Proficiency writing skills 2

Different people are suited to different things and not everyone excels in the academic world-... The important thing to remember is that you must discuss the views mentioned, but you c

Approximately t e n per c e n t of t h e material in Writing

Skills has b e e n r e v i s e d f o r this b o o k All t h e o t h e r

material in this b o o k is new Each of t h e t w e n t y units

c o n s i s t s o f f o u r - p a g e s , w h i c h s h o u l d , u n d e r normal

c i r c u m s t a n c e s , be c o m p l e t e d in t w o l e s s o n s , with a

writing task to be d o n e later in approximately o n e hour,

t h e time allowed for it in t h e examination

T h e c h a n g e s i n t h e e x a m i n a t i o n

T h e biggest change in t h e writing paper of the revised

Cambridge Proficiency examination is that it n o w has

t w o parts, as do FCE and CAE

be analysed, imitated and practised T h e s e m o d e l s are

s u p p o r t e d with revision of t h e n e c e s s a r y grammatical structures and lexical items by means of accompanying

e x e r c i s e s and t h e reference section and t h e appendix at

n o t s o m u c h a m a t t e r o f u s i n g m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d

s t r u c t u r e s o r a w i d e r r a n g e o f v o c a b u l a r y a s o f

p r o v i d i n g a n a n s w e r r e l e v a n t t o t h e q u e s t i o n , w e l l organised in g o o d , clear s e n t e n c e s and paragraphs T h e

r a n g e o f q u e s t i o n s o p e n t o t h e e x a m i n e r i s considerable, as indicated by the c o n t e n t s pages of this book, but learning t h e right technique to deal with each

is half t h e battle T h e r e f o r e , it is r e c o m m e n d e d that

s t u d e n t s pay particular attention to t h e tips provided throughout the book T h e s e consist of practical advice

on what to do and what n o t to do in a given situation and s h o u l d make it p o s s i b l e for s t u d e n t s taking t h e exam to realise their full potential

3

1

Contents

U N I T P A R T T E C H N I Q U E M O D E L S R E V I S I O N P A G E

S E C T I O N 1 : A R T I C L E S

A working day in the life of a florist

Adverbs of frequency Prepositions of time Tenses

The most unpleasant person

1 have ever met

Traffic problem in town centre

The Edinburgh Festival

A weekend break in Venice

Threatened closure of The Catherine Wheel restaurant

Mr Quick Dry Cleaner's Indirect Speech

Travel the World game

2 N o w read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e article b e l o w and t h e n d o t h e e x e r c i s e s that follow

You live and w o r k locally T h e c a r e e r s office In t h e t o w n p u b l i s h e s a m o n t h l y m a g a z i n e f o r s t u d e n t s

T h e magazine has invited local b u s i n e s s p e o p l e , d o c t o r s , t e a c h e r s , e t c t o w r i t e articles describing their

w o r k i n g day You have d e c i d e d to w r i t e an article for t h e magazine describing y o u r normal w o r k i n g day

My working day

M o s t G P s t h e s e d a y s b e l o n g , a s I d o , t o a

m e d i c a l p r a c t i c e s h a r e d with four o t h e r d o c t o r s This has the advantage of o u r being able to employ two n u r s e s a n d t w o s e c r e t a r i e s U n l i k e t h e o t h e r doctors in my practice, I am m a r r i e d with two young children and my h u s b a n d , Michael, has a full-time

j o b in L o n d o n Michael and I usually get up every day about six thirty and have a shower and get dressed before we

w a k e t h e children We have b r e a k f a s t at 7.30 a n d

!

get t h e children r e a d y for school F o r t u n a t e l y , my

h u s b a n d passes t h e school on t h e way to the station

so he d r o p s t h e m off My first a p p o i n t m e n t is n o t

u s u a l l y u n t i l 8.45 b u t t h e c h i l d r e n n e a r l y always

n e e d something at t h e last m i n u t e so I d o n ' t often have time to read the p a p e r after breakfast

In o u r practice, we ask patients to t e l e p h o n e for

an a p p o i n t m e n t unless they are seriously ill M o s t of

t h o s e w h o c o m e t o t h e s u r g e r y j u s t n e e d a prescription for t h e chemist or a certificate to stay away from work I normally finish surgery at a b o u t

11 o'clock and then start my rounds, visiting patients

in their h o m e s With luck, I am h o m e for lunch by 1.00, a n d h a v e t i m e t o r e a d o n e o f t h e m e d i c a l

j o u r n a l s before t h e children c o m e h o m e from school

at a b o u t 3.30.1 have always tried to k e e p up with t h e latest research

T h e c h i l d r e n h a v e l u n c h a t s c h o o l , b u t I a m always t h e r e w h e n they arrive h o m e a n d can give

t h e m some tea and get dinner ready for my h u s b a n d

b e f o r e I r e t u r n for t h e e v e n i n g s u r g e r y a t six Michael gets h o m e before t h e n so I never have to leave t h e m a l o n e I am n o r m a l l y h o m e a g a i n by 8.30 when the children go to bed, and by t h e n t h e working day is generally over We d o n ' t often go out

in the evenings b e c a u s e I feel t o o tired b u t I have

s o m e t i m e s had to get up and go out in t h e middle of

t h e night to answer an emergency call from o n e of

my patients

Articles 1

3 U n d e r l i n e all t h e adverbs of f r e q u e n c y in t h e article

4 C o m p l e t e t h e diary page for t h e d o c t o r in n o t e f o r m ,

indicating w h a t s h e d o e s at different t i m e s of t h e day,

5 L o o k at Reference sections 13 and 14 o n page 9 0 and c o m p l e t e t h e s h o r t article b e l o w w i t h t h e

p r e p o s i t i o n s provided You will have t o u s e s o m e o f t h e m m o r e than o n c e

My j o b is quite i n t e r e s t i n g as I g e t to m e e t plenty of d i f f e r e n t people; s o m e of

t h e m a r e friendly a n d s o m e t i m e s give u s g o o d tips, w h e r e a s o t h e r s c a n b e quite

r u d e a n d t r e a t us like s e r v a n t s Most g u e s t s leave (5) t h e morning, so l

am k e p t busy b r i n g i n g t h e i r luggage down to r e c e p t i o n while t h e y check out Then

t h e r e is usually a quiet period (6) lunchtime b e f o r e t h i n g s g e t busy a g a i n (7) t h e e a r l y afternoon when the new g u e s t s arrive

As t h e Grand Hotel is (8) t h e city c e n t r e , a lot of t o u r i s t s s t a y with us

S o m e t i m e s t w o c o a c h e s will a r r i v e full o f visitors, which a l w a y s m a k e s m y j o b

m o r e tiring A n o t h e r busy t i m e is (9) New Year, w h e n lots of people s t a y

o v e r n i g h t in t h e c i t y to go to a show, t a k e in t h e s i g h t s or go s h o p p i n g in t h e sales for b a r g a i n s

My shift finishes (10) 3 pm w h e n a n o t h e r p o r t e r t a k e s over I am lucky t h a t I still

h a v e t h e b e s t p a r t of t h e a f t e r n o o n f r e e to r u n a few errands or have a walk (11)

t h e p a r k before going home to my family (12) t h e evening

1 Articles Describing

6 L o o k at t h e q u e s t i o n b e l o w In w h a t way is it different from t h e q u e s t i o n on page 6?

Your c o l l e g e magazine has d e c i d e d t o run a feature entitled A working day in the life of S t u d e n t s

have b e e n asked t o w r i t e articles a b o u t p e o p l e w h o d o different j o b s W r i t e a n article describing t h e

w o r k i n g day o f s o m e o n e y o u k n o w w h o s e j o b y o u think o t h e r s t u d e n t s w o u l d b e i n t e r e s t e d i n finding

o u t m o r e a b o u t

L o o k at Reference section 1 8 a and c o n pages 91 and 9 2 and t h e n read t h e article b e l o w C o m p l e t e t h e s p a c e s

w i t h t h e c o r r e c t f o r m of t h e v e r b in brackets

A working day in the life of a florist

P e o p l e a r e often s u r p r i s e d w h e n I tell t h e m t h a t m y m o t h e r i s a f r e e l a n c e florist It's q u i t e a n u n u s u a l

j o b a n d i s c e r t a i n l y v a r i e d

My m o t h e r (1) (be) lucky e n o u g h to w o r k from h o m e , so s h e (2)

( n o t h a v e ) a flower s h o p to r u n S h e (3) ( a r r a n g e ) flowers for w e d d i n g s , p a r t i e s ,

a h u g e m a r k e t w h e r e fresh f l o w e r s a r e sold t o florists a n d p e o p l e i n t h e t r a d e T h e m a r k e t

(8) (begin) at 6 a m , so s h e (9) ( h a v e to) get up at

Desct

8 C h o o s e o n e of t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w and w r i t e an article

a Your local n e w s p a p e r has a s e c t i o n for t e e n a g e r s w h o a r e thinking a b o u t w h a t c a r e e r t o f o l l o w w h e n

t h e y are older T h e n e w s p a p e r has invited local p e o p l e to w r i t e articles describing their typical

w o r k i n g day You have d e c i d e d to w r i t e an article for t h e n e w s p a p e r

b Your t e a c h e r has a s k e d y o u to w r i t e an article describing t h e daily r o u t i n e of a p o l i c e m a n , a taxi driver

or a teacher W r i t e y o u r article

You can prepare for e i t h e r task by doing t h e e x e r c i s e b e l o w

D r a w up a diary r e f e r e n c e like t h e o n e y o u did for t h e d o c t o r on page 7 Think of t h e a n s w e r s to t h e s e

Is each w o r k i n g day different?

Make sure you have understood whether the question requires an article in the first person

or the third person singular before you start writing Check your tenses carefully

Articles Describing and narrating

I Read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e article b e l o w and c o m p l e t e t h e e x e r c i s e s that follow

A Sunday n e w s p a p e r has invited r e a d e r s to s e n d in articles for t h e i r s e r i e s on c h i l d h o o d

R e a d e r s are invited t o w r i t e an article entitled A key m o m e n t in my childhood. W r i t e y o u r

article describing an i m p o r t a n t c h i l d h o o d e x p e r i e n c e and say h o w it affected y o u r character

T h a t i n c i d e n t t a u g h t m e t w o t h i n g s t h a t

I h a v e always r e m e m b e r e d O n e i s t h a t m o s t

o f u s e n v y t h o s e w h o a r e m o r e s u c c e s s f u l

t h a n w e a r e , a n d i t d o e s n o t t a k e very m u c h for a g r o u p of o r d i n a r y p e o p l e to t u r n i n t o a

Describing and narrating Articles

2 T h e w r i t e r u s e s a variety o f t i m e e x p r e s s i o n s t o e n s u r e that t h e reader k n o w s t h e o r d e r i n w h i c h t h e

main e v e n t s occur Read t h e article again and fill t h e gaps using t h e w o r d s b e l o w

a few minutes one day soon suddenly then this time usually when

c s h o w t h e effect of t h e story on t h e w r i t e r ' s life s i n c e t h e n

5 T h e article has five paragraphs W h a t is t h e p u r p o s e of e a c h o n e ?

Articles

L o o k at t h e s e e x a m p l e s of direct s p e e c h w h i c h t h e w r i t e r has u s e d to intensify his writing,

a ' N o , d o n ' t be silly, Professor,' he said

b ' W h a t are y o u laughing at?' h e d e m a n d e d ' N o n e o f y o u e v e r k n o w t h e a n s w e r and h e just g o t o n e

L o o k at t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w , think of an incident for e a c h o n e and c o m p l e t e t h e paragraph plans w h i c h f o l l o w with y o u r ideas

a A Sunday n e w s p a p e r has invited r e a d e r s to s e n d in articles for their s e r i e s on s c h o o l days W r i t e an article

b A popular magazine is running a c o m p e t i t i o n for t h e b e s t article entitled A chance encounter. You d e c i d e

t o s u b m i t a n entry T h e article s h o u l d d e s c r i b e a n i m p o r t a n t c h a n c e m e e t i n g w i t h s o m e o n e , and say h o w

y o u think t h e incident influenced y o u r life

I n t r o d u c t i o n

M a i n B o d y

C o n c l u s i o n

9 N o w w r i t e a n article i n a n s w e r t o o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o v e ,

using y o u r paragraph plan, and taking t h e things y o u have learnt

in this unit into c o n s i d e r a t i o n

Remember, the person and incident you describe do not have to be real, as long as the description you give is believable

13

Articles Discussing an issue

Read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e article b e l o w and t h e n c o m p l e t e t h e e x e r c i s e s that follow

You recently a t t e n d e d a d i s c u s s i o n and heard t h e s e c o m m e n t s T h e d i s c u s s i o n w a s a b o u t w h e t h e r m o t h e r s

s h o u l d g o o u t t o w o r k o r n o t You found t h e d i s c u s s i o n v e r y interesting and have n o w d e c i d e d t o w r i t e a n article for y o u r local n e w s p a p e r discussing t h e s e c o m m e n t s and giving y o u r o w n p o i n t o f view

Women have

fought foe equality in

the workplace and should be allowed

to continue working even when

they have children

1 wish

1 coufdstay

at home, hut we need the second

Children need the stability that only their mothers can provide

m o t h e r h o o d indefinitely if they c h o o s e H o w e v e r , should

those w o m e n w h o do have a family give up their c a r e e r in

o r d e r to stay at h o m e and look after their children, or n o t ?

N u m e r o u s a r g u m e n t s have b e e n put forward as to why

w o m e n should stay at h o m e and care for their children F o r

e x a m p l e , it is k n o w n t h a t c h i l d r e n n e e d stability in their

lives S o m e p e o p l e believe that this can only come from t h e

m o t h e r and that outside help is d e t r i m e n t a l to the children

H o w e v e r , w h o is to say that o u t s i d e help c a n n o t provide

children with the stability they n e e d ? T h e r e is good quality

c h i l d c a r e available, a l t h o u g h it is often expensive M o r e

importantly, forcing a w o m a n who would r a t h e r be out in

t h e w o r k p l a c e to stay at h o m e to look after h e r children may c r e a t e p r o b l e m s of its own She may b e c o m e b o r e d ,

f r u s t r a t e d a n d e v e n resentful of h e r c h i l d r e n if h e r own

n e e d s are n o t met F u r t h e r m o r e , it is not every w o m a n ' s

d r e a m to stay at h o m e with h e r children W o m e n who have

w o r k e d h a r d t o b u i l d t h e m s e l v e s a c a r e e r a r e

u n d e r s t a n d a b l y reluctant to give it u p

Factors o t h e r than what a w o m a n wants also play a role

in deciding w h e t h e r or n o t a w o m a n goes out to work T h e cost of living is high and p e o p l e now expect a comfortable

h o m e w i t h all m o d c o n s , f o r e i g n h o l i d a y s e a c h y e a r ,

f a s h i o n a b l e c l o t h e s a n d so o n , all of which cost m o n e y Very often, o n e salary is insufficient to m e e t the n e e d s of a family's m e m b e r s As a result, t h e w o m a n is o b l i g e d to work in o r d e r to contribute financially to the family

In conclusion, I believe that the decision a b o u t w h e t h e r

a w o m a n stays at h o m e to raise her children or goes out to

w o r k i s o n e t h a t s h o u l d b e m a d e b y e a c h f a m i l y individually E v e r y o n e ' s s i t u a t i o n is different a n d such a

w i d e v a r i e t y o f f a c t o r s m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t i t i s impossible to c o m e up with one rule for all

(iii) T h e w r i t e r t h i n k s t h a t m o t h e r s s h o u l d d o w h a t i s b e s t for t h e i r family d e p e n d i n g o n t h e i r o w n s i t u a t i o n

4 Look at Reference section 11 on page 8 9

L o o k at h o w this s e n t e n c e taken from t h e article can be r e w r i t t e n

it is k n o w n that c h i l d r e n n e e d stability in t h e i r lives.'

The impersonal and personal passive structures can used to give opinions in more formal writing

c h i l d r e n a r e k n o w n to n e e d stability in t h e i r lives

N o w r e w r i t e t h e s e n t e n c e s b e l o w practising impersonal and personal passive s t r u c t u r e s

a I t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t h a t o l d e r p e o p l e benefit from s p e n d i n g t i m e with y o u n g e r m e m b e r s o f t h e i r families

ig an issue

C h o o s e o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w and w r i t e a n article C o m p l e t e t h e paragraph plan w i t h n o t e s b e f o r e

y o u start writing t o help y o u o r g a n i s e y o u r ideas

be made to pay for their crimes in other ways

b You b e l o n g t o y o u r c o l l e g e debating s o c i e t y and a t t e n d e d a d e b a t e a b o u t w h e t h e r i t i s b e t t e r t o have qualifications o r e x p e r i e n c e w h e n looking for a job T h e c o m m e n t s b e l o w w e r e m a d e You have

d e c i d e d t o w r i t e a n article for t h e c o l l e g e magazine discussing t h e s e c o m m e n t s and giving y o u r

o w n o p i n i o n

must be punished and ore a danger to society

s the best way to do this Shouldn't they be made to help

Many professions demand certain qualifications before you can even be considered for

a position

Nothing can prepare a person better for

a job than on-the-job training

Different people are suited to different things and not everyone excels in the academic world-

Crime: genes or upbringing? W r i t e

y o u r article taking t h e p o i n t s raised

on t h e right into c o n s i d e r a t i o n and giving

y o u r o w n o p i n i o n

Until the second half of the nineteenth century, it was widely accepted that it is something in a persons biological makeup that determines whether or not he will become a criminal Since then, however, there have been many theories which claim that criminality

is the result of factors in an individual's environment

Crime: genes or upbringing?

appearance lost credence more than a century

ago, there are still criminologists w h o believe

t h a t t h e r e a r e i n h e r i t e d character traits which

c o n t r i b u t e to criminal t e n d e n c i e s Do we h a v e

t h e r i g h t to condemn people from birth to a

life of c r i m e in this w a y ? F u r t h e r m o r e , if this

is t h e c a s e , it could be argued that there is

t h e c a u s e of crime, t h e argument that

c r i m i n a l b e h a v i o u r c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o

i n d i v i d u a l t r a i t s in conjunction w i t h s o c i a l

influences

•MMHHHM

a P e o p l e still can't agree on t h e reasons for criminal behaviour,

b T h e m e t h o d s used to punish criminals are s o m e t i m e s barbaric

a S o m e criminologists believe that it is in some p e o p l e ' s n a t u r e to commit crimes, and that

these p e o p l e look alike,

b S o m e criminologists maintain that criminal b e h a v i o u r is hereditary, although this o p i n i o n

may be difficult to accept

P a r a g r a p h 3 a It is easier to accept that p e o p l e ' s involvement in criminal activity is d u e to an

unfavourable upbringing,

b A n o t h e r theory which p r o p o s e s that p e o p l e develop criminal behaviour as a result of

being b r o u g h t up in adverse conditions is also d e b a t a b l e

P a r a g r a p h 4 a C r i m e is probably caused by a combination of character traits and social influences

b As the a r g u m e n t that crime is caused by a p e r s o n ' s genes is u n p o p u l a r , it is m o r e likely

that social influences are to b l a m e

Tip I WËËÊÊËËÊËËÊËËËËËËÈËÊËËËÊÊÈÊÊËËËËËÊÊ

•MMBBMMMHNHHMHHHMflMBHi

Although you are not expected to be an expert on the subject you are writing about, it is important that your writing is

convincing One way to achieve this is by supporting statements you make with explanations or examples

3 Read t h e article again and a n s w e r t h e following q u e s t i o n s

Articles Responding to generalisations

5 T h e w r i t e r used t h r e e c o m p o u n d adjectives in t h e m o d e l article Read Reference section 2c on page 86 and t h e n underline t h e t h r e e c o m p o u n d adjectives that a p p e a r in t h e article

6 N o w r e w r i t e t h e following s e n t e n c e s using c o m p o u n d adjectives

e It is only fair t h a t p e o p l e w h o w o r k h a r d a r e r e w a r d e d for t h e i r effort

7 Based on t h e article on page 18, put t h e paragraph plan b e l o w into t h e c o r r e c t order

It is not necessary to agree or disagree with one of the opinions expressed in the question The important thing to remember

is that you must discuss the views mentioned, but you can come to your own conclusion, which could be a compromise

io generalise

en C h o o s e o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w and a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t i t b e f o r e y o u w r i t e y o u r article

a You w o r k in a local travel agency Your e m p l o y e r has s h o w n y o u t h e following e x t r a c t on t h e s u b j e c t

of t o u r i s m He has asked y o u w r i t e an article for t h e local n e w s p a p e r discussing t h e subject W r i t e

y o u r article r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e points m a d e b e l o w and giving y o u r o w n o p i n i o n

Local people arc, once again, at loggerheads over the local tourism industry Some people believe thai commercialism is destroying the area, both environmentally and culturally, while others welcome the financial prosperity that visitors to the area bring

Your t u t o r has s h o w n y o u t h e following e x t r a c t on t h e s u b j e c t of genetically modified f o o d You have

b e e n asked t o w r i t e a n article for t h e c o l l e g e magazine discussing t h e subject W r i t e y o u r article taking t h e points raised b e l o w into c o n s i d e r a t i o n and giving y o u r o w n o p i n i o n

The subject of genetically modified food is one which is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore While it is true that GM foods can provide plant resistance to drought, disease and insects, critics say they are potentially hazardous to the environment and to human health

n a m e s p r a n g to mind i m m e d i a t e l y : Mr David Canavan He h a s t a u g h t me law

f o r t h r e e y e a r s now a n d , in my opinion, this m a n is m o r e t h a n w o r t h y

of t h e title

One of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t m a k e s Mr Canavan so much more than a

run-of-the-mill t e a c h e r is his e n t h u s i a s m f o r his subject, it is impossible to sit

t h r o u g h one of his l e c t u r e s a n d n o t be c a u g h t up in it He m a n a g e s to hold his s t u d e n t s ' a t t e n t i o n a n d m a k e w h a t is a potentially dull s u b j e c t c o m e to life t h r o u g h his e x a m p l e s a n d a n e c d o t e s

His k n o w l e d g e a n d e x p e r t i s e is, w i t h o u t d o u b t , as extensive as his

m e m o r y , in t h e t h r e e y e a r s I've known him as a t e a c h e r , l h a v e n e v e r o n c e seen him r e f e r to n o t e s , a t e x t book or even s t u m b l e t h r o u g h w h a t he h a s to

r e l a t e to us F u r t h e r m o r e , he is a l w a y s p u n c t u a l a n d well p r e p a r e d , showing

t h a t he r e s p e c t s his j o b a n d t h e s t u d e n t s in his classes In t u r n , his

s t u d e n t s give him t h e r e s p e c t t h a t he d e s e r v e s a n d , as a result, his classes

a r e a l w a y s p a c k e d

A n o t h e r t r a i t which m u s t be m e n t i o n e d is his a p p r o a c h a b i l i t y His d o o r is

a l w a y s o p e n a n d s t u d e n t s a r e w e l c o m e to drop by with q u e r i e s f r o m a l e c t u r e

or to talk to him a b o u t s o m e t h i n g t h a t is t r o u b l i n g t h e m I remember very

clearly one occasion when l w a s in t h e f i r s t y e a r of my course I h a d t a k e n

C o m p a n y Law as one of my subjects a n d Mr Canavan was the t e a c h e r I h a d

arranged to spend one month w o r k i n g in a company, r e s e a r c h i n g t h e e f f e c t of new

t e c h n o l o g y on a small business, but the placement fell t h r o u g h at t h e last m o m e n t

Mr Canavan came to my r e s c u e a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t I should research

a legal Issue w o r k i n g f r o m his office, which is e x a c t l y w h a t l did

w a s full of i n t e r e s t a n d encouragement and t h e cancellation of my

f i r s t placement turned out to be a blessing in disguise

As f a r as l am concerned, t h e decision of w h o is T e a c h e r of t h e Year' is e a s y to m a k e : Mr David Canavan

Yours faithfully,

J a m e s Hudson

2 2

Describing

In this kind of l e t t e r it is v e r y i m p o r t a n t to s u p p o r t y o u r c h o i c e of p e r s o n with justification for t h e

p o i n t s y o u make L o o k at James' l e t t e r again and c o m p l e t e t h e table below

: o r which o f t h e characteristics d o e s James a l s o give a n e x a m p l e ?

\ o w imagine a p e r s o n with t h e following characteristics W h a t e x a m p l e s could b e given that w o u l d justify t h e

person being c h a r a c t e r i s e d in this way?

Read t h e question b e l o w and c o m p l e t e t h e table with characteristics and justification in support of them R e m e m b e r

t h a t t h e p e r s o n you d e s c r i b e d o e s n o t have to be real as long as t h e description y o u give is believable

Your local n e w s p a p e r is running a c o m p e t i t i o n It is inviting readers to w r i t e letters nominating o n e of

their neighbours for t h e annual ' N e i g h b o u r of t h e Year' award You k n o w s o m e o n e w h o d e s e r v e s this

award and decide to w r i t e to t h e newspaper W r i t e your letter, saying w h o your neighbour is and

explaining w h y they d e s e r v e to win t h e award

SHHii^&SBifiiiî* •' B

Letters Describing

T h e q u e s t i o n on page 22 required a d e s c r i p t i o n of a person's character O t h e r q u e s t i o n s may require s o m e kind

of narrative d e s c r i p t i o n or a physical d e s c r i p t i o n as well L o o k at t h e q u e s t i o n b e l o w and t h e n read t h e l e t t e r

putting t h e v e r b s in brackets into t h e c o r r e c t narrative t e n s e

You have recently read an article in a magazine entitled The most unpleasant person I have ever m e t A t t h e end

of it, t h e w r i t e r asked r e a d e r s to w r i t e in w i t h their o w n s t o r i e s You have d e c i d e d to w r i t e a l e t t e r to

t h e magazine a b o u t a p e r s o n y o u u s e d t o w o r k w i t h W r i t e y o u r letter

D e a r S i r / M a d a m ,

A f t e r r e a d i n g y o u r article e n t i t l e d ' T h e m o s t u n p l e a s a n t p e r s o n I h a v e e v e r m e t ' , I felt I j u s t h a d t o w r i t e a n d tell

y o u o f m y o w n e x p e r i e n c e t h a t involves s o m e o n e I u s e d t o w o r k w i t h , M r L a m p i t t

I (1) ( w o r k ) for a big e n g i n e e r i n g firm c a l l e d M a r d e x I (2)

( s t a r t ) as a j u n i o r typist, b u t after a few m o n t h s , I (3) ( p r o m o t e ) to t h e p o s i t i o n of

Read this q u e s t i o n and c o m p l e t e t h e paragraph plan t h a t f o l l o w s

You have recently read an article in a magazine entitled The most interesting person I have ever met. A t t h e end of it, t h e w r i t e r asked r e a d e r s to w r i t e in w i t h their o w n e x p e r i e n c e s You have d e c i d e d to w r i t e a l e t t e r

Letters Giving opinions

Read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e l e t t e r b e l o w and c o m p l e t e t h e e x e r c i s e s that follow

You s e e t h e following e x t r a c t s from t w o l e t t e r s printed in a magazine

In my o p i n i o n , t h e subjects taught at s c h o o l are n o t relevant to real life, and y o u n g p e o p l e are ill-prepared for survival in today's c u t - t h r o a t w o r l d

Ian Thompson, businessman

It is o u r duty to provide t h e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n with a general e d u c a t i o n of a c a d e m i c value, regardless of t h e skills n e e d e d to survive in t h e j o b market

Sandra Brown, teacher

T h e magazine i s inviting r e a d e r s t o e x p r e s s their v i e w s o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e aims o f e d u c a t i o n You d e c i d e t o w r i t e a l e t t e r t o t h e magazine, r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p o i n t s raised and e x p r e s s i n g

skills for living

M a n y people feel that

e x p o s e d to certain s u b j e c t s

s u c h a s l i t e r a t u r e a n d classical l a n g u a g e s d u r i n g t h e

Giving opinions Letters

1 \ o w read t h e l e t t e r again and a n s w e r t h e following q u e s t i o n s

- which paragraph d o e s Sam:

j give h e r side of t h e a r g u m e n t , giving e x a m p l e s a n d saying w h o s u p p o r t s h e r view?

b t h i n k o f o n e o r t w o i d e a s for t h e o t h e r side o f t h e issue a n d say w h a t sort o f p e o p l e

Letters Giving opinions

4 Study Connectors and modifiers o n page 9 4 W h i c h w o r d s o r p h r a s e s has t h e w r i t e r used t o :

5 N o w fill t h e gaps using suitable c o n n e c t o r s and modifiers from t h e b o x

according to as a general rule as a result however on the other hand personally

a T o o m a n y p e o p l e a r e s t u d y i n g m e d i c i n e , t h e r e will be lots of u n e m p l o y e d d o c t o r s in

t h e n e a r f u t u r e

b O n t h e o n e h a n d , w e c a n n o t s t a n d i n t h e w a y o f scientific p r o g r e s s , s o m e p e o p l e

w o n d e r if it's right to i n t e r f e r e w i t h n a t u r e

c I w o u l d like to go to university , it w o n ' t be t h e e n d of t h e w o r l d if I d o n ' t get in

d scientists, h u m a n c l o n i n g will, o n e day, be a r o u t i n e p r o c e d u r e

In my o p i n i o n , criminals are a m e n a c e to society T h e y s h o u l d be kept o u t of harm's way

I say we lock t h e m up and t h r o w away t h e key!

Nora Robins, senior citizen

T o o m u c h taxpayers' m o n e y i s s p e n t o n t h e u p k e e p o f prisons W h y s h o u l d w e have t o

f o o t t h e bill? T h e criminals s h o u l d pay, n o t t h e law-abiding public!

Brian Chambers, civil servant

Giving opinions Letters

: a p a r a g r a p h plan and t h e n w r i t e y o u r letter Don't forget to mention the kind of people who hold the

opinions you discuss in your letter

•-z : h e q u e s t i o n b e l o w and, b e f o r e y o u w r i t e y o u r letter, ask yourself q u e s t i o n s , as in e x e r c i s e 6 a b o v e ,

belp y o u think of ideas

fou s e e t h e following e x t r a c t s taken from t w o l e t t e r s printed in a magazine

N o b o d y can stand in t h e w a y of scientific p r o g r e s s H u m a n cloning will, o n e day in t h e n o t

t o o distant future, be a routine p r o c e d u r e

Jan Smythe, scientist

It isn't right to interfere with nature like that We have no idea w h a t t h e psychological

c o n s e q u e n c e s of being a c l o n e could be!

James Witherspoon, social worker

T h e magazine is inviting readers to e x p r e s s their v i e w s on t h e subject of human cloning You d e c i d e

t o w r i t e a l e t t e r t o t h e magazine, r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e points raised and e x p r e s s i n g y o u r o w n v i e w s

7 Letters Complaining

I Read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e l e t t e r b e l o w and c o m p l e t e t h e e x e r c i s e s that follow

As a regular c u s t o m e r of a particular airline, y o u w e r e surprised at their inability to c o p e with an

u n e x p e c t e d situation You have d e c i d e d to w r i t e a l e t t e r to t h e airline W r i t e a l e t t e r of c o m p l a i n t describing w h a t h a p p e n e d , and saying w h a t y o u think t h e airline s h o u l d have d o n e

p a s s e n g e r s of c a n c e l l a t i o n s W h e n I r e a c h e d t h e front of t h e q u e u e , I was asked by o n e of t h e

g r o u n d staff 1) (decide) immediately if I was willing

to fly via M a d r i d , which would m e a n a t h r e e - h o u r delay W h e n I asked h e r why t h e flight

2) (cancel), she said that she 3) (not know), and she

m a d e ' n o apology for the inconvenience caused

In my opinion, the cancellation of the flight 4) ( a n n o u n c e ) as soon

as it was known that the incoming flight h a d n o t left Barcelona All six check-in counters

5) ( m a n ) in o r d e r to deal with the additional problems caused, a n d

passengers in t h e q u e u e s 6) (inform) of the situation while queuing If that 7) ( d o ) , they 8) (have) time to consider

alternatives and t e l e p h o n e relatives before making a decision Above all, s o m e apology

Complaining

~-e w r i t e r u s e d r e p o r t e d s p e e c h t o explain w h a t h a p p e n e d at t h e check-in desk Study Reference

section 16 on page 9 1 Read t h e l e t t e r again and c o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d paragraph by putting t h e v e r b s in

: — ckets into t h e c o r r e c t f o r m , using t h e passive w h e r e n e c e s s a r y

Iz.zy Reference section 4 c o n page 8 7 and Reference section 17 o n page 9 1 T h e n read t h e l e t t e r again and : : ~ o l e t e it by putting t h e v e r b s in brackets in t h e third paragraph into t h e c o r r e c t f o r m , using t h e passive

Letters Complaining

6 Based o n t h e l e t t e r o n p a g e 3 0 , put t h e paragraph plan b e l o w into t h e c o r r e c t order W r i t e Introduction,

Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Conclusion

E x p l a i n w h a t h a p p e n e d Say w h a t will h a p p e n i f n o t h i n g i s d o n e t o avoid this h a p p e n i n g again R e q u e s t

Why d i d n ' t t h e y w a i t till morning to deliver brown suitcase?

Why d i d n ' t t h e y r e a d t h e label a n d deliver blue s u i t c a s e properly?

Why w e r e s t a f f in Edinburgh r u d e a n d not a p o l o g e t i c w h e n

complained?

Expect e x p l a n a t i o n O t h e r w i s e , will n o t t r a v e l by Ailing a g a i n

Ailing Airlines Flights AA999 f r o m Athens to London a n d AB000

f r o m London to Edinburgh, lune 2 4 t h Luggage n o t t r a n s f e r r e d

Brown suitcase delivered Kirriemuir 2.00 a m , |une 25th Blue

s u i t c a s e n o t delivered Telephone call to airline office in Edinburgh

i n d i c a t e d s e n t by m i s t a k e to Munich Too late to send it to

Kirriemuir, so told t h e m to send it to h o m e a d d r e s s in Athens

8 A l t h o u g h perfectly a c c e p t a b l e , o n e of t h e paragraph

n o t e s a b o v e d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h e plan in e x e r c i s e 6

W h i c h o n e is it?

Complaining Letters

_ - : • -: t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w , think of a situation for e a c h o n e a n d c o m p l e t e t h e paragraph plans which f o l l o w with

: - ; e a s

a You are a k e e n cinema-goer A film festival recently held at y o u r local c i n e m a failed to live up to y o u r

e x p e c t a t i o n s You have d e c i d e d to w r i t e a l e t t e r to t h e c i n e m a manager W r i t e a l e t t e r of complaint,

describing w h a t h a p p e n e d , and saying w h a t y o u think s h o u l d have h a p p e n e d

You recently had a w e e k e n d break at a luxury h o t e l D e s p i t e t h e a s s u r a n c e s of t h e travel a g e n t w h o

b o o k e d t h e w e e k e n d break, t h e hotel did n o t live u p t o y o u r e x p e c t a t i o n s You have d e c i d e d t o w r i t e a

l e t t e r to t h e travel agent W r i t e a l e t t e r of complaint, describing w h a t h a p p e n e d , and saying w h a t y o u

N o w w r i t e a l e t t e r in a n s w e r to o n e of t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o v e , using y o u r paragraph plan, and taking t h e things y o u

- a v e learnt in this unit into c o n s i d e r a t i o n

Do not express anger or indignation too forcefully If you appear too aggressive

or emotional, you lose credibility and your letter is not as persuasive

Letters Applying for a job

I Read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e l e t t e r b e l o w and t h e n c o m p l e t e t h e e x e r c i s e s that follow

A charity organisation is looking for p e o p l e w h o w o u l d be willing to w o r k on a v o l u n t a r y basis at

a s u m m e r c a m p for physically disabled t e e n a g e r s V o l u n t e e r s w o u l d n e e d to be available for a minimum p e r i o d of t w o w e e k s in July or August W r i t e a l e t t e r saying that y o u w o u l d like to be

c o n s i d e r e d for t h e job and explaining why

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am w r i t i n g in reply to your a d v e r t i s e m e n t t h a t appeared in t h e S w a n s e a G a z e t t e last week I h a v e h e a r d many good t h i n g s a b o u t y o u r o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d t h e summer camps

it r u n s and, t h e r e f o r e , I would like to be c o n s i d e r e d as a v o l u n t e e r at this y e a r ' s camp

C u r r e n t l y I am in full-time education and attend the S w a n s e a College of Higher Education

As you a r e probably aware, s t u d e n t s h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e vacation time in t h e summer and,

as a result, I would be available f o r a n y t w o - w e e k p e r i o d d u r i n g July or August

Despite t h e f a c t t h a t I h a v e n e v e r w o r k e d with disabled people, I feel t h a t I h a v e a lot

to offer I am e n t h u s i a s t i c a n d enjoy w o r k i n g as a t e a m member I can imagine that

being part of a summer camp would be very r e w a r d i n g a n d I see it as an o p p o r t u n i t y

to m e e t new people and form new f r i e n d s h i p s I am n o t a f r a i d of h a r d w o r k a n d am fit

a n d h e a l t h y

I h a v e a l w a y s loved s p o r t , especially swimming At t h e a g e of seven, I j o i n e d t h e Swansea Swimming Club a n d a f t e r t w o or t h r e e years, I became a member of the junior s w i m m i n g

t e a m While at college, my love of s w i m m i n g h a s Increased and I now coach children

t w o evenings a week I also belong to t h e college b a s k e t b a l l t e a m I believe my i n t e r e s t

in swimming, a n d in s p o r t in g e n e r a l , is s o m e t h i n g I can s h a r e and pass on to the

teenagers at t h e camp, as sport is s o m e t h i n g t h a t lots of people c a n enjoy in spite of

physical limitations F u r t h e r m o r e , I successfully c o m p l e t e d a f i r s t - a i d course last summer

run by t h e Red Cross o r g a n i s a t i o n

Your a d v e r t i s e m e n t g a v e no details a b o u t w h a t t h e j o b would involve and, f o r this

reason, I would w e l c o m e an o p p o r t u n i t y to m e e t you so

summer camp and what my duties would be It would

also give you t h e chance to decide if l am suitable

f o r t h e w o r k involved I am available m o s t mornings

and w e e k e n d s as my classes a r e all in t h e a f t e r n o o n

I look forward to hearing from you

Yours faithfully,

Kevin Lockhart

could find out m o r e a b o u t t h e

Applying for a job Letters

R e a d Kevin's l e t t e r again and d e c i d e w h i c h paragraph:

In letters of application, hypothetical situations are often referred t o L o o k at t h e clauses b e l o w and find t h e m in

<evin's letter Read t h e m in c o n t e x t and say w h e t h e r t h e y refer to real or hypothetical situations W r i t e R for real

iirse, would + bare infinitive can also be u s e d to e x p r e s s o t h e r t h i n g s

~.i a c l a u s e in K e v i n ' s l e t t e r t h a t u s e s would + bare infinitive b u t d o e s n o t r e f e r to a h y p o t h e t i c a l s i t u a t i o n W h y h a s

:n u s e d this v e r b f o r m ?

Letters Applying for a job

5 N o w read this q u e s t i o n and Vivien's letter b e l o w C o m p l e t e her l e t t e r by putting t h e v e r b s in brackets in

t h e m o s t suitable form Think carefully a b o u t w h e t h e r t h e clauses refer t o real o r hypothetical situations

Every year, t h e university y o u a t t e n d participates in a t w o - d a y n a t i o n w i d e s t u d e n t c o n f e r e n c e T h e

s u b j e c t of t h e c o n f e r e n c e is t h e value of university life b e y o n d t h e l e c t u r e r o o m s T h e university has

d e c i d e d t o s e n d t w o s t u d e n t s t o t h e c o n f e r e n c e and will pay all their e x p e n s e s T h e university i s

inviting s t u d e n t s to apply in writing, explaining w h y t h e y s h o u l d be c h o s e n to r e p r e s e n t t h e university

and w h a t t h e y w o u l d learn f r o m t h e e x p e r i e n c e You have d e c i d e d t o apply W r i t e y o u r letter

D e a r Sir/Madam

I am writing to put myself forward as a representative for the student conference to be held in

Birmingham later this year

T h r o u g h o u t my time here, I (1) (take) an active part in university life, namely

the student union and the debating society, and believe that I (2) (benefit) enormously as a result F u r t h e r m o r e , I (3) (be) an articulate individual and I

(4) (be) m o r e than capable of communicating my experiences to o t h e r

students, given the chance to do so

As many students in their first year do, I (5) (join) t h e student union within a few

days of arriving at university I soon (6) ( b e c o m e ) involved in the organisation of

the very popular quiz nights T Ins (7) (lead) to a position on the e n t e r t a i n m e n t c o m m i t t e e ,

of which I (8) , ( ' • i now chairperson I (9) (take) pride in the events we

organise and I (10) (believe) that an active social life is very i m p o r t a n t to

students, particularly as man; ( ! ! ) (live) away from h o m e for the first time T h e

student union (12) (be) a place w h e r e they can form friendships above and beyond those

they will have with students on t h e same courses as themselves

I (13) (also enjoy) b e i n g a m e m b e r of t h e d e b a t i n g society,

which not only (14) (provide) the o p p o r t u n i t y of hearing varied opinions on

wide-ranging subjects, but (15) (also b e ) a stimulating way to pass an evening

Taking part in a debate is a challenge that (16) (give) students the chance to hone

their public speaking skills, which (17) (stand) them in good stead later in life

Although I (18) (not be) s o m e o n e w h o plays sport regularly I (19) (be)

very aware of the variety of sports available both here on c a m p u s and on w e e k e n d excursions and day

trips F r i e n d s of mine who (20) (take) advantage of such facilities and

o p p o r t u n i t i e s speak highly of t h e m This (21) (be) a n o t h e r area of university life which I

(22) (be) quick to c o m m e n t on at the conference

Finally, to be chosen to represent o u r university at the conference (23) (be) an

h o n o u r 1 (24) (undoubtedly find) it a rewarding experience and

(25) (hopefully be able to) bring back information and ideas from

o t h e r students attending o t h e r universities a r o u n d the country

I look forward to hearing from you

Y o u r s faithfully

Vivien Cunniniiham

Letters

Applying for a job

•; ;vien's l e t t e r is slightly different to Kevin's in that s h e gives e x a m p l e s of h e r o w n e x p e r i e n c e s w h i c h s u p p o r t h e r app ication L o o k again at h e r l e t t e r and say w h i c h paragraph(s):

a tells us why V i v i e n t h i n k s s h e is s u i t a b l e

b tells u s w h a t V i v i e n feels she w o u l d g a i n f r o m t h e e x p e r i e n c e

c aive examples of what Vivien and people she knows have gained from university life a n d

d explains t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e l e t t e r

: e i c t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w and c o m p l e t e t h e paragraph plans T h e n c h o o s e o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s and w r i t e a letter

a You have s e e n an a d v e r t i s e m e n t for a t e m p o r a r y s u m m e r j o b at t h e t o u r i s t information c e n t r e , run by t h e local council, in t h e t o w n w h e r e y o u live You have d e c i d e d to apply for t h e job W r i t e a letter of application, saying w h y y o u w a n t t h e j o b and giving details of any relevant skills and qualifications y o u have

1 n t r o d u c t i o n R e a s o n for w r i t i n g ?

Main B o d y W h y y o u w a n t t h e j o b ?

R e l e v a n t skills/qualifications?

C o n c l u s i o n R e q u e s t m e e t i n g / i n t e r v i e w ?

: You w o r k for a large international company T h e c o m p a n y has d e c i d e d to s e n d t h r e e e m p l o y e e s to w o r k in

o n e of their offices abroad for a p e r i o d of six w e e k s Travel and h o t e l e x p e n s e s will be c o v e r e d E m p l o y e e s wishing to be c o n s i d e r e d for this o p p o r t u n i t y m u s t w r i t e a l e t t e r of application, saying w h e n t h e y w o u l d be able t o g o , w h y t h e y s h o u l d b e c h o s e n for this trip and w h a t t h e y h o p e t o learn from s u c h a n e x p e r i e n c e

I n t r o d u c t i o n P u r p o s e o f t h e l e t t e r ?

M a i n B o d y Availability?

Suitability? ( + e x a m p l e s i n s u p p o r t )

C o n c l u s i o n L e a r n f r o m t h e e x p e r i e n c e ?

When you have finished writing your letter, look again at the verb tenses and forms you have used Make sure you use

ould + bare infinitive when you refer to a hypothetical situation

Essays Expressing opinions

I Read t h e q u e s t i o n and t h e essay b e l o w and t h e n do t h e e x e r c i s e s t h a t follow

Your t e a c h e r s h o w s y o u t w o e x t r a c t s taken from articles a b o u t t h e future o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t

Things are progressing so far that

electronic games and technological

entertainment will make the live arts

obsolete in the future

Nothing can replace the excitement of sitting in a crowded theatre waiting for the curtain to go up Live arts will never die out because that feeling cannot be aroused by computer games and DVDs

Your t e a c h e r asks y o u to w r i t e an essay on w h a t will happen to live art in t h e future W r i t e y o u r essay

r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e points raised and e x p r e s s i n g y o u r o w n o p i n i o n

No one would d i s a g r e e with t h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t t e c h n o l o g y (1) ( p r o g r e s s )

in leaps a n d b o u n d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in recent years, and n o w h e r e is this m o r e e v i d e n t t h a n in t h e field

of e n t e r t a i n m e n t With t h e invention of e l e c t r o n i c g a m e s , h o m e cinema s y s t e m s a n d v i r t u a l reality,

it (2) (be) little wonder that some people (3) (say) t h e t h e a t r e a n d

o t h e r forms of live art (4) (become) o u t d a t e d a n d disappear In t h e

y e a r s t o come

However, t h e live a r t s (5) (provide) s o m e t h i n g t h a t t e c h n o l o g y cannot

The a n t i c i p a t i o n a f t e r booking your seats, be it to see a play or bear a concert, coupled with t h e

e x c i t e m e n t of a live performance cannot be recreated by a DVD or a CD, no m a t t e r how good t h e

quality is As long as t h e experience of live a r t o f f e r s s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n t e c h n o l o g y does, it will

n e v e r b e c o m e obsolete

The danger (6) (be), though, t h a t technology (7) (progress) v e r y

quickly a n d it (8) (be) logical to a s s u m e t h a t it (9) (continue)

its r a c e to c r e a t e a new experience or t h e ultimate sound s y s t e m , in this c a s e , t h e live a r t s as we

know t h e m (10) ( a d v e r s e l y affect), i t m a y be t h a t , in t h e f u t u r e ,

people (IT) ( n o t need) to leave t h e comfort o f ' t h e i r own h o m e s : t e c h n o l o g y

m a y b r i n g t h e experience of the live arts to t h e m at h o m e This (12) (be) even m o r e credible when you (13) (consider) that t h e y o u t h of t o d a y m o r e

t h a n e v e r b e f o r e (14) (be used to) being s u r r o u n d e d by hi-tech e q u i p m e n t

a n d (15) (be able to) while away their time playing games, w a t c h i n g t h e

l a t e s t films or listening to t h e i r f a v o u r i t e bands all at the touch of a button or t w o This g e n e r a t i o n

(16) ( g r o w up) w i t h e l e c t r o n i c g a m e s a n d technological e n t e r t a i n m e n t a n d

(17) (have) no n e e d f o r t h e a t r e s a n d concert halls

It (18) (be) s a d to say, b u t I do believe that the live arts

(19) (suffer) b e c a u s e of technological a d v a n c e s in t h e w o r l d of e n t e r t a i n m e n t

I only h o p e t h a t t h e r e (20) (be) enough people in the future who want to

experience music or drama live so that t h e live a r t s do n o t become completely obsolete

Expressing opinions ^^^^^B 9

: 'e-'erence sections 18 a, b and c on pages 91 a n d 9 2 T h e n read t h e essay again, c o m p l e t i n g it with t h e

: : - - 5 " : o r m of t h e v e r b s in brackets Be careful b e c a u s e o n e of t h e m n e e d s passive v o i c e

_ : : :ne essay again and a n s w e r t h e following q u e s t i o n s

a H o w h a s t h e w r i t e r a v o i d e d giving away h e r p o i n t of view in t h e first p a r a g r a p h ?

\ r d i n g t o t h e w r i t e r , w h a t d o t h e live arts offer u s t h a t t e c h n o l o g i c a l e n t e r t a i n m e n t d o e s n ' t ?

c W h a t i s t h e d a n g e r t h a t t h e w r i t e r t a l k s a b o u t i n t h e t h i r d p a r a g r a p h ?

4 W h a t is t h e w r i t e r ' s g e n e r a l o p i n i o n a b o u t t h e f u t u r e of t h e live a r t s ?

.: : • ill n at t h e essay and put t h e following paragraph plan into t h e c o r r e c t order

- : : i a c o n c l u s i o n and give y o u r own p o i n t of view

b Discuss o n e p o i n t of view, giving e x p l a n a t i o n s or e x a m p l e s w h e r e p o s s i b l e ,

c I n t r o d u c e t h e subject in a g e n e r a l way, b u t do n o t s t a t e y o u r o p i n i o n yet

Discuss t h e o t h e r p o i n t of view, giving e x p l a n a t i o n s or e x a m p l e s w h e r e possible

Essays Expressing opinions

S o m e t i m e s a w r i t e r w a n t s t o make w h a t t h e y are writing m o r e e m p h a t i c O n e way o f doing this i s t o u s e inversion L o o k a t t h e e x a m p l e b e l o w , w h i c h w a s taken from t h e first paragraph o f t h e essay

' n o w h e r e is t h i s m o r e e v i d e n t than in t h e field of e n t e r t a i n m e n t '

This could have b e e n w r i t t e n as follows:

this is m o r e e v i d e n t in t h e field of e n t e r t a i n m e n t than a n y w h e r e e l s e

Read Reference section 4 e o n page 8 7 and Reference section 9 o n page 8 9 and t h e n r e w r i t e t h e following

f P o l l u t i o n h a s n e v e r r e a c h e d such high levels b e f o r e

N e v e r such high levels

Expressing opinions Essays 9

sse o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w and w r i t e a n essay C o m p l e t e t h e paragraph plan w i t h y o u r n o t e s b e f o r e :egin writing

You b e l o n g to t h e s c h o o l debating s o c i e t y and recently a t t e n d e d a d e b a t e on t h e i m p o r t a n c e of

planning for t h e future You heard s o m e o f t h e c o m m e n t s b e l o w Your t e a c h e r has n o w asked y o u t o vrite a n essay o n t h e s a m e subject, r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c o m m e n t s and e x p r e s s i n g y o u r o w n o p i n i o n

There ifi no point whatsoever- in

planning for- the future Mo one

knows where they will be or what

they will be doing It'e a complete

waste of time

lurw can anyone hope to achieve their ambitions if they don't jpCanfor the future?

The besf policy is fake each day as

if comes

Your t e a c h e r has s h o w n y o u t w o e x t r a c t s a b o u t t o u r i s m and e n v i r o n m e n t a l d a m a g e

This area of the country used to be quiet and

unspoilt It is now overrun with tourists for the best

part of each year who care little about the noise they

make, the litter they leave lying around or the

wildlife they disturb There should be a complete

ban on tourism so that what is left of our valuable

countryside can be preserved

It is true that tourism has had an effect on the local countryside, but reports have been exaggerated What is required is support for green tourism* and encouraging tourists to respect the area they are visiting Besides, if tourism were banned, the local economy would suffer

Your t e a c h e r asks y o u t o w r i t e a n essay o n t h e effect o f t o u r i s m o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t W r i t e y o u r essay

r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e points raised and e x p r e s s i n g y o u r o w n o p i n i o n

* green tourism is environmentally friendly tourism

If you support one point of view more strongly than the other, it is better to discuss this point of view in the paragraph before the

•onclusion In this way the conclusion will follow logically and you avoid jumping back and forth between opinions