dugc nhan manh trong cdc an pham khoa hoc va de thyc hien cac phuong phap nhu vay ddi hdi cd sy dp dung chung cac quy pham cua luat qudc gia va cac quy pham cua dieu udc qudc te

Thi hanh dieu udc qudc te d cap do qudc gia cd the dp dyng tnrc tiep bode bang phuang phap chuyen boa phap luat, tiic la chuyen boa cac quy pham dieu udc vao phap luat qudc gia da dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc Viet Nam nghien ciiu Ching ban nhu mpt so van de ve ly luan va thuc tien ve chuyen hod dieu udc quoc

te vao phap luat qudc gia'; trong bai viet ve tac ddng ciia toan cau hod ddi vdi sy phat trien va doi mdi ciia phap luat Viet Nam da nhan manh sy khac biet ve trinh dp van boa va dac diem ciia cac tniycn thdng phdp ly ; bai viet ve nguyen tac td chiic, ndi dung cac hi^p dinh^; khu vyc mau dich ty do ASEAN - Thach thiic ddi vdi

' Ngo Diic Manh Mpt s6 vSn dl ly luan va thyc tiln ve chuyen hoa dilu udc qudc tl vao phap luSt qudc gia Gidi thieu Luat Ky kit, gia nhap va thyc hi^n dilu udc qudc tl NXB Lao Dpng H., 2005 tr.130-142,

^ Dao Tri IJe Tac dpng ciia toan ciu hoa ddi vdi sy phat triln va doi mdi ciia phap luat Vi?t Nam Tgp chi Nha nude va Phap luat So 10/2001 tr.3-9 ' Hoang Phudc Hi#p T 6 chiic thuong mai thi gidi va mpt sd v4n de phap ly d$t ra doi vdi Vi^t Nam khi gia nhap td ehiic nay Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lap phap, 2000 Sd 3

doanh nghiep nhd vd vira Viet Nam'; hoan thien phap luatv^ sd hiru tri tue trong dilu kien Viet Nam hdi nhap quoc te^ xii 1> d«ing din mdi quan he giura phap luat qudc te vd phap luat qudc gii^ ; ve vin dl quan he giiira phdp luat qudc te va phdp luat qudc giatroag phdp luat va thyc tien Viet Nam''; thyc thi Cdng udc Vierna v l luat biln va cdc dieu udc qudc te lien quan den bien, phdng :h«dng

d nhiem bien do dau md Viet Nam dd tham gia Nghien oiui ve mdi quan he giiia luat qudc te vd luat qudc gia, cd y kien cho rdng luat qudc tl khdng cd hieu lyc tryc tiep tren Idnh thd cdc quic gia dpc lap cd chii quyln^ Nhu vay, viec Viet Nam tham gia vi tlhyc thi cdc dilu udc qudc te phd cap dd khing djnh tinh chu dpig h^i nhap vdo he thdng phdp luat qudc te nhim bdo ve chu quyer qiudc gia ciing nhu thyc hien cdc quyen va nghia vy quoc te "^i dy, Cdng udc Vierma vl luat biln ndm 1982 cd y nghia dac hie qiuan

Nguyen Manh Cudng Khu vyc m^u djch ty do ASEAN - Thach tliic d6i vdi doanh nghi?p nhd va vua Vi?t Nam NXB Dgi hpc Qudc gia la iNOi H., 2000

Nguyen Ba Diln Hoan thi^n phap lugt vl sd hChi tri tu^ trong dim Iki^n Vi?t Nam h^i nhap qudc tl Tap chi Nha nude va Phap luat Sd '/2(00l, tr.28-35

Doan Nang Xii ly diing din mdi quan hf gifta phap luat qu6c tl vl p)hap luat qudc gia Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lap phap So 5/2002, tr.40-49

Doan Nang Van dl quan h$ giffa phap lu|t qudc tl va phap Iu$t qidc- gia trong phap lu§t va thyc tiln Vi?t Nam Tap chi Nha nude va Phap li§t S6 2/1998

Nguyen Hdng Thao Vi?t Nam va cac Cdng udc qu6c tl vl phdng ci6mg d nhiem bien do dau Tap chi Nha nude va Phap lu|lt 2009, 6(254) tr,.67- 74.; L6 van Binh D?ii duomg va Lu$t quic tl hi?n dgi Tgp chf Kba hpc Lu$t hpc DHQGHN T$p 25, So 1, 2009 tr 33-40

Trin Van Thing M6i quan h$ gi&a phdp lu|t quoc tl va phap lu^ qjulc gia trong phap lu§t va thyc tien cac nude Tgp chf Nha nude va Ph^ llu|it

s i 4/2002 tr.68

trpng doi vdi cdc qudc gia thanh vien, vi Cdng udc nay cd lien quan den nhieu van de nhu: an ninh qudc gia, quoc phdng, ngoai giao, thuang mai bien, nghien cim khoa hpc bien, them lyc dja, cong nghe va van de ve bao ve mdi trudng v.v

Quoc gia cd the ban hanh cdc van bdn hanh chinh de thdng qua cac bien phap can thiet nhim thi hdnh dieu udc qudc te Cd the thong qua cdc quy pham trimg phat hinh sy do co sy vi pham cac quy dinh cua dieu udc qudc te Vi dy, d Lien bang Nga, ndm

1996 da thdng qua Luat sira ddi, bd sung cho Luat "Ve cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" ndm 1995 Luat nay da quy djnh viec gidm sdt thi hanh Luat "Ve cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" do Vien trudng Vien Cdng td Lien bang Nga thyc hien va cdc iiy vien cdng to dugc uy quyln

Qudc gia nhan trach nhiem cung cap thdng tin cho cdc ben ciia dieu udc quoc te, cho cdc co quan qudc te ve cac bien phdp lap phdp vd hanh chinh trong vipc thyc hien cdc cam ket dieu udc qudc te

Viet Nam da xay dyng he thdng phdp luat (nhu: hien phap; luat ky ket, gia nhap vd thyc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005; cdc dieu khodn trong cac nghi dinh quy dinh chiic ndng, nhiem vy vd quyen ban ciia cdc bd, nganh vd cdc vdn ban khdc cd lien quan), trong dd da quy che hoa chirc ndng, nhiem vu va quyln ban ciia cd nlian, co quan vd to chiic nhim thyc hien dieu udc quoc te Vi dy nhu cdc dieu khodn trong Luat Ky ket, gia nhap vd thyc hien dieu udc qudc te ndm 2005 ciia Viet Nam da quy dinh nhu sau:

1 Cdc CO quan, td chiic, ca nhan cd trdeh nhiem tuan thu dieu udc qudc te md Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Vipt Nam la thanh vien (Dilu 97)

2 Bd Ngoai giao "thdng ke, rd sodt dieu udc qudc tl ma Cdng hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam ky ket hoac gia nhap" (Khodn 11 Dilu 98)

3 Co quan de xuat "Xay dyng Id trinh vd bipn phdp cy the

de thyc hien dieu udc qudc te cd hieu luc ddi vdi nude Cdng hda

xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam do minh de xuat ky ket bode gia nhap" (Khodn 3 Dieu 99)

4 Qudc hdi, Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi, Hpi ddng dan tpc, Uy ban cua Qudc hdi, Doan dai bieu Qudc hdi vd dai bieu Qudc hdi co trdeh nhiem gidm sat boat ddng ky ket, gia nhap vd thyc hien dieu udc qudc te cua co quan, td chirc, cd nhan chju sy gidm sdt (Khodn 1 Dieu 100)

5 Hoat ddng gidm sdt dugc thyc hien cong khai, khach quan, diing tham quyen, trinh ty, thu tuc do phap luat quy djnh

vd khdng lam cdn trd boat ddng binh thudng cua co quan td chiic, ca nhan chiu sy giam sat (Khodn 2 Dieu 100)

Phdp luat Lien bang Nga (gdm: Hien phdp Lien bang Nga, Luat "Ve ky ket dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" vd cdc vdn ban khac) ciing thiet lap mgt he thdng cdc phuang tien vd cac bien phdp nhdm myc dich thi hanh cdc cam ket dieu udc qudc te, cy the nhu:

1 Tdng thdng vd Chinh phu Lien bang Nga dp dyng cdc bien phdp nhim ddm bdo vipc thi hdnh cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien

bang Nga t ' *

2 Ckc CO quan hdnh phap Lien bang bdo ddm thi hanh cdc

cam ket ciia cdc dieu udc qudc te ma Lien bang Nga la mpt ben

vd thyc hien cdc quyen ciia Nga dd dugc quy djnh trong cdc dieu

udc quoc te, cung nhu giam sat viec thi hanh cac cam ket dieu udc ddi vdi cac thanh vien khac cua dieu udc quoc tc dd

3 Bd Ngoai giao Lien bang Nga thyc hien gidm sat chung viec thi hdnh cac dieu udc qudc te ciia Lien bang Nga, ddng thdi

cd irach nhiem de trinh len Chinh phii Lien bang Nga de xuat viec dp dyng cdc bien phap can thiet, neu ben khac ciia dieu udc qudc te khdng thi hanh bode vi pham dieu udc qudc te Cac de xuat cd the la tuyen bd, phan ddi va cudi ciing la huy bd dieu udc qudc te

Khi nghien cuu van de "Thi hdnh cac dieu udc qudc te" chiing ta can phan biet hai loai dieu udc qudc te Dd la dieu udc

cd kha ndng thi hdnh tryc tiep (dp dyng tryc tiep dieu udc qudc te) vd dieu udc khdng cd kha ndng thi hanh tryc tiep (dieu udc khdng dp dyng tryc tiep)'

Cdc dieu udc qudc te khdng cd khd ndng thi hanh tryc tiep,

cd nghia Id se dugc dp dung nhd thdng qua phap luat qudc gia Nhu da de cap d tren, dd la can cd sy chuyen hda phap luat, chii dan, hoac la nhd cac phuong phap khdc De thi hanh cdc loai dieu udc qudc te nay, cac qudc gia sir dyng vdn ban quy pham phdp luat phii hgp da dugc thira nhan de thyc hien cdc ngi dung ciia cac dieu udc qudc te dd

Cdc dieu udc quoc tl cd khd ndng thi hanh tryc tiep Id cdc dieu udc qudc te da dugc hoan thien ve ndi dung, dugc quy dinh

cu the ve cdc quy tic (bode cdc nguyen tic) ap dyng ma khdng

MapoHKHH C.K) fleficxBHe HopM MCHcaynapoaHoro npaaa B npaBOBofl CHCT«Me PoccHficKofi OeaepauHH Haa-BO TioMCHCKoro roc yu-xa 1998 - C.156-164; OCMHHHH E.H VKaa.coH - C 362-377

can phai cy the hda cdc dieu udc qudc te dd ddi vdi cdc quai hp qudc gia Cdc dieu udc qudc te ndy se ty ddng cd hieu lyc trSn lanh thd qudc gia, nhung vdi dilu kipn qudc gia cdng nhda sy rang huge cua minh vdi dieu udc qudc te va cam kit thi hdnh c^c dilu udc dd Thuat ngii "cdc dieu udc quoc te cd khd ndng thi hdnh tryc tiep" Id thuat ngii khoa hpc, cd tinh hpc thuyet Trong cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat khdng cd thu$t ngilr nay, ma nd dugc thay the bing thuat ngir "tryc tiep" Vi dy, Phan 3, Di^u 5 Luat "Ve cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" quy djnh: "C^c dieu khodn cua dieu udc qudc tl Lien bang Nga dugc chinh thixc cdng bd, khdng ddi hdi vipc ban hdnh cdc vdn bdn phdp luat quoc

ngi de thyc hien, chiing cd bipu lyc true tiep trfin lanh tho Lien

bang Nga"; hodc la tai Dieu 7 myc 2 cua Bg luat Dan sy Lien bang Nga vd trong Luat Lien bang Nga "Ve bdo vp mdi trudng" ngay 12 thdng 01 ndm 2002, tai Dieu 81 dilm I dd quy djnh:

"Cdc dieu udc qudc te cua Lien bang Nga trong Ilnh vyc bdo vp moi trudng, de thyc hien chiing khdng bit bupc phdi ban hdnh

cdc vdn bdn phdp luat qudc gia, chiing dugc dp dyng true tiep d6i

vdi cdc quan h? phdt sinh khi thyc hipn cdc boat dgng trong linh vyc bdo ve mdi trudng"

Thdng thudng, cdc quy pham luat quoc tl vd cdc dieu udc quoc te dp dyng tryc tilp Id cdc nguyen tdc vd cdc quy ph^m dugc cdng nhdn chung cua luat quoc tl; cdc nguyen tdc vd cdc quy pham dugc quy dinh trong cdc dilu udc quoc tl ve quyln con ngudi; cdc Cdng udc Geneve ndm 1949 vl bdo vp cdc n?ui nhan chien tranh vd trong mpt so cdc cdng udc khdc

Trong cdc quan hp qudc gia, vipc dp dyng phdp lu|it Id ho?it dpng cua cdc co quan cd thim quyen Theo PGS.TS Pb^m Hihi

Nghi, ap dung phap luat la mpt hinh thirc thuc hien phap luat, trotig dd nha nude thdng qua cac co quan cd tham quyen hoac nha chirc trach td chirc cho cac chu the phap luat thyc hien nhiing quy djnh ciia phap luat, bode ty minh cdn cii vao cdc quy djnh ciia phap luat ra cac quyet dinh dp dyng phat luat vao trong nhung trudng hgp cy the cua ddi sdng xa hdi' Neu theo Idgic dd, cac dieu udc qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket vd tham gia, tuy chua dugc cdng nhan trong hien phap la mgt bd phan cua he thdng phdp luat qudc gia (bode uu tien dp dung, hoac co hieu lyc tdi cao) nhu mpt sd qudc gia da quy djnh trong hien phap ciia hp nhung viec ky ket, tham gia bode gia nhap cdc dieu udc qudc te ciia Viet Nam vdi sy ddng y rang budc vdi cdc cam ket dieu udc

do se dugc thyc thi theo quy dinh cua dieu udc qudc te bode theo quy dinh trong cdc vdn ban phdp luat sau hien phdp Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la viec thyc hien phdp luat d Viet Nam bao ham cd viec thyc hien dieu udc qudc te vd viec dp dyng cdc dieu udc qudc te ciia Viet Nam^

Nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi da cdng nhan cac quy pham phdp luat qudc te trong phap luat cua qudc gia minh Chdng ban nhu: trong Hien phdp Hoa Ky ndm 1787, quy dinh: "Hien phdp nay, cdc d^o luat ciia Hoa Ky vd cdc dieu udc qudc te ma Hoa

Ky da ky bode se ky nhan danh nude My deu cd hipu lyc phdp ly toi cao" (Khodn 2 Dieu 6); va "Tda dn lien bang cd quyen phdn quylt cdc vy vipc tren co sd cdc quy pham dieu udc qudc te"

I Giao trinh ly lugn chung vl Nha nude va Phap luat Chu bien PGS.TS Hoang Thj Kim Qui NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi H., 2005 tr 500-501

lA van Bfnh Cac quy pham lu§t quoc t l trong he thong phap lugt quoc

gia Tgp chf Khoa hpc DHGQHN, Kinh te - Luat, T XXI, So 2, 2005

tr 30-32

(Dieu 3) Theo Hien phdp Lien Xd ndm 1977: "Quan he cua LiSn

Xd vdi cac qudc gia khdc dugc xay dung tren co sd nguyen tic cimg ty nguyen thyc hien cdc cam ket qudc te phii hgp vdi c6c nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham cua luat qudc te va dugc cy thi boa trong cdc dieu udc qudc te md Lien Xd dd ky ket" (Dieu 29) Trong Hien phdp Lien bang Nga 1993 quy dinh: "Cdc nguyen tic chung, cdc quy pham luat qudc te vd cdc dieu udc qudc tl md Nga Id mgt ben ky ket hodc tham gia Id mgt bd phan cua hp thdng phdp luat quoc gia Neu dieu udc qudc te cd nhiing quy pham khdc so vdi luat hien hanh thi uu tien dp dyng theo quy pham dieu udc qudc te" (Phan IV Dieu 15) Theo Hien phap Ddng Dire ndm 1949: "Cdc nguyen tic chung ciia luat qudc te Id bit budc ddi vdi chinh quyen nhd nude va vdi moi cdng dan" (Dieu 5) hodc trudc dd trong Hien phdp ndm 1919 quy djnh:

"Cdc nguyen tdc chung ciia- luat qudc te cd hieu lyc nhu la mgt

bd phan cau thanh ciia phdp luat De che Dire" (Dieu 4) Hien phdp Lien bang Dire ndm 1949 ghi nhan: "Cdc quy pham chung cua luat qudc te Id mpt bd phan cau thdnh ciia phdp luat lien bang

vd dugc uu tien dp dyng hon luat, phdt sinh tryc tiep cdc quyen

vd trdeh nhiem ddi vdi ngudi dan lien bang" (Dieu 25) Ho|c theo Hien phdp Italy ndm 1947: "Cdc quy pham trong biln phdp hodn toan phii hgp vdi cac quy pham chung cua luat qudc t l " (Dilu 10) Trong Hiin phdp Hy Lap da ghi nhan: "Hy L?ip quan he huru nghi giira cdc dan tpc vd cdc qudc gia tren thi gidi phii hgp vdi cdc nguyen tdc chung cua luat qudc te" (Khoan 2 Dieu 2) hodc "Cdc quy pham chung cua luat qudc te Id mpt bp phan cau thanh ciia phap luat quoc gia vd cd hipu lyc phdp ly cao nhat so vdi tit cd cdc vdn bdn phdp luat khdc xung dpt vdi chiing" (Khoan 1 Dilu 28) Hiin phdp Phap ndm 1946 va nam 1958 da khing djnh sy uu tien cdc quy ph?im phdp lu§t quoc te so vdi cdc

quy pham phdp luat quoc gia: "Uu tien ap dyng cdc nguyen tic vd cac quy pham dugc cdng nhan chung ciia luat qudc t l " (Dilu 55) Hodc Id trong cdc biln phap dau tien ciia cdc qudc gia chau Phi (la thupc dia ciia Phdp) khi gidnh dugc dgc lap: Cdt-di-u-var; Burkina-faso; Ga-bdn; Gvi-nei; Md-ri-ta-ni; Mali; Ni-gie; Cdng-gd; Senegal; Sat v.v deu quy dinh cdc dilu khodn vl dilu udc qudc te, tire Id quy djnh vl yinh ty thim quyln ky kit, phe chuin dieu udc qudc tl Cy the nhu "cdc dieu udc va cdc thda thuan cin dirge phe chuin theo trinh ty quy dinh vd ed uu tien hieu lye hon luat tir thdi diem cdng bd chiing, trong dieu kien tuan thu timg vdn bdn ciing nhu cdc ben khdc cua tvjng vdn bdn dd"'

Trong thdi gian gin day, tai Lien bang Nga boat ddng dp dung phdp luat dugc ddc biet chii trgng vdi cdc muc dich thi hanh cdc dilu udc qudc tl^ Trong Quylt* djnh cua Tda dn tdi cao Lien bang Nga "Ve viec cdc tda dn dp dyng cdc nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham da dugc cong nhan chung ciia luat qudc tl vd cdc dieu udc qudc tl Lien bang Nga" (10/10/2003), da chi ra mgt, quy trinh thdng nhit cho vipc dp dung luat phdp qudc tl Hgi nghj toan thi nganh tda dn Lien bang Nga da thong nhit gidi thich rdng, vipc dp dyng cdc nguyen tie vd cdc quy pham da dugc cdng nhan chung cua luat qudc te vd cdc dilu udc quoc tl Lien bang Nga Id phii hgp vdi cdc dieu khodn ciia Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969, nhim myc dich dp dyng chinh xdc vd thdng nhat luat phdp qudc te trong boat ddng xet xir cua cdc tda an

Hiin phap cua cac qu6c gia chSu Phi T§p I Matxcorva., 1963, tr 37-38,

61, 95, 151, 174, 405, 427, 515; T^p 2 Matxeova., 1966, tr 436; T$p 3 Matxcorva., 1966, tr 240-241, 668

3HMHeHK0 B.JI O npHMeneHHH HopM MOKaynapoaHoro npasa cyaaMH oCmeft lopHcaHKUHH M., 2006

Viec dp dyng tryc tiep cdc cam ket qudc te d Viet Nam cd the dugc thyc hien thdng qua vdn bdn phe chuan gia nhap dieu udc qudc te Trong Nghi quyet ngdy 29/11/2006 ciia Qudc hpi ve phe chuan Nghj dinh thu gia nhap hiep djnh thdnh lap WTO ciia nude Cgng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam, tai diem 2 quy dinh:

"Ap dyng tryc tiep cdc cam kit cua Viet Nam dugc ghi tai Phy lyc dinh k^m Nghi quyet ndy vd cdc cam ket khdc cua Vipt Nam vdi WTO dugc quy djnh du rd, chi tiet trong Nghi djnh thu, cac Phu lyc dinh kem vd bdo cdo cua Ban cdng tac ve viec Viet Nam gia nhap Hiep dinh thdnh lap WTO Trong trudng hgp quy djnh cua phdp luat Viet Nam khdng phii hgp vdi quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh thdnh lap WTO, Nghi dinh thu vd cdc tai lieu dich kem thi

dp dyng quy dinh cua Hiep dinh thdnh lap WTO, Nghi djnh thu

vd cdc tdi lipu dinh kem" (Nghi quylt sd 71/2006/QHl 1)

Phy lyc dinh kem Nghi quyet ndi tren dd quy dinh npi dung

dp dyng tryc tiep cdc cam ket cua Viet Nam, cu the gdm ten cdc vdn bdn:

1) Luat sd 60/2005/QHlI Luat Doanh nghiep, cac Dilu 51,

sung bdi Luat sd 02/2002/QHll ngay 16/12/2002 sira ddi, bd sung mpt sd dieu cua Luat ban hdnh van ban quy pham phdp luat; Khodn 1 Dieu 10 Luat ban hanh vdn ban quy pham phdp luat ndm 1996 dugc sira ddi, bd sung bdi Luat sd 02/2002/QHl 1 ngay 16/12/2002 sira ddi, bd sung mgt sd dieu cua Luat ban hdnh vdn ban quy pham phap luat; Dieu 75 Luat ban hanh van bdn quy pham phdp luat ndm 1996 dugc sira ddi, bd sung bdi Luat sd 02/2002/QHll ngdy 16/12/2002 sira doi, bd sung mgt so dilu cua Luat ban hanh vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat

5) Luat sd 50/2005/QHI1 Luat Sd hiru Tri tup, Dilu 26 vd Dilu 33

6) Luat sd 62/2006/QHl 1 Luat Dien anh, Dilu 30'

Tu cdc phan tich tren, chiing ta cd the ket luan rdng, phdp luat Viet Nam da quy dinh mgt cdch nghiem ngat viec thyc hien dieu udc qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hodc gia nhap Viec thyc hien dieu udc qudc te dugc giao cho cac co quan quyen lyc nhd nude Co quan de xuat ky dieu udc phdi trinh Chinh phii ke hoach thyc hien dieu udc; neu rd tien trinh thyc hipn, cdc bien phdp td chiic, qudn ly, tai chinh vd nhirng van de khdc cd lien quan nham thuc hien tdt cdc cam ket qudc te dd ky ket Cdc bg, ban, nganh vd cdc co quan cd lien quan tiiy theo chuc ndng nhiem vu cua minh de thyc hipn dieu udc Trong trudng hgp vi phatn dieu udc, co quan de xuat ky phdi hgp vdi Bg Ngoai giao kien nghj Chinh phu de cd nhiing bipn phdp hiru hieu nhim bao

vp Igri ich ciia Viet Nam

Nghj quylt s6 71/2006/QHl 1 ciia Quoc hpi nude COng hoa xa hOi chu nghTa Vi?t Nam ngay 29/11/2006

Nhu vay, vipc thyc hien dieu udc qudc tl khdng chi co y

nghia tryc tiep đi vdi ngi dung cua dilu udc qudc te, m& cdn

thiic day sy phdt trien luat phdp qudc tl va tdc dpng din viec hodn thien phdp luat qudc giạ

2 Giai thich dieu irdc quoc te

Theo quy tic, gidi thich dieu udc qudc te dugc xem x^t trong qud trinh thi hdnh dieu udc Gidi thich dieu udc quoc té -

Id mgt boat dgng nhdm 1dm rd ndi dung, hieu va giai nghl;i cdc quy pham cua dieu udc qudc tẹ Ket qud cua gidi thich dilu udc qudc te thudng ton tai dudi d ^ g mgt vdn ban, do cdc co quan nhd nude cd tham quyen ban hdnh Gidi thich dieu udc quoc tl nhim dam bdo sy hieu biet cu the ngi dung dieu udc quoc te vd thyc hien diing ngi dung dieu udc đ Dieu do la đc bipt quan trgng đi vdi cdc dilu udc qudc te da phuong C) day dupe dp dyng nguyen tic gidi thich, nhan xet, binh luan vd thuyet minh (hermeneutics)^, tire la sy hieu diing, gidi thich diing vd dp dung diing dieu udc qudc tệ

Dpc thSm L€ v a n Bfnh Tim hilu e h l dinh giai thfch dilu udc qudc tẹ Tgp chf Nha nude va Phap lugt Vỉn Khoa hpc Xa hOi Vỉt Nam 12(212)

2005 tr 53-59

Theo binh l u ^ trong bach khoa toan thu bing tilng Nga, hermeneutics dupe giai thich bang tilng Nga nhu sau: HoHMMaHHe HccaeaycMux xcKCxoB H "nayHHocxb" HX HcxoaKOBaHHa aocxHraexca 6aaroaapji npoH3BoaHMOMy rpaMMaxHHecKOMy anaaHsy, HsyHeHHio HCXOPHMCCKHX peaaHii, KOHKpexHO-ncHxoaorHMecKHM HSbicKanwiM H paccMorpcHHio ({>opMbi npoH3BeaeHH}ị FepMeneBXHKa B03HHiuia B apcBHOCxH KaK paa-bxcHCHHe npoponecKoro caoBa-npopHuaHHJi opaxyaạ B nosAHett aHXHHHocxH ocHOBHbiMH ccjiepaMH repMCHeBXHKH 6biaH (jjHaoaorHMeCKoe xoaKOBauHC icnaecHHecKHx no3XOB, xeoaorHMecKoe xdakoBaHHe CBfluieHHux xeKCxoB H lopHaHHecKoe xoaKOBaHHe 3aK0H0B

Muc dich chinh ciia viec giai thich dieu udc quoc te la de khic phuc nhung khd khan trong viec thi hanh dieu udc qudc te Cac khd khan d day cd the la cd sy khdng rd rang ve cdc dieu khodn, cac thuat ngii ciia dieu udc qudc te, thyc tien dp dung dilu udc qudc te khdng dung hodc la viec don phuong gidi thich dilu udc qudc te Trong soan thdo van bdn dieu udc qudc te can noi ro y djnh chung cua cac ben Hay ndi mgt each khdc, giai thich - la mgt phucmg phdp nhim myc dich khic phyc cdc khd khSn, cac xung dot, nhirng dieu khdng rd rang trong ndi dung ciia dilu udc, phdt sinh trong qua trinh dp dyng dieu udc qudc te Thyc tien cd the chap nhan viec giai thich don phuang dieu udc qudc tl (ciia cdc co quan cd tham quyen cua Nhd nude), nhung viec giai thich don phuang dd khdng dugc vi pham ddi tugng vd cac myc dich ciia dieu udc qudc te Vi dieu udc qudc te chinh Id

su thda thuan ciia cac quoc gia cd chu quyen

Nhu chiing ta da phan tich d tren, dieu udc qudc te se dugc thuc hien de dang ban neu trong giai doan ky dieu udc qudc te

cd quy dinh cy the rd rang ve ban gdc ciia vdn ban dieu udc qudc

te vd ban gdc cua vdn bdn dieu udc dd dugc soan thao bdng bao nhieu ngdn ngii (hai hoac nhieu ngdn ngur) Trong ndi dung ciia dilu udc qudc te ciing can khing dinh rang, cac thuat ngir dugc

repMCHeBXHKa B coapeMeHHOM 3HaMeHHH BOCxoaHX K padoxaM HeMeilKoro ({)Haoco(})a H (j)HJioaora-KJiaccMKa O fl LLIaeRepMaxepa (1768-1834 rr.)

Theo tilng Nga thi FepMCHeBXHKa - la ngh$ thu^t giai thfch cac van ban (dieu udc), hpc thuyet ve cac nguyen tac giai thich cac van ban (repMeneBXHKa - HCKyccxBO xoaKoaaHMa XCKCXOB, yneHHe o npHHUHnax

HX HHxepnpexauHH)

dimg cua dieu udc cd y nghia nhu nhau trong mdi vdn bin gdc

cua dieu udc Dieu đ đc biet quan trgng nhim gidi qu/lt cdc

tranh chap phdt sinh giiia cdc ben trong qud trinh thyc hitn dilu

udc qudc tẹ Gan nhu trong cac dieu udc qudc te deu cd m)t dieu

khodn rieng dieu chinh ve gidi quyet tranh chap Vi dy qiy dinh

nhu sau: bat ky tranh chap ndo giiira hai hay nhieu qudc gii 1^ cdc

ben cua dieu udc lien quan den vipc gidi thich hodc dp dyng dilu

udc ndy, md tranh chip đ khdng dugc gidi quyet bing đn phdn

hodc bing cdc thu tyc dugc quy dinh trong dilu udc th tranh

chap đ dugc chuyen cho Tda an qudc te Lien hgp quk gidi

quyet theo yeu cau bat ky cua mgt trong cac ben tranh chip, nlu

cdc ben khdng cd thod thuan ve phuang phdp dieu chinl khdc

t » r r ^

Tda dn qudc te Lien hgp qudc se dua ra ket li4n hiep tbumig ve

giai thich bat ky mgt dieu udc qudc te ndọ Gidi thich cic quy

pham luat quoc te md Tda dn Qudc te Lien hgp qudc thyc hien

ciing tiem can vdi viec sdng tao phdp luat neu xet ve ihuong

dipn cac ket qud cua nd'

Nhieu khi, viec giai thich cdc dieu udc qudc te da tre tlhdnh

chu de ciia cdc cudc tranh luan ngoai giao cdng thing N^oai ra,

nhiing vin de lien quan den gidi thich dieu udc qudc tl da chiem

mpt vj tri quan trpng trong boat đng cua cdc co quan nh< niudc

Dd Id cdc CO quan thi hdnh cdc dieu udc qudc tệ

Nhu chiing ta đ bilt, quyen gidi thich cdc dilu udc qu(5c tl

thupc ve cdc ben cua dieu udc qudc te, thupc ve cdc co qiaia tda

' JlyicyamyK H.H CoBpeivieHHoe npaso MexcayHapoaHUx aoroaofoBị T.Ị

SaKaioHeHHe MOKaynapoanbix aoroBopoB M., 2004 - C 609

^ JlyKauiyK H.H., JlyKauiyK ỌH ToaKoaanHe HopM Me«ayHa)oaiHoro

npasạ VHedHoe nocodnẹ M.,2002 -C.l6

an (va trpng tai) qudc te va cac co quan qudc te chuyen nganh Cimg kho khan hem khi van de ve quyen giai thich cac dieu udc qudc t(3 dugc thuc hien bdi cdc co quan trong nude

Trong Luat Ky ket, gia nhap va thyc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005 cua Viet Nam thi dieu udc qudc te dugc giai thich phii hgp vdi tinh than, myc dich, ndi dung ciia dieu udc vd nghia thdng thudng cua thuat ngiir dugc sir dung trong dieu udc qudc te

do Luat nay cung quy dinh tham quyen giai thich dieu udc qudc

tl ciia Viet Nam thugc ve Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi vd Chinh phii Dieu dd cd nghia Id khdng phdi dieu udc qudc te dugc ky ket nhan danh ai hoac co quan ndo thi ngudi dd hodc co quan dd

cd quyen gidi thich Luat Ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005 ciia Viet Nam ciing quy djnh Uy ban Thudng

vu Oudc hdi quyet djnh viec giai thich dieu udc qudc te trong cdc tnrdng hgp:

a) Dieu udc qudc te do Quoc hdi quyet djnh phe chuan hodc gia nhap;

b) Dieu udc qudc te co quy dinh trai hoac chua dugc quy dinh trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Qudc hgi; dieu udc qudc te ma de thyc hien can sira ddi, bd sung, bdi bd hodc ban hanh van ban quy pham phdp luat cua Qudc hdi;

c) Dieu udc qudc te cd quy dinh trai hodc chua dugc quy djnh trong cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat ciia Uy ban thudng

vy Qudc hdi; dilu udc quoc te ma de thyc hien can sira ddi, bd sung, bai bd hodc ban hanh van ban quy pham phdp luat ciia Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hdi;

d) Cdc trudng hgp cin thilt khdc (Khodn 1 Dieu 76)

Chinh phu quylt djnh vipc gidi thich dieu udc quoc te dugrc

ky kit nhan danh Nhd nude vd nhan danh Chinh phu, trir trudng cdc trudng hgp quy djnh tai khodn 1 dieu ndy (Khodn 2 Dieu 76) Neu so sdch vdi phdp luat Lien bang Nga ve che dinh gidi thich, chiing ta thiy cd nhihig dilm khdc nhau Luat Lien bang Nga khdng cd cdc quy pham cy the ve quyen ciia cdc co quan nhd nude trong gidi thich cdc dieu udc qudc te Theo mpt cdch logich, neu dieu udc qudc te dugc ky ket nhan danh co quan ndo thi sau nay co quan dd cd quyen gidi thich dieu udc qudc te Cdc dilu udc qudc te dugc cdc cip tda dn cao nhit gidi thich Quyen nhu vay ciing dugc trao cho cdc tda thim quyen chung Hgi nghi todn thi Tda dn toi cao ngdy 10/10/2003 da thdng qua Nghj quyet sd 5 "Vl vipc cdc tda thim quyen chung dp dyng cdc nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham da dugc cdng nhari chung ciia lu§t quoc te vd cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" Nghi quyet da quy dinh cdc van de ve giai thich dieu udc qudc te vd ve quyen cua cdc tda tham quyen chung trong gidi thich cac dieu udc qudc

te Cy thi nhu trong trudng hgp xuat hien vudng mic trong vipc gidi thich cdc nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham dugc cdng nhan chung cua luat quoc te, ciing nhu cdc dilu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga thi khuyen nghi cdc tda dn dp dyng cdc vdn bdn va cdc nghi quylt ciia cdc td chiic quoc te Trong dd, bao gom cd cdc co quan ciia Lien hgp qudc, cdc co quan chuyen nganh Lien hgp qudc, ciing nhu lien hp vdi Vy phdp chi cua Bg Ngoai giao Lien bang Nga vd vdi Bp Tu phdp cua Lien bang Nga Vi dy trong trudng

hgp gidi thich dl 1dm rd cdc vin di lien quan din thdi ban hipu

lyc cua dieu udc quoc tl; den thdnh phdn cua cdc qudc gia tham

gia vao dieu udc qudc te; cung nhu thuc tien qudc te ve dp dyng dieu udc quoc te"'

Hdi nghj toan the (Plenum) Tda an tdi cao Lien bang Nga da

cd ket luan cy the rang, cac tda an giai thich cac dieu udc qudc te phdi phii hgp vdi Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969

Gidi thich cdc dieu khodn cua dieu udc qudc te dugc xem la mgt trong nhiing trudng hgp giai thich quy pham phdp luat De giai thich co ket qua, can dp dyng cdc phuong phdp giai thich phd bien khdc nhau thudng gap trong ly luan vd thyc tien dp dyng phdp luat d moi qudc gia (trir nhiing trudng hgp xung dot viii ban chat luat qudc te) dya tren co sd thda thuan ty nguyen giira cdc chii the cd chii quyen Chiing ta biet rang, dieu udc qudc

te Id vdn bdn ghi nhan ket qud y chi dam phdn ciia cac ben nen nliipm vy co bdn cua gidi thich vdn bdn la giai thich ndi dung cdc thda thuan ve y chi da dat dugc cy the bang dieu udc Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969 vd Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986 lan dau tien da quy djnh cdc nguyen tdc chung ve gidi thich dieu udc qudc te Ca hai cdng udc deu ciing cd Phan 3 gom cdc dieu tir 31-33 quy dinh "Ve viec giai thich dieu udc qudc te"

Cdc dieu tir 31-33 ciia Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 vd Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1986 ve luat dieu udc qudc te da quy dinh cdc nguyen tic chung sau day:

I) Dieu udc qudc te can phai dugc gidi thich mgt each tan tam, phii hgp vdi y nghia thdng thudng ciia dieu udc qudc te

' MoKaynapoaHoe npaao 06ma« nacxb Hoa peaaKUHefi a.K).H., npoi}) r.H KypaiOKOBa Kasaub, 2007 - C.86-87

nhdm bd sung rd nghia them cho cdc thuat ngiir ciia dieu tfd<c qudc te vd can gidi thich trong nguyen ban ciia nd;

2) Dieu udc qudc te can phdi dugc giai thich tren co sd ;ua ddi tugng vd cdc myc dich cua nd Hai nguyen tic nay dugc xem

Id hai nguyen tdc "then chdt" trong gidi thich dieu udc qudc tl 3) Giai thich dieu udc qudc te cin phdi dugc thuc hien tren

CO sd cdc tdi lieu sau day:

a) Vdn bdn ciia dieu udc qudc te, trong dd bao gdm ca Idi ndi dau (hodc phan md dau) vd cdc phy lyc ciia dieu udc qudc te;

b) Cdc tdi lieu cd lien quan sau khi dieu udc cd hieu lyc Trong gidi thich dieu udc qudc te can phdi tinh den: thyc tien dp dyng dieu udc qudc te va bat ky cdc quy pham phii hgp ndo dirge

dp dyng trong quan he giiia cdc ben tham gia dieu udc (Khodn 3 Dilu 31)

Nhu vay, phuong phdp gidi thich ty nguyen dugc hilu la gidi thich trung thyc, khdng cd bieu hien map md, "cat giau" bode lira ddi ddi tdc, nhim thiet lap y nghia chan chinh dugc cy the trong vdn bdn dieu udc qudc te Nguyen tic pacta sunt servanda - nguyen tdc ty nguyen thyc hien cdc cam ket qudc te dugc thyc hien khi vd chi khi dieu udc qudc te dugc gidi thich phii hgp vdi y nghia cua nd (Dieu 26) Phuong phdp gidi thich ngi dung, tire Id phdn dnh bdn chat ndi dung vdn ban, chii y ve y nghia tap quan vd gin chiing trong mgt trat ty vdn cdnh hodc mpt mach van cy the Ngoai ra, viec dp dyng phuang phdp gidi thich ket hgp giura hai phuong phdp tren Id rat can thiet, tiic Id y nghia tap qudn cua thuat ngir dugc xdc djnh khong chi mang tinh trim tugng ma gdn chung vao mgt trat ty vdn canh phii hgp vdi ddi

tugng va muc dich cua dieu udc Day la nguyen tac thudng dugc

dp dung trong cdc quyet dinh ciia tda an qudc te

Trong Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 va Cong udc Vienna ndm 1986 deu cd dieu khoan ndi ve phuang phap bd sung giai thich dieu udc qudc te Ban chat ciia phuong phdp nay la d chd dya vao cdc van ban dy thao bode cdc tdi lieu trii hi (tai lieu trong cdc giai doan ky dieu udc) va hodn canh khi ky dieu udc qut>c te de gidi thich dieu udc qudc te Chiing ta biet ring, mgt vdn ban dugc ban hdnh ludn cd gidi ban cd ve ndi dung va hinh thurc (the thiirc) Mpt dieu udc qudc te dugc ban hanh tren co sd thda hiep ve y chi ciia cdc ben ciing khdng phdi la mgt trudng hgp ngoai le (ludn cd gidi ban) Nen khi dam phdn ky ket cac dieu udc qudc te, cdc qudc gia khdng the dua tat ca cdc van de

da dam thoai vdo trong cimg mgt dieu udc qudc te Theo thong

le, cac loai tdi lieu cdn lai, cd the Id: cac bai phdt bieu, cdc tuyen bd, cac biic thu, v.v trong tuong lai rat cd the la co sd cho viec ban hanh van ban phdp luat hoac la dugc sir dyng de gidii thich dieu udc qudc te

Vi dy, tai Dieu 7 Hiep djnh giiia Cdng boa xa hdi chu nghia Vitpt Nam vd Hgp chimg qudc Hoa Ky ve quan he thuang mai ducgc ky kit ngdy 13/7/2000 cd ghi: "Cdc phy lyc Bang cam ket

\k Thu trao ddi cua Hiep djnh nay la mgt bd phan khdng the tdeb

rdi cua Hipp dinh ndy" Dilu dd ciing dugc khing dinh trong biic thur cua Chinh phii Viet Nam giri Co quan Dai dien Thuong mai Ho»a Ky va trong hire thu ciia Co quan Dai dien Thuang mai Hoa

Ky giri Bd trudng Bd Thuong mai Vipt Nam ngdy 13/7/2000 Trcong cd hai biic thu deu vilt: "Tdi xin tran trgng xdc nhan rdng biicc thu ndy la mgt phan khong tdch rdi ciia Hiep djnh" Nhung

trong thuc tien quan he dieu udc qudc te, ciing cd nhirng trudng hgp Phy lyc cua dieu udc qudc te khdng phdi la mpt phan ciia dieu udc quoc te đ Vi du nhu Phy lyc cua dilu udc quoc te ve khdng xam pham lan nhau ndm 1939 (Phy lyc ciia Dieu udc quoc te giiia Diic vd Nga) Id mpt Nghi dinh thu bi mat nhdm b6 sung ve cdc pham vi dnh hudng ciia dieu udc nay d chau Aú Cdc phuong phdp bd sung de gidi thich dieu udc quoc te cd the dugc ggi mgt cdch hinh tugng Id "nhiing mat sit" ("iron sawdust") ludn ludn cd hudng tien tdi "nam cham" ("magnet")

vi sire hiit ciia nd, tiic Id hudng tdi vdn ban chinh ciia dieu udc qudc tẹ

Theo y kien cua M Guber, cdc quy tie chung vd cdc phuong phdp bd sung gidi thich dieu udc qudc te da tao thdnh vdng trdn dong tam Ngudi gidi thich thyc hien cdng viec ciia minh tir tam vdng trdn den vdng trdn, trong cdc "vdng vay lien tyc" Tam cua vdng iron đng tam chinh Id vdn bdn dieu udc qudc tệ

Trong cdc an pham phdp ly qudc te, cdc phuong phap gidi thich dieu udc qudc te deu dya tren co sd ly ludn chung ciia phap luat Theo đ, cdc phuong phdp gidi thich ndy cd the bao gdm: Ijch sii, triet hgc (vdn pham), he thdng, logic, hinh thiic (chuyen ngdnh) phdp ly, myc dich luan (teleological) Khi dp dyng cdc phuang phdp ndy trong gidi thich dieu udc qudc te can phdi tinh

' KaaaMKapHH P.Ạ H MHraneB lỌH MoKaynapoanoe npaBỌ M.: 3KCM0, 2004 - C 200

^ 3ayapao XHManec ae Apenarạ CoBpewcHHoe MejKayHapoaHoe npaaọ M.: Oporpecc, 1983 - C 73

-den ckc dac diem ky ket dieu udc va npi dung cu the ciia timg

diC-u udc qudc te

Chang ban nhu phuang phap giai thich Ijch sir dugc hieu la giai thich y nghia dieu udc qudc te bing each nghien cim cdc vin

de gin vdi (hodc ve) hoan canh Ijch sir, ve quan he giira cdc ben

va vc ckc myc dich md cdc ben ciing theo dudi khi ky dieu udc

qudc te dd Vi dy, khi nghien cim cdc tai lieu ciia Hpi nghi Xan-Phran-xi-xco nam 1945, chiing ta hinh dung dugc hodn canh lich sir khi do va tao dieu kien tdt hon cho viec gidi thich ve cac ndi dung Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc Ching ban nhu khi giai thich ve cdc van de: quyen ra khdi Lien hgp qudc; ban chat phap ly Nghj quyet ciia Dai hpi ddng; ve ndi dung thuat ngii "sure manh" v.v Theo Khoan 4 Dieu 2 Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc,

"sire manh" dugc hieu khdng chi cd siic manh quan sy ma cdn dugc quyen sir dyng bat ky mgt hinh thiic "cudng che" ndo khdc,

cd the Id ve chinh tri hodc kinh te'

Uu diem cua phuang phdp gidi thich Ijch sir ndi chung vd viec ap dung cdc tai lieu trii bj ndi rieng trong gidi thich dieu udc quoc te da chiem dugc uu the nhat dinh trong thyc tien giai thich dieu udc qudc te va dugc nhieu luat gia - luat qudc te cdng nhan, ciing nhu dugc dp dung trong thyc tien xet xir d tda dn qudc te ('bing ban nhu viec xem xet thu tyc gia nhap Lien hgp qudc ddi vdi cac thdnh vien mdi Tda dn qudc te deu cho ring khdng can sir dyng den tai lieu trii bj cua Hdi nghj San-Phran-xi-xco, vi viec ket nap thdnh vien mdi dd dugc quy dinh rat cu the tai Dieu 4 HiSn chuong Lien hgp qudc

' JleBHH fl.B MewayHapoanoe npaao H coxpaHCHHe MHpa M., 1971

Cac phuang phdp gidi thich dieu udc qudc te giup chung ta hieu dugc chinh xdc y nghia cua vdn ban dieu udc qudc tl 0 day bao gdm todn bg cac van de ke ca cdc thuat ngii vd su da dang ngdn ngir cua dieu udc qudc te Khodn 1 Dieu 33 Cdng idc Vienna ndm 1969 da quy djnh ring khi xdc thyc bdn chinh cua vdn ban dieu udc qudc te bdng hai bode nhieu ngdn ngG, cd the

cd sy khdc nhau (bode xung dot) giira cdc vdn bdn Cdc ben dieu udc can quy djnh cu the vdn bdn ndo se dugc uu tien hipu iyc Dieu nay cd nghia Id trong dieu udc qudc te dd can khing djnh

cy the ring khi cd xung dgt can gidi thich thi sir dyng vdn ban bing ngdn ngii ndo? (tieng Anh, Phdp, Nga, Tay Ban Nha A Rap bode tieng Tnmg Qudc v.v ) -

Chiing ta biet ring, dieu udc da ngdn ngii cd ddc dilm rieng,

do dd ciing cd phuong phdp gidi thich rieng Dieu 33 Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969 da quy dinh cdc phuong phdp va cdc nguyen tic gidi thich cho tat cd cdc loai dieu udc qudc te Phan Idn cdc dieu udc quoc te dugc soan thdo vd thdng qua bing bai hodc nhieu ngdn ngir Ben canh dd, trong thyc tien quan he dieu udc qudc te chua cd vdn ban phdp ly qudc te ndo quy dinh ve sy han che ngdn ngii dieu udc Chi cdc dieu udc qudc te dugc ky kit trong pham vi Lien hgp qudc thi dugc soan thdo bing 6 thii tieng: tieng Anh, Phdp, Nga, A Rap, Tay Ban Nha va tieng Trung Qudc vi dd deu Id sdu ngdn ngu chinh ciia Lien hgp qudc Nhu vay, doi vdi dieu udc qudc te da ngdn ngii, nguyen tic quan trgng nhat de gidi thich dilu udc loai nay chinh la nguyen tdc binh ding tuyet doi vl ngdn ngii chinh ciia dilu udc Dilu 111 Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc dd quy dinh rdng, cdc vdn bdn dieu udc bang tieng Trung Qudc, Phdp, Nga, Anh vd tieng Tay Ban Nha deu cd gid tri nhu nhau Dd la ngdn ngur dimg sogn thdo,

ngon ngiir diing thong qua dieu udc qudc te, tire la ngdn ngir ban chinh (hoac gdc) dieu udc qudc te

Tat nhien, thuc tien ngdn ngii ciia dieu udc qudc te rat da dang Dieu udc co the dugc soan thao bang mgt ngdn ngur nay va thdng qua bang mpt ngdn ngir khdc Vi dy dien hinh cho loai dieu udc qudc te da ngdn ngir nay la Cdng udc Chicago ve hang khdng dan dung qudc te nam 1944, Cdng udc dugc thong qua va ky ban dau chi bang tieng Anh Vdn ban bang tieng Tay Ban Nha va tieng Phdp dugc cdng nhan la van ban chinh tir dau nhung dugc soan thdo muon hon sau 20 nam va dugc thong qua tai Hpi nghj Ngoai giao nam 1968 Van ban tieng Nga dugc soan thdo vdo ndm 1970

vd dugc cdng nhan la van bdn chinh tai Hdi nghj Mdn-tre-an ndm 1977' Hodc cd dieu udc quy djnh khi giai thich cd the sii dyng mgt trong cdc vdn ban chinh cua dieu udc dd Chdng ban nhu E)ieu 320 Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982 da quy djnh rang, van ban chinh ciia Cdng udc nay la tieng Anh, Phap, Nga, A Rap, Tay Ban Nha vd tieng Trung Qudc Cac vdn ban nay deu CO gia trj phdp ly nhu nhau vd viec gidi thich Cdng udc nay cd the sir dyng mgt trong cdc van bdn ndi tren

Nhu vay, viec cac ben cua dieu udc qudc te quy djnh cy the trong dieu udc qudc te ve bdn gdc, ve ngdn ngir gidi thich vd vdn ban dieu udc dugc dimg de giai thich dieu udc qudc te la rat can tliiet Dieu dd cd y nghia rat quan trgng trong thyc tien thi hdnh vd

dp dyng dieu udc qudc te Vi dy, Dieu 21 Hiep dinh tuong trg tu

I KoaoeoB lO.M HcKoxopwe MOKaynapoaHO-npaBOBue Bonpocbi B CB>I3H C scrynaeHHeM CCCP H B OprauHsauHK) MejKayHapoaHofi rpa)KaaHCKoft iiBnauHH//CEMn.l971 M., 1973; EBHXOB B.H MHoroa3biHHbie aoroBopw

» coBpeMCHHOM Me)KayHapoziHOM npase Knea, 1981 - C 68-72

phdp ve hinh sy giua Cgng hda xa hgi chu nghia Viet Nam /d D ^ hdn Dan qudc dugc ky kit ngdy T 5/9/2003 quy dinh ring: "Hi€p djnh ndy dugc lam thanh hai bdn, moi bdn bing tilng Vipt tieng Han Qudc vd tieng Anh, cdc vdn bdn cd gid tri nhu nhaụ Irong trudng hgp nay sinh bat đng trong viec gidi thich Hiep dinh nay, vdn bdn tilng Anh se dugc dimg 1dm co sd"'; hodc trong ditu u6c qudc tl dugc ky kit giiia Lien bang Nga vd Hungary, đ ghi nh|in:

"Trong trudng hgp cd sy khdc nhau thi sir dyng vdn bdr bdng

tilng Anh di gidi thich dilu udc"^; hodc Hipp dinh tuong trg tu

phdp vl hinh sy giiia Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Vipt Nam 'd Dai Hdn Dan qudc ky ngdy 15/9/2003, tai Dilu 21 quy djnh: " yong trudng hgp ndy sinh bat đng trong vipc gidi thich Hipp dim nay, vdn bdn tieng Anh se dugc dimg lam co sd" (Khodn 3)

Nhu vay, nhiem vy gidi thich dieu udc quoc te cd y nghta thyc tien quan trgng nhim dp dyng vd thi hdnh diing myt dich cua dilu udc qudc tẹ De dam bdo dieu đ, vipc gidi thich dieu udc qudc te can dugc thyc hien phii hgp vdi cdc nguyen dc co ban cua luat quoc tl da dugc ghi nhan trong Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc, phu hgp vdi cdc quy pham da dugc quy dinh tr(ong Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969 vd Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1986 ve luat dieu udc qudc tẹ

3 Bo sung va siira doi dieu vote quoc te

Trong qud trinh thi hdnh dilu udc quoc te (dieu udc co hii§u lyc), cdc quoc gia cd thi bo sung vd sua doi dieu udc quic tệ

' Cdng bao, Thang 10, Sd 29+30 (23/10/2005) tr 110

^ BMA P<1>- - 1997 - No 2 - C 35

' Ddi khi cdn dupe gpi la "sxf xit \^i" dilu udc qu6c tl Nhimg tronj C^dng

udc Vienna nam 1969 vl lu^t dilu udc quic tl khdng ghi nh$n thifit

ngO-De xuat ve bd sung can phdi dugc xem xet vd dugc sy ddng y cua tat cd cdc ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te Viec bd sung cdc dieu khodn cy the cua dieu udc qudc tl dugc thyc hipn thdng qua qud trinh thyc thi dieu udc Vipc bd sung cd thi thyc hipn bing hinh thiic thdng qua vdn bdn qudc te mdi Vi dy, de ddp iing vdi thuc tien khi dp dyng Cdng udc WARSAW ndm 1929, ICAO dd dua ra 4 Nghj djnh thu bd sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW Cy the gdm: Nghj dinh thu so 1 bd sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW; Nghj dinh thu sd 2 bd sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW vd Nghi djnh thu Hague ndm 1955; Nghj dinh thu sd 3, 4 bo sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW vd Nghi djnh thu Hague vd Nghj dinh thu Guatemala ndm 1971)'

Cdc dieu bo sung cd the dd dugc quy dinh ngay trong dieu

udc qudc te Bd sung dieu udc dugc thyc hien thdng qua qud trinh dam phdn vd cdc ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te cimg ky vao mgt thda thuan ve viec bd sung dieu udc^ Ching ban nhu vipc bd sung ddi vdi Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc Sau khi Hiin chucmg Lien hgp quoc cd hieu lyc (ngdy 24/10/1945), ngay 17/12/1963 Dai hpi ddng Lien hgp qudc dd thdng qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Dieu 23, 27 vd 61 ciia Hiin chuong vd cdc dilu bd

nay, ma chi ghi nh|n vl bi sung va sua doi dilu udc quoc tl (cac dilu tir 39-41)

Ngd Huy Cuong MOt si v4n &i vl Iu$t hang khdng NXB Cdng an NhSn

dan H., I998.tr 185

CAC bi sung cho dilu udc cd thi lien quan din cac tir rifing bi^t va th|un trf den t ^ diu chim ho$c diu phiy trong cau Vf dy, trong cac Van bin bi sung

cho Cdng udc Chicago vl hang khdng d&n dyng quic tl: cu6i dilu 45 cua

C6ng udc diu "chim" dupe thay bang diu "phiy", doi vdi dilu 48 (a) tir

"hang nam" dupe thay thi bang cau "khdng ft hom mOt lin trong 3 nam"

sung dd cd hieu lyc ngdy 31/8/1965; bo sung Dieu 109 cua Hi^n chuong dugc Dai hdi ddng thdng qua ngdy 20/12/1965 vi cd hipu lyc ngdy 12/6/1968 Theo dd, Dilu 23 Hiin chuong dupe bo sung ve viec tang sd lugng cdc thdnh vien cua Hgi ddng BdJ an Lien hgp qudc tir II len 15 thdnh vien Bd sung cho Dieu 27 Hien chuong quy djnh ring, cdc Quyet djnh ciia Hdi ddng Bdo

an Lien hgp qudc ve cdc van de thu tyc s6 dugc thdng qua khi cd

9 philu thuan (trudc day la 7), cdn vl tit cd cdc van de khac s6 dugc thdng qua khi cd 9 phieu thuan (trudc day Id 7) nhung trong dd phdi cd 5 phieu cua cdc thdnh vien thudng tryc Hgi ddng Bdd an Lien hgp quoc Dieu 61 Hien chuong dugc bd sung

ve viec tdng sd lugng thdnh vien cua Hdi ddng Kinh te vd Xs hpi tir 18 len 27 (cd hieu lyc ngdy 31/8/1965) vd bd sung lan sau dd tdng tir 27 len 54 thdnh vien cd hieu lyc ngdy 24/9/1973 Khodn

1 Dieu 109 Hien chuong dugc bd sung ve thdi gian vd dia diem tiln hdnh Hdi nghj Dai hdi ddng de xem xet lai Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc khi cd 2/3 phieu thuan cua cdc thdnh vien Li6n hgp qudc vd 9 phieu thuan (trudc kia Id 7) bat ky cua cdc thdnh vien Hdi ddng Bdo an Lien hgp qudc

Tuong ty nhu vay, tai ky hgp lan thii 48 ciia Uy ban quoc te

vl ddnh bdt cd voi da thyc hien cdc dieu bd sung ddi vdi Phu lyc cua Cdng udc qudc te vl viec dieu chinh ngdnh cdng nghiep sdn

cd voi ngdy 02/12/1946 Chinh phu Lien bang Nga da thdng qua bo simg ndy bdng mpt Nghi dinh ctia Chinh phu ngdy 27/9/1996 Chinh phu dd giao cho Bp Ngoai giao Lien bang Nga thdng bdo cho Ban thu ky cua Uy ban qudc te sdn cd voi ve sy ddng y ciia Chinh phu Lien bang Nga vdi cdc dilu bd sung doi vdi Phy lyc'; hodc ngdy 27/8/2005 Chinh phu Lien bang Nga dd ban hdnh

' "PoccHficKaa rasexa" - 1 9 9 6 - 9 OKXHdpa

Nghj dinh "Ve viec Lien bang Nga thdng qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Mghi dinh thu Montreal ve cdc chat phd hiiy tang ozone" Ngi dung Nghj djnh da nhan manh rdng "cam nhap khau vdo Lien bang Nga va xuat khau tir Lien bang Nga cac san pham cd chura cac chat phd buy tang ozone"'; hodc ngdy 02/7/2008 Duma Qudc gia Lien bang Nga da thdng qua Luat Lien bang Nga "Ve vipc thdng qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Cdng udc ve bdo ve con ngucri khdi vat lieu hat nhan"^ (bd sung dd dugc thdng qua tai Hgi nghj ve xem xet vd thong qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Cdng udc

d tbanli phd Vienna ngay 08/7/2005)

Phan Idn cdc dieu udc qudc te da phuang deu cd cdc dieu khoan rieng quy djnh ve thu tyc bd sung dieu udc qudc te Vi dy, Dieu 50 cua Cdng udc ve cdc quyen ciia tre em ngay 20/11/1989 quy dinh ring: "Bat ky quoc gia ndo Id thdnh vien ciia Cdng udc diu cd the de xuat bd sung vd giri nd tdi Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp qudc" Sau dd Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp qudc chuyen de nghj bd sung do cho qudc gia - thdnh vien vdi de nghi hay cho y kien ve viijc CO can trieu tap mpt Hdi nghi cua cdc qudc gia-thdnh vien (Hpi nghj todn thi) vdi muc dich de xem xet cac de nghi dd va tiln hdnh bd phieu ve cdc de nghi dd hay khdng

Thyc tien da minh chiing rang, neu mpt qudc gia la mpt ben ciia dilu udc qudc te, nhung khdng Id mpt ben cua thda thuan ve

bo sung ddi vdi dieu khoan ndo dd cua dieu udc qudc te, thi qudc gia dd khdng bi rdng bupc vdi thda thuan bd sung dieu udc dd

Do vay, khi bd sung dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc thi bd sung dd

se trd thdnh bit bupc chi ddi vdi cdc qudc gia da thdng qua bd sung do Cdn ddi vdi cdc qudc gia khdc Id cdc ben ciia dieu udc

' "PoccHHcKa rasexa" - 2005 - 1 ceHXHdpji

^ "PoccHftcKaH ra3exa" - 2008 - 30 mojin

thi van giii nguyen cdc dieu khodn bdt bupc cua dieu udc trudc

dd vd bat ky cdc bd sung ndo trudc dd md cac qudc gia dd da thdng qua (hoac ddng y rdng bupc vdi chiing)

Siira doi, theo nguyen tic thudng lien quan tdi dieu udc da

phuang Sua ddi cdc dieu khodn rieng biet cua dieu udc qudc tl ciing ndm trong qua trinh bd sung dieu udc qudc te Nd klidng gay ra sy sira ddi triet de ve npi dung cua dieu udc qudc t l ' Theo nguyen tic, hai hodc mpt sd thdnh vien ciia dieu udc qudc

te cd the ky ket thda thuan ve sira doi dieu udc va dieu dd chi cd hieu lyc giiia chinh hp vdi nhau Nhung chi cd the thyc hien dugc dieu dd, neu vipc sira ddi da dugc quy dinh ngay trong dieu udc, vd neu vipc sua ddi dd khdng 1dm dnh hudng den vipc thi hdnh cdc quyen vd trach nhiem cua cdc ben cdn lai cua dieu udc qudc te Hon nura, vipc sira ddi dd khdng dugc xung dot (hodc trdi) vdi ddi tugng vd cdc myc dich ciia dieu udc qudc te Cuoi ciing, can phdi thdng bdo cho cdc ben tham gia khdc ciia dilu udc ve y djnh ky ket thda thuan ve sira ddi dieu udc qudc tl Viec sira ddi dieu udc qudc te ddi khi cdn dugc thyc hien bing cdc Nghi dinh thu vd de cdc Nghi dinh thu do cd hieu lyc thi tat cd cdc nude thdnh vien cua dieu udc phdi phe chuin cac Nghi dinh thu dd Vi dy nhu, Dieu 11 Nghi djnh thu thii hai vl sua ddi Hiep udc than thipn vd hgp tdc Ddng Nam A dugc ky' kit ngdy 25/7/1998, quy dinh: "Nghi dinh thu ndy cin phdi dugc phe chuan va s6 cd hieu lyc ke tir ngdy vdn bdn Phe chuan cudi cimg ciia cdc ben tham gia dugc ngp luu chieu"^

' Taaaaaea A.H BeHCKanx KoHBenuwi o npaae Me)KayHapojlHux aoroBopoB KoMMeuxapHti M., 1997 - C 106, 111

' http://wvyw.vietlaw.gov.vn/LAWNET/docView.do?docid=14609&typ^= html