Headway academic skills 2 reading writing and study skills students book

Although th e official language is French, many people speak a little English... The official language is French, but many people speak a little English.. 2 Complete paragraph 2 of the a

Academic Skills

Reading, Writing, and Study Skills

LEVEL 2 Student’s Book

O X F O R D Sarah Philpot S e rie s Ed ito rs: Liz a n d Jo h n S o a rs

Academic Skills Reading, Writing, and Study Skills

LEVEL 2 Student’s Book

Sarah Philpot

S e rie s Ed ito rs: Liz a n d Jo h n S o a rs

O X FO R D

1 International student

Follow ing i n s t r u c t i o n s : fillin g in f o r m s

R eading m eth o d s: s k i m ; s c a n ; i n t e n s i v e r e a d in g ; e x t e n s i v e r e a d i n g

C hecking y o u r w riting: e r r o r c o r r e c tio n - p u n c t u a t i o n a n d s p e llin g

W ritin g a n in fo rm a l e m a il

2 Where in the world ?

S kim m ing a n d scanning: r e a d i n g f o r t h e g e n e r a l id e a , a n d

W ritin g a d e s c rip tio n o f m y c o u n try

READING An unexpected journey p 1 6 -1 7

P red ictin g content: u s i n g t h e t i t l e a n d t h e p i c t u r e s

M ean in g from context: g u e s s i n g t h e m e a n i n g o f n e w w o r d s

P u rp o se a n d au d ien ce (1 a n d 2): u s i n g v i s u a l a n d w r i t t e n c lu e s U sing form al expressions: w r i t i n g a c a d e m i c e m a i l s a n d le tte r s

W ritin g a fo rm a l em ail

6 Science and our world

7 People: past and present

U sing o riginal sources: d e a l i n g w i t h d i f f i c u l t la n g u a g e a n d

9 Inventions, discoveries, and processes

W ritin g a d e s c rip tio n o f a p ro c e ss

In te rp re tin g data: s t a t i s t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n in g r a p h s , c h a r ts , a n d t e x t s A voiding rep e titio n (3): d e s c r i b i n g g r a p h s u s i n g s y n o n y m s ,

a d je c t iv e s + n o u n s , v e r b s + a d v e r b s

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Dictionary work p 8

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Word-building (1) p 2 0

A ntonym s from prefixes: m a k i n g a n o p p o s i te w o r d u s i n g u n - , i n - , il-,

i m , ir

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Varying vocabulary (1) p 2 6

A voiding rep e titio n (1): u s i n g s y n o n y m s to v a r y y o u r w r i t i n g

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT Words that go together p 38

N o u n /V erb + p rep o sitio n : a s s o c ia te d w o r d s

RESEARCH Crediting sources p 50

A cknow ledgem ents: a c k n o w l e d g i n g b o o k a n d w e b s it e s o u r c e s

RESEARCH Reference books p 5 5 -5 6

WRITING Graphs and bar charts p 6 1 -6 2

Illu stratin g data: u s i n g a g r a p h o r b a r c h a r t

1 International student

READ IN G SKILLS Following instructions • Reading methods

W R IT IN G SKILLS Checking your w riting • W riting an inform al email

VO C A BU LA R Y D EVELO PM ENT A dictionary entry • Recording vocabulary (1)

R E A D IN G Going abroad to study

Personal information often appears on documents, especially official

documents Use the ideas in the box to say what personal information

is on ?

• a b irth ce rtific a te • a bank statem ent

• a driving licence • an exam certificate

name date o f birth address parents’ names

grades driver num ber account number

name o f school or university place o f birth

Simon Elliot lives in Geneva, Switzerland He is returning to the

UK to study Answer the questions.

1 Label the documents W hich is ?

• a form al le tte r

• an application form

2 W here is Simon going?

3 W hat is he going to study?

4 W ho is John?

a passport

an inform al le tte r

Apartm ent 2 5 ,Lac de Leman Building,Geneva,

I ’m really looking forw ard to seeing you again I ’m not sure where

I ’ll be living I ’m applying fo r accommodation with a host fam ily - that way I won’t have to cook! I Ju s t hope that th e re ’s a vegetarian fam ily available As soon as I know my new address, I ’ll email or ring you, and we can m eet! Do you like the photos I've sent? Do you rem em b er

University of WEST LONDON

Apartment 25,Lac de Leman Building,Geneva,

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3 Look at the application form W hat is it for?

4 Read the documents on page 4 Use the information

to complete the application form for Simon.

Read STUDY SKILL

S T U D Y S K I L L F o llo w in g in s tru c tio n s

W h en fillin g in o ffic ia l docum ents, it is im p o rtan t to read and

fo llo w th e instructions carefully, fo r exam ple:

■ U se black ink only

■ Please p r i n t / W rite in BLO C K CAPITALS

Tick ( y ) the relevant boxes.

A p p licatio n fo r A cco m m o d atio n

Family name E llio t

First nam e(s)

Course start date / /

Male/Female (D elete as appropriate) Single Married

Children Y e s N o N um b er

Date of birth

Type of accommodation

I I Host fam ily

I I University hall o f residence

I I Shared house

Special diet Y e s N o Please specify:

How and w hy do you read?

5 W hat d o y o u read? Tick (√ ) the different reading

materials a-j that you read.

6 W hich reading materials from exercise 5 do you read for pleasure; for work;

for your studies? Make three lists.

U n it 1 • International student 5

7 Read the handout for new students about reading Answer the questions.

1 W hich two ways of reading are the quickest?

2 W hich way would you read for enjoyment?

3 W hich way o f reading is the slowest?

E ffe c tiv e R e a d in g

During your course, you w ill do a lot o f reading It is essential that you learn how to be

an effective and efficien t reader in order to make th e best o f your study tim e

Learning to be a good reader takes practice You need to develop different strategies

o r m ethods o f reading

Skimming

Som etim es you w ill read just to get a general idea o f a text This is skim reading First,

identify your reason for reading, fo r exam ple, to decide w hether an article m eets your

needs, or perhaps to understand a w riter’s attitude To do this, read th e tex t very

quickly Don't w orry about reading and understanding everything Instead, look

particularly at the first and last paragraphs, and the first and last sentences o f

paragraphs These often summarize the main points

Scanning

Som etim es you w ill read quickly to find particular pieces o f inform ation, fo r example,

a statistic, a date, a person’s name, or th e name o f a place Again, you do not need to

read every word to find this inform ation Instead, scan the tex t using a finger or a

pencil to m ove quickly through the words You could tim e yourself to see how long it

takes you to find the inform ation Always try to im prove your speed

Intensive reading

Som etim es you read fo r every detail, fo r example, a description o f a process, the

results o f a scientific study, or a set literature text To do this, take your tim e Stop and

think about w hat you are reading Have you understood th e tex t? You may need to

read th e tex t more than once, in order to make notes or highlight im portant points

fo r future reference This is called intensive reading or study reading

Extensive reading

Som etim es you w ill read fo r pleasure - perhaps as extra research, or purely fo r

interest You may concentrate, but you don’t have to w orry about detail This is

extensive reading

W e do not always read th e same kinds o f texts in th e same way, and w e often use

more than one m ethod o f reading fo r a single text Your reason fo r reading w ill help

you decide how to read

University of

WEST LONDON

CJ Study Skills ER07

8 Choose five examples of reading materials from

exercise 5 on page 5 W h y and h ow do you read?

9 Look back at exercises 2 and 4 on pages

4 and 5 In which exercise did you ‘skim’

and in which did you ‘scan’? Read STUDY SKILL

S T U D Y S K IL L R e a d in g m e th o d s

You usually have a reason fo r reading som ething That reason changes

th e w ay you read, and th e tim e you spend on a tex t

Think ab o u t w h at you w an t from th e tex t, and d ecid e th e b est w ay to

g et it For exam ple:

■ Skim a jou rn al to find an a rticle o f interest

■ Scan an a rticle fo r specific inform ation

■ Read relevant parts o f an a rticle intensively to m ake notes

6 Unit 1 • International student

W R IT IN G A host family

1 Imagine you are going abroad to do a short course and are going to live with a

host family W hat information would you give them and what information

would you want? Think about:

dates food personal inform ation transport com puter access hobbies

2 Burcu Sancak, a Turkish student, is writing to her host family Read her email

Tick (√ ) the items from exercise 1 that she mentions.

A ccom m odation message

Fro m : Burcu Sancak [ bsancak@mailnet.com.tr]

Su b ject: A cco m m o d a tio n

A s I m e n tio n e d in m y la s t e m a il, m y c o u rs e s ta r ts o n 2 4 th Ju ly b u t I’m c o m in g t w o d a y s e a r lie r a n d

m y p la in a rriv e s a t h e a th r o w o n t h e 2 2 n d a t 14.25 C o u ld y o u t e ll m e t h e b e s t w a y o f g e ttin g fro m

t h e a ir p o r t t o y o u r h o u s e ?

I h o p e t o h e re fro m y o u s o o n a n d I’m re a lly lo o k in g fo rw a r d t o s e e in g y o u in L o n d o n

B e s t w is h e s ,

B u rc u S a n c a k

3 Read STUDY SKILL Read Burcu’s email again There are 12

mistakes (capital letters, full stops, question marks, and spelling)

Find and correct them.

W riting an informal email

4 Imagine you are going to stay with a family for a short

course Write them an email Write about 100 words.

• Say you accep t th e ir o ffe r o f a room ,

• Tell them ab o u t yo u r studies and yo u r hobbies

• G ive them inform ation ab o u t you r arrival

• Ask fo r inform ation you w ould like

STUDY SKILL C h e c k in g y o u r w r itin g

Every tim e you w rite , rem em ber to check yo u r w ork for;

■ cap ital le tte rs a t th e beginning o f sentences and fo r proper nouns (nam es o f peop le, cities, and cou n tries)

■ fu ll stops a t th e end o f sentences

■ q uestion m arks a t th e end o f questions

■ spelling m istakes Use a d ictio n ary o r com puter spellchecker to check you r spelling Keep a record o f any w ords you m isspell Learn th e co rrect spelling

Check your work carefully Give it to another student to check again.

Unit 1 • International student 7

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Dictionary work

1 Put the following words into alphabetical order as quickly as you can

Compare your order with a partner.

brainstorm skim question accom m odation dictionary

biography student vocabulary w riting punctuation scan

pronunciation com puter technology study voice keyboard

2 Here is an entry from the Oxford Students Dictionary.

Label the parts of the entry 1-5 using the words in the box.

p art o f speech definition pronunciation

exam ple sentence stress mark

accom m odation /əˌkɒm əˈdeɪʃn/ noun [U]

a place for sb to live or stay: We lived in rented

accommodation before buying this house.

3 Look at the word card W hat five pieces of information does it give you

about the word study?

STUDY SKILL A d ic t io n a r y e n t r y

Choose an English-English d ictio n ary and

m ake sure it is a recen t ed ition

D ictionaries include a lo t o f useful inform ation

For exam ple:

■ parts o f speech

■ stress

■ pronunciation

■ d efinitions

■ exam ple sentences

Be careful! Som e w ords have m ore than one

m eaning and use M ake sure you look at th e

co rre ct p art o f a d efin ition

4 Make word cards for the underlined words in 1-6

Use your dictionary. Read STUDY SKILL

1 I am studying Chemical Engineering.

2 We scan a timetable to get the information we want.

3 Correct punctuation is very im portant in good writing.

4 Always check in a dictionary if you are not sure about

how a word is spelt.

5 A biography is the story of someone’s life.

6 Novels, plays, and poetry are examples of literature.

STUDY SKILL R e c o rd in g v o c a b u la ry (1)

It is im p ortan t to keep a record o f n ew vocabulary You may wish to keep th e se records in a vocab u lary n oteb o ok or in a special vocab u lary file on th e com puter

W h e re ve r you record new vocabulary, it is h elp ful to n o te m ore than th e translation A lso note, fo r exam ple:

■ th e pronunciation

■ th e stressed syllables

■ p art o f speech

■ associated w ords and grammar, e g a biography o f someone

8 Unit 1 • International student

Passport/ID number Place of issue

Sex M ale [ ] Female [ ]

M arital status

Title D r [ ] M r [ ] M rs [ ] M s [ ] M iss [ ] O ther (specify)

Home address Email address

Home or mobile telephone number

Reasons for visit Duration of visit

O ther (specify)

Date of arrival (if known)

Address in country (if known)

Date of departure (if known)

Use your dictionary to correct the spelling o f the underlined words.

1 She paved for her books with a credit card.

2 He bougth a new car last month.

3 W hat subject are you studing?

4 My parents always give me good advise.

5 Have you applyed to university yet?

6 Please put the books back on the correct shelfs.

Review the texts and vocabulary in Unit 1 Choose at least five words that are

new for you Make word cards for them.

U n it 1 • International student 9

2 Where in the w o rld ?

READ IN G SKILLS Skimming and scanning

W R IT IN G SKILLS Brainstorming ideas • Linking ideas (1) • Writing a description o f my country

VO C A BU LA R Y D EVELO PM ENT Synonyms and antonyms • Recording vocabulary (2)

R E A D IN G Three countries

1 Look at photos a-c and skim texts 1 -3 on page 11 Match them

with the titles below. Read STUDY SKILL

■j I I I Cities, Deserts Seas

[ ] [ ] A W o rld on an Island

I I I I Your Dream Castle?

2 Scan the texts Find information to complete the table.

STUDY SKILL S k im m in g and scan n in g

Rem em ber th ere are tw o w ays o f reading quickly:

■ skim m ing fo r th e general idea

■ scanning fo r p articu lar inform ation

location im p o rtan t date econom y attractio n s language(s)

historic 1 beaches a [ ] beaches made by people, not by nature

natural 2 city b [ ] coal, gas, oil and fresh water are all examples of these

tourist 3 destination c [ ] a popular place to go on holiday

national 4 language d [ ] a place with a long and important history

man-made 5 resources e [ ] the main language used in a country

official 6 assembly f [ ] the group of people chosen to govern a country

5 Read the texts again more slowly In pairs, discuss similarities and differences

between the three countries and your own country.

10 U n it 2 • Where in the w o rld ?

T h e Republic o f Singapore is an island in South-East Asia, just 137km north o f th e Eq u a to r It

becam e an independent city-state in 1965 Singapore has few natural resources H ow ever, it

developed a strong econom y and is a popular to u rist destination People com e here fo r its

fabulous shopping, th e fam ous Singapore Z o o , and its beautiful man-made beaches Singapore

has a rich m ixture o f people and many languages are spoken here, including Malay, English,

M andarin, and Tamil.

T h e Kingdom o f M o ro cco is a co u n try in N o rth A frica It has the A tlan tic O cean to the w est,

the M editerranean Sea to the north, A lgeria to th e east, and W e s te rn Sahara to the south It

becam e an independent kingdom in 1956 Its econom y depends on mining and tourism

M o ro cco ’s attraction s include th e historic city o f Fez, the w onderful beaches on th e A tlan tic

and M editerranean, and th e Sahara D esert A rab ic is the official language, although French is

often used fo r business.

W a le s is in n o rth ern Europe It is part o f th e U n ited Kingdom It bo rders England to the east,

and has th e Irish Sea on th e w est W a le s w as ruled by England fo r many centuries, but in 1999

its ow n N ational Assem bly w as created Farm ing and tourism are im po rtant parts o f its

econom y Tourists com e to W a le s to see its many ancient castles, to w alk and clim b in its

beautiful m ountains, o r to w alk along its w ild coastline A lthough m ost people speak English,

both W e ls h and English are th e official languages.

Unit 2 • Where in the world ? 11

W R IT IN G M y country

1 Complete the diagram about France

using the topic areas and examples

in the box. Read STUDY SKILL

skiing in the Alps

the Atlantic Ocean

tourism French

econom y coal Spain 1789 Euro Disney

STUDY SKILL B ra in s to rm in g ideas

Befo re you w rite , thin k ab ou t th e to p ic W o rk w ith a p artn er o r in a group

■ U se a diagram to help you organize yo u r thoughts

■ D ecide on to p ic areas, and thin k o f exam ples

■ W rite notes and single w ords on th e diagram

■ Don’t discard any ideas o r thoughts a t th is stage

■ D on’t w o rry ab ou t w h at is m ore o r less

im p o rtan t a t this stage

W h e n you finish brainstorm ing ideas, choose w hich ideas you w an t to use in you r w ritin g , and d ecid e on

France is a large country in 1 _

many countries, including Germ any, Italy, and Spain It was ruled by a king

However, a fte r th e revolution in 3 _ , it becam e a republic

France has good natural resources, such as w ater a n d 4 _

Farming, car m anufacturing, and 5 _ are oth er im portant parts

o f its economy The capital o f France is Paris, which lies on th e River Seine

M any tourists stay in th e city to see th e 6 _ Tower, or

to visit the world-fam ous Louvre Museum and th e many other attractions

There are also lots o f oth er things to do outside Paris You

can go skiing in the 7 , v is it 8 , or go swimming

in th e M editerranean Although th e official language is French, many

people speak a little English So, w hatever your interests and w herever you

com e from , France has som ething fo r you

12 Unit 2 • Where in the world ?

3 Look back at the text on page 12 Write the topic areas from the box next to

num bers 1-5 in the order they appear in the text.

languages attractions geography im portant date(s) econom y

1

4 With a partner, quickly brainstorm ideas about your country Write your

ideas on a diagram Use the topic areas from exercise 3.

5 Underline other examples o f but, however, and although in

the three texts on page 11.

STUDY SKILL Lin k in g id eas (1)

Linking ideas in a clear and logical w ay is p art o f good w riting

Use but, however, and although to contrast tw o ideas

Look a t sentences a and b Com pare th e w ay but, however, and although are

used to link them W h a t d ifferen ces are there?

a The official language is French

b Many people speak a little English.

The official language is French, but many people speak a little English.

The official language is French However, many people speak a little English

Although the official language is French, many people speak a little English

The official language is French, although many people speak a little English.

6 Link the pairs of sentences using the word in brackets.

1 Many people think that Sydney is the capital of Australia Canberra is

really the capital (but)

2 The Amazon is the longest river in South America The Nile is the longest

river in the world (however)

3 M ount Everest is the highest m ountain in the world It is not the most

difficult to climb (although)

4 It is very hot in the Sahara during the day It can be very cold at night

(although)

W riting a description o f my country

7 Write a paragraph of about 150 words describing your country

Use your ideas from exercise 4 Link them using but, however,

and although.

Unit 2 • Where in the w o rld ? 13

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Organizing vocabulary (1)

1 Put the words in the box into two groups Then organize them in order of

size (sm a lle st ◄ -► b ig g est) or speed (slo w e s t ◄ -► fa s te s t)

bicycle sea ocean aeroplane space rocket lake car pond

antonyms(=) from the box.

frontier big new noisy old quiet small seashore

3 Use the words in the box to label the compass.

STUDY SKILL S y n o n y m s and a n to n y m s

A synonym is a w ord o r phrase th a t has th e same

m eaning as ano th er w ord o r phrase

An antonym is a w ord o r a phrase th a t m eans th e

op p o site o f ano th er w ord o r phrase

north south east w est north-west south-west north-east south-east

4 Look at the words in the box Organize them into four

groups of four words each Record them using different

methods. Read STUDY SKILL

a cottage clean th e N orth Pole deserts dirty

th e Earth lakes mountains a house unpolluted

an apartm ent block polluted a skyscraper

rainforests th e South Pole the Equator

■ synonym s and antonym s as in exercise 2

■ a p icture w ith labels as in exercise 3

C ontinue to add new w ords to each group as you learn them

14 Unit 2 • Where in the w o rld ?

R E V IE W

1 Go back through Unit 2 Add examples to the table Write the definite article

the where necessary.

countries continents rivers deserts cities seas and oceans m ountains/

m ountain ranges

W ales,

th e Republic

o f Singapore

Asia the R ive r Sein e the Sah a ra Fez th e A tlan tic Ocean M ount E v e re s t

2 W hen is the definite article the used? Complete the rules.

RULES

Use thewith rivers, deserts, mountain ranges,

Do not use thewith most countries, _

and oceans

, mountains, and

3 Add some examples from your own country or region to the table.

4 Make sentences 1-8 true by replacing the word in italics with another word

from Unit 2.

1 Asia is a large country.

2 M orocco has beaches on the Atlantic Sea.

3 Spain is northo f France

4 A castleis where you can go to see lots o f different animals

5 A lakeis bigger than a sea

6 Sydney is a very old city.

7 Russia is a smallcountry

8 A village is biggerthan a town

5 Make your own records of any new words Use the methods from this unit.

Unit 2 • Where in the w o rld ? 15

R E A D IN G An unexpected journey

1 Look at the headline and pictures in the newspaper article W hat do

you think the story is about? Discuss your ideas with a partner.

A free flight to Dubai

A twenty-three-year-old Dutch student has enjoyed a short but unexpected holiday in Dubai Mr Frank Vreede, a business student, had taken a part-time

job at Schiphol Airport to help pay for his studies He worked as a baggage handler and was responsible for loading the suitcases into the hold of

passenger planes.

Last Friday night, after an exhausting day in the university library preparing for his final exams Frank was loading a plane at the airport He was waiting for the next baggage truck to arrive and he felt tired He decided to have a quick rest,

so he sat down in the hold of the plane and shut his eyes - just for a moment.

However, while he was sleeping, the plane took off An hour later, Frank woke up and was horrified to discover that the plane was in the air There was

a terrible noise from the engines, and he tried not to panic It was dark, uncomfortable and very, very cold Frank knew the flight would be long because it was an airline from the Middle East He also knew he could not survive the freezing temperatures It was an impossible situation.

He decided to make as much noise as possible He banged on the ceiling of

the baggage hold and shouted at the top of his voice Luckily, a passenger heard the noise and called a flight attendant, who immediately informed the pilot Once the captain understood what was happening, he ordered hot air to

be pumped into the hold.

When the plane arrived at Dubai International Airport, an ambulance was waiting to take a very cold and frightened Mr Vreede to hospital Doctors

examined him, but he was unhurt and was allowed to leave after a few hours

News spread quickly about this ‘stowaway’ The Managing Director of one of Dubai’s top hotels offered him a free room for the weekend, ‘He must have wanted to come to Dubai very much if he was prepared to travel in the hold!’ joked the MD.

‘Everyone’s been so kind,’ said Mr Vreede ‘I’m really enjoying my stay in Dubai and I’m getting a lot of rest, so I won’t fall asleep on the job again!’ When Frank returned to Schiphol Airport on Monday, his friends and

relatives were overjoyed to see him ‘When he didn’t come home after his evening shift on Friday, I called the airport - but nobody had seen him for

hours,’ his mother said to reporters Frank explained that he was very lucky

because it is possible to die of cold in the hold of an aircraft He apologized

to his boss for sleeping at work instead of working, and promised it would

not happen again ‘During the flight I was petrified 1 thought I was going to die!’ said Mr Vreede ‘I wouldn’t want to do it again Next time, I’ll catch a

regular flight!’

16 Unit 3 • Newspaper articles

Read STUDY SKILL

in the box.

Make questions about the article Use the question words

W h y ? W h e re … ? W h o ? W h e n ? W h a t ? H o w ?

W hy was It a free flig h t?

STUDY SKILL P r e d ic tin g c o n t e n t

Predicting th e co n ten t o f a te x t prepares you fo r w h a t you are ab ou t to read Being

w ell-prepared helps com prehension

B efo re you read a tex t:

■ look at th e title ■ look at any pictures

Use these to get an idea o f w hat th e tex t is about Ask some questions (Who? Where?

Why? etc.) to help you p redict the content and to focus on th e inform ation you need

Why ?

Where ?

Who ? When What ? How ?

3 Skim the text to get a general idea of the story Were your ideas right?

Does the text answer your questions?

4 Read the article more slowly and answer the questions.

1 Who is the article about?

2 What other people are m entioned in the article?

3 Where did the events happen?

4 When did the events happen?

5 What was the problem?

6 How was the problem solved?

Compare your answers with a partner.

5 Copy the table Guess the m eaning of the words

in bold in the article A Free Flight to D ubai. Use the part of speech and

the context to help.

STUDY SKILL M e a n in g fr o m c o n te x t

Texts o fte n contain w ords w e don’t know Looking up every w ord takes tim e and

slow s dow n you r reading

To help you guess th e m eaning from th e context;

■ look a t th e w ords and sentences around th e unknown word

■ id e n tify th e p art o f speech

■ use you r know ledge o f th e w orld (w h at you alread y know ab ou t th e situation)

■ thin k ab o u t w h e th e r th e w ord has a generally negative or p o sitive m eaning

■ replace th e unknown w ord w ith ano th er w ord w ith a sim ilar m eaning and check

th a t it m akes sense in th e sentence

word part o f speech context guess

baggage handler noun jo b o r d u ty / a irp o rt

responsible fo r loading s u itc a s e s /

p assen g er planes

person who p u ts bags on a plane

6 Compare your guesses with a partner Check meanings in a dictionary.

7 Underline other new words in the article Make guesses about them

Check your guesses in a dictionary.

Unit 3 • Newspaper articles 17

W R IT IN G Mistaken identity

1 Look at paragraph 1 of the newspaper article A Case o f M istaken Id en tity on

page 19 Separate it into six sentences Punctuate the sentences correctly.

Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL S e n te n c e s

w rite s h o rt clear sentences

join ideas and sentences using linking w ords, fo r exam ple, however, after, etc

(see Stu d y Skill pl3)

p u n ctu ate co rrectly using cap ital letters, fu ll stops, q uestion marks, and

exclam ation marks

2 Complete paragraph 2 of the article using the words in the box.

after and unfortunately but because so

3 Read the beginnings of paragraphs 3 and 4 of the article Choose which

sentences, a or b, from 1-5 belong to each paragraph Write the paragraphs.

Then the car stopped in front of a large conference centre Paragraph 3

He told John that everything was ready for him Paragraph 4

Mr Taylor jumped out of the car with his briefcase and rushed into the centre.

‘Follow me, please,’ he said.

John Taylor got up, checked his tie was straight, and picked up his briefcase.

There, to his relief, he was greeted in English by the conference organizer.

He followed the organizer out of the room.

‘Welcome to Paris, Mr Taylor,’ said the smartly-dressed organizer and he led John Taylor down

a long corridor and into a small room.

After giving Mr Taylor a coffee, the organizer went off to make sure everything was ready The organizer opened a door and led John Taylor into a large hall full o f schoolchildren!

4 Look at the next two paragraphs Which is paragraph 5? W hich is

paragraph 6? Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL Parag rap h s

To help you r w ritin g flow :

■ group ideas on th e sam e to p ic to g eth er in a paragraph

■ m ake sure there is a clear link betw een th e content o f one paragraph and th e next

5 Read paragraph 1 o f the article again Find an example o f the Present Perfect,

Past Simple, Past Continuous, and Past Perfect. Read STUDY SKILL

STUDY SKILL V a ry in g t h e s tru c tu re

Interesting w ritin g o ften contains a va riety o f tenses

For exam ple;

■ Past Sim ple - It was a comfortable flight

m Past Continuous - He was loading a plane at the airport

m Present P e rfe c t - He has been to France before

m Past P e rfe c t - He hod taken a part-time job at the airport.

18 Unit 3 • Newspaper articles

A case of mistaken identity

[1 ] have you ever b een m istak en for som eone else last w eek Mr John

Taylor, an A ustralian businessm an, w en t to Paris for an im p o rtan t

m eetin g he was sen t by th e A ustralian go v ern m en t to give a speech to

French businessm en and w o m en it was to encourage m ore trad e it was,

therefore, a very im p o rtan t speech and Mr Taylor had p repared it

carefully a t th e sam e tim e a Mr Paul Taylor was also travelling o n the

sam e flight to Paris

[2 ] It was a com fortable flight his plane arrived o n tim e.

Jo h n Taylor was expecting a driver to pick h im up from th e airport.

2 going th ro u g h custom s and im m igration control, h e w e n t to

find th e driver He saw a m an w ho w as holding a sign saying ‘Mr Taylor’,

3 h e introduced him self The driver replied in French.

4 _ , Mr Taylor did n o t speak French, 5 _ h e did u n d erstan d

th e words ‘h o te l’ an d ‘sem in ar’ 6 the m eetin g was early th a t

m orning, John Taylor decided to go straight to th e sem inar He nodded

his head a t th e driver and repeated ‘sem inar’.

[3 ] While the car was speeding through Paris, Mr Taylor w ent through his

notes one more time.

The organizer returned a few m inutes later,

Paragraph

This case of m istaken identity was quickly noticed and p u t right Both Mr Taylors, Paul and John, were p u t into taxis and driven at great speed to their correct meetings

Fortunately, both presentations were hugely successful, as they discovered

w hen they were seated next

to each other on the flight back to Australia!

in Australia! Meanwhile, on the other side o f the city, Mr Paul Taylor was also in a large hall full o f people Paul, dressed in blue jeans and cowboy boots, was staring in horror at 200 smartly-suited businessmen and women.

U n it 3 • N ew sp ap er a rticle s 19

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Word-building (1)

1 Put the adjectives from this unit with the correct prefix in

the table Use a dictionary to help you. Read STUDY SKILL

expected regular com fortable possible hurt im portant

In o th e r cases, th e antonym is a com p letely

d iffe re n t w ord, fo r exam ple, g o o d /b a d

W h e n you lo o k up a new w ord in th e dictionary,

m ake a n o te o f its antonym

i l

m

-im - ir

-1 Use a dictionary to identify the correct prefixes for the adjectives in the box

Add them to the table in exercise 1.

appropriate direct experienced patient relevant mature

legal responsible logical legible mobile personal

3 Look back at the table in exercise 1 Can you see any general rules about

when to use il-, im -, and ir- ? Complete the rules.

RULES

il-,im-.ir-il- is used w ith words beginning with

im- is often used w ith w ords beginning w ith and

ir- is used w ith w ords beginning w ith

4 Match words 1-7 with antonyms a-g.

6 □ m inim um f difficult / hard

7 □ private g the same

20 Unit 3 • Newspaper articles

R E V IE W

1 Look at the titles of these newspaper articles W hat do you think each article

is about? Work with a partner and write five questions about each article.

Scottish balloon found in Libyan desert

2 Read the beginning of John Taylor’s talk The words in bold are different parts

of speech of the nonsense word nam an W hat part o f speech are they?

Choose from the box.

verb x (2) noun x (3) adjective x (2)

Fly me to the moon - return ticket, please

G ood naman, e ve ryo n e I am sorry fo r 2namaning late, b u t thank you fo r being so p atien t As you know,

I am here to 3naman ab ou t th e possibilities fo r increased com m erce b etw een our tw o 4namanies and

I hope th a t this ta lk w ill lead to a fru itfu l discussion O u r tw o cou n tries have had ve ry good relations fo r m any

namanies in fa c t since 18721 Last year, m any o f our 6namanical students cam e here to study you r farm ing

system s It w as a very 7namaning visit and th e y learn t a lo t In th e fu tu re ,

3 Guess their meaning from the context and replace them with an appropriate

real word.

G o o d 1naman, everyone = Good morning/afternoon, everyone

4 Make notes about each of the pictures Write a paragraph of 20-40 words for

each one in the past tense Give your complete article a title.

B U S E S

Unit 3 • Newspaper articles 21

4 Modern technology

R E A D I N G S K I L L S Identifying the main m essage-topic sentences

W R I T I N G S K I L L S Organizing ideas (1) • Linking ideas (2) • W riting a discursive essay

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Avoiding repetition (1)

R E A D IN G Innovations

1 Skim the articles and letters on page 23 Answer the questions.

1 W here would you expect to find a page like this?

2 How m any articles are there?

3 W hat is the topic of each article?

4 How m any letters are there?

5 W hat piece o f technology is each letter about?

readers’ letters opposite Pay attention to topic sentences only

Are the statements true (T ) or false (F )?

1 M aybe one day planes w on’t make a noise T

2 Noise is being reduced in tw o ways,

3 The project to build the plane hasn’t begun yet

4 M r Campbell is happy w ith his computer

5 The w riter o f the third letter wants help

6 Paula Adams’ opinion is th e same as an earlier letter writers

STUDY SKILL

Identifying the main message - topic sentences

Stu d en ts are aften required to do a large am ou nt o f reading

To save tim e and to select th e b est tex t(s) fo r yo u r needs, it

is im p ortan t to id e n tify th e m ain m essage as q uickly as possible

To do this;

■ look a t th e title

■ q uickly skim th e te x t to find th e to p ic sentences They are usually th e firs t sentence in each paragraph They

sum m arize w h at th e paragraph is about

3 Read the summaries a -d of the paragraphs in the article The Car th a t Drives

Itself. Match them with topic sentences 1-4 Do not read the article.

Summaries

a describing how th e car works

b predicting future developm ents

c outlining som e problems

d introducing th e subject

Topic sentences

1 □ A car m anufacturer has designed and built a car th at drives itself

2 □ Despite these disadvantages, car m anufacturers see driverless cars as th e future

3 EH However, there are still tw o main drawbacks

4 EH The car works using tw o main devices

4 Skim the article to match topic sentences from exercise 3 to paragraphs A-D

Use the summaries to help.

22 Unit 4 • Modern Technology

Technology Today Issue 27

IN N O V A T IO N S

THE SILENT PLANE

Annoyance from aeroplane noise could be a thing o f the past as plans are announced to

design a silent aircraft The aim is to reduce the noise from a plane so th at city-dwellers

w ill no longer hear it passing overhead once it has le ft the airport

This noise reduction w ill be achieved in three main ways Firstly, the plane is being

designed as a single, w ide wing Secondly, the engines w ill be placed above th e wing,

inside th e plane, rather than under th e wings and outside, and thirdly the airplane w ill

be flow n differently, fo r exam ple at a reduced speed when it is near the a irp o rt

The aircraft is just a design concept a t the m om ent and m any technological challenges

w ill have to be m et before w e have silent planes overhead

THE CAR THAT DRIVES ITSELF

A It can steer itself and control its speed This is the

latest developm ent in the tong history o f the autom obile industry

B The first is a radar sensor in the front o f the car It

scans the road in front o f the car, looking fo r other vehicles It then speeds the car up or

slows it down according to the traffic conditions The second device is a camera below

the rear-view mirror which watches the w hite lines in the road It uses these lines as a

guide to steering the car

C Firstly, the system can only work on motorways,

and secondly, cars still need a driver If the driver doesn’t touch the steering wheel

every 10 seconds, the devices can stop working

D They are already working on new models that will

be able to drive on city roads So, perhaps one day soon, we will be able to jum p into

our cars and sleep or read a book as we are driven to work!

Google self-driving car

Opinions and Questions: the Readers Write!

Sir,

Is anyone else fed up with tlieir computer?

I bought one to make my life easier and it

has done exactly the opposite! Everyone told

me that it would be easy to se t up 'A child

could do it!' they said So, I tried and it has

been a disaster It crashes constantly and

instead of saving me time, I seem to spend

all my fre e time trying to make it work If

this is an example of modern technology,

give me an old-fashioned typew riter

W hat's more, most M P3 players now allow you to watch videos, look at photographs and connect to the Internet Brilliant!

Yours faithfully,Paula Adams

Sir,

I am writing to ask fo r some advice about memory sticks I use mine to keep a copy of

my data, in case something goes wrong with

my computer However, I was told that memory sticks are unreliable and are easily damaged by anything magnetic, or by going through scanners, a t airports, fo r example Could you please clarify for me whether this

is true? I have a new Job that requires me to travel regularly, and I have to take my memory stick on trips

Yours,

A Jefco ate

Unit 4 • Modern Technology 23

W R IT IN G Technology - good or bad?

1 Brainstorm arguments for and against mobile phones.

Read STUDY SKILL

■ organize you r ideas in to argum ents for and argum ents

against, and give som e exam ples

■ w rite a paragraph for, and a paragraph against, giving you r ideas in a logical order

■ w rite an introd u ction and a conclusion G ive you r personal opinion in th e conclusion

A Mobile phones are now part o f our everyday lives Most people find them essential and could not

manage w ithout them However, there are also some drawbacks to owning and using a mobile phone

B There are three main advantages to having mobile phones Firstly, there is the convenience o f being able

to make or receive a phone call at any time and in any place Secondly, they are essential for keeping in

touch with family and friends Parents worried about their children can always ring them to check they

are safe, and children can let their family know if they are going to be late home Finally, mobile phones

can save lives For example, if there is an accident, help can be called immediately, wherever the

accident takes place

C On the other hand, there are significant problems with the use o f mobile phones In the first

place, using mobile phones can cause accidents, for instance, when people are driving and using

their phone at the same time In addition, the loud use o f mobile phones in public places such

as restaurants and cinemas is rude and can be very irritating for other people Lastly, there

has been an increase in street crime directly related to mobile phones People have been

attacked and their phones stolen from them

D In conclusion, I believe that, despite the disadvantages, mobile phones are essential to

modern life and that the advantages o f owning one are far greater than the disadvantages

Consider the purpose of each paragraph W hich paragraph A, B, C, or D ?

• says w h y m obile phone use can be a good thing

• introduces th e subject

• concludes and gives th e w rite r’s opinion

• says w h y m obile phone use can be a bad thing

Read STUDY SKILL Go back through the essay Underline 12

more linking words and phrases Write them in the table.

STUDY SKILL Lin k in g id e a s (2)

To help th e reader understand yo u r w ritin g and fo llo w your ideas, link short, sim ple ideas Use:

■ firstly, secondly,

fo r m ore than one argum ent o r idea

■ however (see Stu d y Skill p13), on the other hand, despite

fo r a con trast b etw een tw o ideas

■ for instance, for example,

fo r an exam ple to illu strate an idea

■ in conclusion, to sum up ,

fo r th e fin al com m ent

24 Unit 4 • Modern Technology

5 Read the essay title Do you agree or disagree with it?

Discuss with a partner.

Access to satellite and Internet television does m ore harm than good.

6 Divide arguments 1-6 into those that support the essay title ( against

satellite /Internet TV), and those that disagree with it (for satellite/Internet

TV) Add one more argument to each list.

People (especially children) have access to programmes w ith unsuitable content

It gives people access to programmes around the w orld - the opportunity to learn about other cultures

A huge choice o f programmes is available - something fo r every interest, fo r example sport, music, film,

docum entary channels

M ore access to TV encourages people (especially children) to watch m ore TV, so there is less tim e for hobbies or family

Programmes in other languages, fo r example English, can support language learning

The programmes available may not be culturally appropriate

for satellite TV against satellite TV

The program m es available may not be

cu ltu ra lly ap p rop riate

W riting a discursive essay

7 Complete the essay using the arguments from exercise 6 Link ideas with

words and phrases from exercise 4 Follow the organization in the box Write

about 200 words.

T itle Access to satellite and Internet television does more harm than good

In tro d u c tio n

Many people have strong feelings about the value of television, especially now that

programmes are available through satellite and over the Internet There are those

who suggest that increased access to these programmes does more harm than good

However, there are those who insist that it is a good thing.

Paragraph 2 satellite and Internet TV does harm + examples

Paragraph 3 satellite and Internet TV is good + examples

Paragraph 4 conclusion and your opinion

Unit 4 • Modern Technology 25

2 Replace the word(s)in bold in each sentence with a synonym from the box.

drawbacks essential im m ediately made illegal rise

1 There are three disadvantages to your suggestion.

2 Smoking at work has been outlaw ed in many countries.

3 Most car owners believe their car is necessary for their work and leisure.

4 If there has been a car accident, you should call the police straight away.

5 There has been a huge increase in mobile phone ownership.

Read STUDY SKILL

from the unit.

Use your dictionary to find synonyms for these words

STUDY SKILL A v o id in g r e p e t it io n (1)

To avoid sounding rep e titive in yo u r w ritin g , try n o t to use th e sam e

w ords to o o ften W h e re possible, use a synonym A good d ictio n ary w ill

o fte n give you a synonym w ithin th e d efin itio n o f a w ord, o r th e sym bol

SY N next to a w ord w ith th e sam e m eaning This e n try is from th e

Oxford Students Dictionary.

finally /ˈfaɪnəli/ adv. 1 after a long time or delay: It was getting dark when the plane finally took off.

[SYN] eventually 2 used to introduce the last in a list

of things: Finally, I would like to say how much we have all enjoyed this evening. [SYN] lastly 3 in a definite

way so that sth will not be changed: We haven't decided finally who w ill g e t the jo b yet.

ideal w onderful m anufacture autom obile

accelerate steal rude discover

4 Replace the words in bold in the paragraph with synonyms

Use your dictionary to help.

Smart cards, that is, credit cards, mobile phone SIM cards, and so on,

which contain a very small computer microprocessor, have their

origins in the 1970s A Frenchman, Roland Moreno, manufactured a

circuit that could store electronic data Since then, this idea has

grown into a multi-billion-dollar business.

26 Unit 4 • Modern Technology

R E V IE W

1 Look at the essay titles Brainstorm and write down three arguments for

and three arguments against each title.

Using com puters saves a lot of time.

Cars should be banned from city centres.

Young people spend too much time playing com puter games.

People have becom e too dependent on m odern technology.

2 Write a topic sentence which states the main idea for each paragraph below.

Laptop com puters

M a n y p e o p le n o w tra v e l th e w o rld on business and th e y n ee d to b e a b le t o use

a co m p u te r a t a ll tim es Firstly, it is im p o rta n t th a t th e y can w rite and answ er

im p o rta n t em ails w h e n th e y are aw ay fro m th e ir o ffic e s Seco n d ly, having a

la p to p m eans th a t p e o p le d o n ’t w a ste tim e w h e n th e y are tra ve llin g , as th e y

can w o rk w h ile th e y are on a p lan e o r train , fo r exam ple Lastly, a la p to p can

also h elp busy businessm en and w o m e n to relax T h e y can listen

t o m usic o r w a tc h th e ir fa v o u rite m o vie w h ile th e y are hundreds o f kilo m etres

fro m hom e!

Voice-controlled technology

A lre a d y so m e p e o p le have in stalled vo ice- co n tro lled te c h n o lo g y in th e ir hom es

T h ey use th e ir m o b ile p h ones t o 't e ll’ th e ir lights to sw itch on,

o r to ‘o rd e r’ th e ir te le v is io n to tu rn o f f H ow ever, in th e fu tu re m ore and m ore

o f us w ill b e using th is te c h n o lo g y to c o n tro l o u r h eating , o u r lig h ting , and

s e c u rity in o u r hom es Perhaps o n e d ay w e w ill b e a b le t o T e ll’ o u r o ven s to

co o k o u r dinners!

3 Divide the vocabulary from Unit 4 into two topics; cars and aeroplanes.

airport fly m otorways plane rear-view mirror

steering w heel traffic wing

4 Add four of the words in the box to the two topics Use your dictionary to

help Record these words in groups using a m ethod from the Study Skill box

on page 14.

accelerator brakes clutch cockpit

em ergency exit pilot take o ff tyres

U n it 4 • M o d e rn T ech n o lo g y 27

5 Conferences and visits

R E A D I N G S K I L L S Purpose and audience (1) and (2j

W R I T I N G S K I L L S Using form al expressions • W riting a form al email

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Suffixes • Prefixes

R E A D IN G A conference in Istanbul

1 Label documents a -d on page 29 Which is ?

• an itin erary • an inform al em ail • an in vitation

Read STUDY SKILL

2 Work with a partner.

1 W hat is the purpose of each docum ent a-d?

2 W ho is each docum ent for?

a passenger a friend a speaker at a conference

3 Scan the documents Answer as many questions as

you can in three minutes.

a program m e o f events

S T U D Y S K I L L P u rp o s e a n d a u d ie n c e (1)

To understand th e con ten ts o f a te x t b etter, p red ict w h a t you can befo re you read As w e ll as titles, pictures, and headings thin k about;

■ layout, size, and style o f th e p rin t

■ purpose, fo r exam ple, to inform, to sell.

m audience (w h o it is w ritte n fo r), fo r exam ple, a student, an expert.

The program m e

Where is the conference being held?

W ho is the conference for?

When does the conference start and finish?

W hat time does the sightseeing tour start?

W hat time is the Farewell Dinner?

The p eo p le

W ho is the invitation to?

W ho is the first speaker at the conference?

W ho is talking about the international novel?

W ho is the email to?

W ho is the email from?

D r Khuffash

W hat time does she leave Amman?

W hat time does she arrive back home in Amman? Where does Dr Khuffash teach?

W hat is she looking forward to most?

4 Complete the definitions using words and phrases in bold from the

is visiting im portant and historic places in a city as a tourist.

is a meeting or talk that everyone should attend.

is the place where people meet for an organized event.

_ is a collection of things, for example books or paintings

means someone you know, a friend.

is saying or writing what you think is good or bad about

something, for example, a book or essay.

T o _ is to wait with pleasure for

something to happen.

8 The

9 A

10

o f a meeting is the person in charge.

is someone who teaches at a university.

is another more formal word for ‘goodbye’.

28 Unit S ■ Conferences and visits

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TURKEY

We have pleasure in inviting Dr Laura Khuffash to the

3rd International Conference for Teachers of English Language and Literature

5 O c to b e r - 8 O c to b e r Venue; Istanbul C ity H otel

Programme Day 1

10.30-11.00

11.00-13.00

9-10.30 Plenary Session

Chair Dr John Bryan, Head o f English, U niversity o f Leeds

C offee break and exhibition

Choice betw een:

• English as a World Language

Dr Laura Khuffash Senior Lecturer, Birzeit University

• English and Tourism

Dr Mahm oud Suhbi, M inistry o f Tourism and Developm ent, Libya

• Novels in Translation

Dr M eral Soyer, Lecturer, N ational University o f Turkey

• The International Novel

Dr Richard Dean, Lecturer, University o f W est LondonLunch

Coach leaves hotel fo r sightseeing tour Visits w ill include:

Hagia Sophia/Blue Mosque/Topkapi Palace

s ig h ts e e in g a rra n g e d e a c h day I’m r e a lly lo o k in g fo rw a rd to

v is itin g t h e B lu e M o s q u e - I’v e o n ly e v e r s e e n p h o to s o f it D o n ’t

5 Skim extracts a-f W hat type of texts are they? Label them.

• poem • m edical tex tbook • history tex tb o ok • novel

• student essay

note

The chicken farm had been his idea, after Charles

came back from the East w ith malaria Work in the

open air, Rivers had advised He was paying for it now

As he left the shelter o f the hedge and set off across

two-acre field, a great gust o f ‘open air’ almost lifted

him off his feet.

Dysphagia This term includes both difficulty with swallowing and pain on swallowing The former symptom

is more prominent in obstruction and the latter with inflammatory lesions The patient can sometimes point to the site of the obstruction.

Some of the features of the typical (medieval) village w ere inherent in

the essential needs of agriculture and of social life, and may therefore

appear too obvious to be w orth specifying The most obvious

characteristic of the village was its topography.

o f nuclear power sta tio n s.

Paul, can’t come to the lecture today - not feeling well

Can you explain to the prof and can I look at your notes.?!!

Cheers,

Tom

box to describe texts a - f in exercise 5 Underline

vocabulary, phrases, and any examples of

punctuation in the extracts that helped you decide.

informal formal literary academic medical

Ex tract a: a novel - literary style

be, fo r exam ple literary, academic, formal, informal, etc

30 Unit S • Conferences and visits

W R IT IN G Invitations

1 Skim emails A and B Which is formal? Which is informal?

Dear Nancy,

Thanks for the invitation to your wedding Congratulations

to you both! 1I’d love to come How exciting! !’ve already

booked flights - 2see attachment

3It’d be great if you could send me the email address of

the hotel you’re booking me into

4I’m really looking forward to seeing you again

5Best wishes (and to Mark, too!),

It would be greatly appreciated if you could send me the contact details (email and telephone/fax) fo r the Istanbul City Hotel

I look forward to meeting you and your colleagues in October

Yours sincerely,

Dr Laura Khuffash Birzeit University

Read STUDY SKILL

Look at the expressions in bold in email A Find matching

expressions in email B.

I'd love to com e = I have g re a t p leasu re in accep tin g

Match formal phrases 1 -6 with endings a - f to make full sentences

There may be more than one possible answer.

1 □ I am w ritin g

2 □ have pleasure

3 I I Please find attached

4 □ I look forw ard

5 □ w ould like

6 □ Please fe e l free

a in attaching you r program m e

b to suggest changes

c to m eeting you next m on th

d you r itin erary and h o tel reservations

e to w elcom e you to our to w n

f to inform you th a t th e conference dates have been changed

STUDY SKILL U sin g fo rm a l e x p re ssio n s

W h e n you w rite em ails fo r academ ic or professional purposes, it is im p o rtan t to use a m ore form al ton e You can do this by learning fixed expressions by h eart For exam ple:

I h ave g rea t p le asu re in + -ing

I am w ritin g + in fin itive

I w o u ld lik e + in fin itive

P le a se fe e l fre e * in fin itive

An im portant lecturer is coming to visit to give a series

o f two-hour seminars at your coUege/university

Prepare a three-day programme to include hotel

details, lectures (titles, venue, days and times),

cultural and other free-time activities.

10.00 - 12.00, 'Technology of the fu tu re ’

- L e c tu re T h e a tre 212.30 Lunch

3 0 0 V is it to th e N ational Museum

W riting a form al email

6 Write an email to your visitor (75-100 words) using some of the

words and phrases in exercise 3 Include these points:

• Address you r visitor

• Tell him /her w hy you are w riting

• G ive d etails o f attachm ents (itin erary - dates and tim es o f arrival and

d ep arture, lectu re tim es and locations, accom m odation)

• B rie fly sum m arize th e program m e G ive an exam ple o f o p tio nal cultural

and free-tim e activities Tell th e visito r th a t any suggestions fo r

changes are w elcom e

• C lose th e em ail appropriately

Unit 5 • Conferences and visits 31

V O C A B U L A R Y D E V E L O P M E N T Word-building (2)

1 Look at the words from Unit 5 Use a dictionary to

identify what part o f speech each word is.

invitation international forget renewable

criticism really enjoy greatly

2 Complete the table for each word with one example of each part of speech

Mark the stressed syllable Use your dictionary to help. Read STUDY SKILL

think

•hopefully

STUDY SKILL S u ffix e s

Id e n tify th e p art o f speech o f a w ord (verb, noun, ad jective, or adverb) to help you understand th e m eaning and

d evelop you r vocabulary, fo r exam ple:

inform (v), information (n)

informal (adj), informally (adv)Suffixes give you clues to th e p art o f speech, fo r exam ple:

■ -tion, -ism, -ment, -ity, -ness are noun suffixes, fo r exam ple, invitation

m -a l, -ful, -able are ad jective suffixes,

fo r exam ple, international

m -ly is an adverb suffix, fo r exam ple,

formally

Read STUDY SKILL Match meanings 1-10 with prefixes a-j

Use the example words in italics to help.

1 □ against a auto- autobiography

2 □ w rong; n o t b anti- antiseptic

3 □ sm all/tiny c bi- bilingual

4 □ a fte r d micro- microphone

5 □ tw o / tw ic e e mis- misprint

6 □ under f m ulti- multimedia

7 □ acro ss; change g post- postgraduate

8 □ again h re- review

9 □ by itself/on eself i sub- submarine

10 □ m any j trans- transform

STUDY SKILL P re fix e s

Adding a prefix changes th e m eaning o f a w ord Each prefixhas a d iffe re n t m eaning and can be found as a separate

e n try in th e dictionary For exam ple:

mis- m eans wrong or not e.g misunderstand.

bi- m eans two o r twice, e.g biannual (tw ic e a year)

4 Complete definitions 1-10 with an example word from exercise 3.

1 T o is to change something com pletely

2 A is a piece o f electrical equipm ent th at is used fo r making sounds and

voices louder

Som eone w ho is can speak tw o languages equally well

3

4 A liquid or cream which stops a cut becoming infected is called a n

5 A typ e o f ship which can travel underw ater is a

6 T o your work is to look at it again to make sure you understand

7 A n is th e story o f a person’s life w ritten by th at person

8 A is someone doing further studies at a university after his or her first

degree

9

10

is using sound, pictures, and film as w ell as tex t on a screen

is a mistake in printing or typing

32 Unit S • Conferences and visits

R E V IE W

1 Look at documents a -c and answer the questions.

1 W hat is each document? Label them.

2 W ho do you think wrote each one?

3 W ho is each one intended for?

Dear Dr Stone,

I am writing to apply fo r the W illiam Frank Bursary in Biological Sciences at the

University o f W est London,

I am currently in m y final year o f a degree in Biochem istry at Birzeit University and

w ill graduate in Ju ly this year Please find enclosed a reference from m y tu tor and a

copy o f m y final year paper in support o f my academ ic qualifications

T O A L L C A N D ID A T E S :

This is a reminder that the final Chem istry examination is on Tuesday 27th M ay at 9a.m

Please be a t the examinations centre 15 minutes before the start o f the exam

Late arrivals w ill not be allowed into the examination hall

All candidates must show their university ID cards

TONBRIDGE SUMMER SCHOOLS

Reference: TSS07

Temporary Social Organizer

W e are looking for an energetic, friendly, and patient student who wishes to improve their English while working

Applicants should speak Arabic fluently, and English at intermediate level or above They should have reasonable computer skills (W ord and Excel) and

2 Rewrite the email to M rs Bateman replacing the phrases in bold with more

formal expressions.

□

Dear M rs Bateman,

T h an ks fo r y o u r le tte r I'd re a lly lik e to co m e to th e exhibition

It w o u ld be g re a t if you could send me some inform ation about transport

betw een the airp ort and the exhibition hall I have w ritten a b rief biography

as yo u asked m e - see a tta ch m e n t.

R e a lly lo o k in g fo rw a rd to m eeting you soon

Yours sincerely,

Frank Baker

3 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in brackets

Use your dictionary to help

D r Khuffash is 1 (current) a senior 2

at Birzeit University She is an expert on the

_ (lecture) (develop)

o f English as an international language She is 4 (particular )

5 (interest) in the use o f English in the fields o f science and

medicine D r Khuffash is also a noted 6 _ (novel) and poet.

Unit 5 • Conferences and visits 33

6 Science and our world

REA D IN G SK ILLS M aking notes • Interpreting meaning

W R IT IN G SK ILLS Paraphrasing and summarizing • W riting a summary

V O C A B U LA R Y DEV ELO PM EN T Noun/Verb + preposition • U sin g numbers

R E A D IN G Air pollution

1 W hat are the causes and effects of air pollution?

Discuss with a partner and make two lists.

Causes factory emissions

Effects

Skim the report A ir Pollution on page 35 I

2 Scan the report and answer the questions I

1 W hat is the main cause of air pollution? I

2 W hat are two natural sources of air pollution? I

3 W hich are the m ost polluted cities in the world? I

5 W hat health problems did the first study look at? I

6 W here was the second study done?

7 W hat health problem did the second study look at?

3 Scan the report again W hat do the num bers in the box refer to?

20 three tim es tw o 25,000 250 second 2.5

4 Read the notes and compare them to the highlighted and

underlined sections in paragraph 1 of the report. Read STUDY SKILL

A ir pollution - m a jo r problem

Man-made causes Natural causes

• vehicles - m ajor cause • volcanoes

• power stations • fo re st fire s

• factories

• mining/building

• burning - fo ssil fuels/wood

more ca rs = more pollution in m ajor cities

5 Make notes from the underlined information in paragraph 2.

6 Read paragraph 3 carefully and highlight the key information.

7 Write about paragraph 3 from the prompts in the box.

W h e re ? W h a t studied? W h o , ?

How m any .? W h e re live? W h a t results ?

STUDY SKILL Making notes

Take tim e to m ake good notes They w ill h elp you toorganize, record, and rem em ber im p ortan t inform ationyou have read Use yo u r n otes to prepare fo r essay

w ritin g , fo r doing revision, and fo r sitting exams

To find and mark relevant inform ation:

■ ask yo u rse lf w h at inform ation you need

■ read and underline/highlight relevan t inform ation in

th e tex t (use d iffe re n t colours to represent d iffe re n t typ e s o f inform ation, fo r exam ple, blue fo r m an­

m ade causes,y e llo w fo r natural causes).

m rew rite th e inform ation as notes

To organize your notes:

■ use b u llet points, headings, and num bering

To be concise:

■ d o n ’t w rite fu ll sentences Leave o u t w ords th a t are

n o t central to understanding/m eaning:

articles (a, an, the) th e verb ‘to be’

prepositions (in, at, on) auxiliary verbs (hassent)

■ U se som e sim ple abbreviations and sym bols;

e.g (for example) (therefore) (because) = (equals/means)

—> ( leads to)

34 Unit 6 • Science and our world

Air pollution

A ir p o llu tio n is a m ajor problem a ll o ver th e w o rld today Pro b ab ly th e

single biggest co n trib u to r to th e problem is th e m o to r vehicle However,

th e re are m any o th e r m an-m ade sources, such as in d u strial facto ries, p o w er

stations, m ining, building, and th e burning o f fo ssil fu e ls and w ood in hom es

around th e w o rld There are natural sources o f a ir p o llu tio n to o ; volcanoes

and fo re st fires produce a lo t o f p o llu tan ts H ow ever, it is th e increasing

num ber and use o f m o to r veh icles th a t is doing th e m ost dam age, and

logically, w here th ere are m ore cars, th ere is m ore p o llu tio n , th a t is, in th e

m ajor citie s o f th e w o rld Som e o f th e m ost p o llu ted citie s in clu d e Beijing,

M exico City, A thens, M oscow , and M um bai.

H ealth problem

T h is p ro b le m o f in cre a se d p o llu tio n in th e m a jo r c itie s o f th e w o rld has le d to

an in cre a se in th e n u m b e r o f s tu d ie s d o n e t o lo o k a t th e e ffe c ts o n o u r h e a lth

T h e resu lts so fa r a re n o t v e ry reassu ring In fa c t, air p o llu tio n m ay b e a m uch

g re a te r d a n g e r t o o u r h e a lth th a n s c ie n tis ts b e lie v e d b e fo re A 20-year s tu d y o f

re sid e n ts o f a C a iro su b u rb sh o w s th a t th e tin y p a rtic le s in p o llu te d a ir c o u ld

lead t o th re e tim e s as m a n y lo n g -term h e a lth p ro b le m s as w as p re v io u sly

th o u g h t A c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n th e n u m b e r o f p a rtic le s in th e a ir an d h e a lth is

su g g ested b y D r Razia o f C a iro U n iv e rsity H e a n d his c o lle a g u e s c o lle c te d d a ta

o n 25.000 re s id e n ts o f C a iro o v e r tw o d e c a d e s T h e y fo u n d th a t as th e n u m b er

o f tin y p a rtic le s , th o s e less th a n 2.5 m icro n s in d ia m e te r, in cre a se d , so d id th e

risk o f dying, fro m h e a lth p ro b le m s su ch as h e a rt a tta c k s and lu n g can cer

T ra ffic and asthm a

O t h e r s tu d ie s s h o w a s im ila r lin k b e tw e e n t r a f f ic p o llu tio n a n d ill h e a lth A

s e c o n d g ro u p o f re s e a rc h e rs in O tta w a , C a n a d a , r e p o r te d t h a t c h ild re n

liv in g n e a r b u s y ro a d s w e r e m o re lik e ly t o d e v e lo p a s th m a T h e y s tu d ie d

t h e h e a lth o f 250 c h ild re n in d if fe r e n t C a n a d ia n c itie s T h e re s u lts s u g g e s t

a s tro n g c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n h o w c lo s e a c h ild liv e s t o t r a f f ic a n d th e

p o s s ib ility o f t h a t c h ild d e v e lo p in g a s th m a a n d o t h e r s im ila r d is e a s e s

It is c le a r fro m t h e s e s tu d ie s a n d o th e r s t h a t t h e t im e h a s c o m e t o s ta r t

re d u c in g t h e le v e ls o f a ir p o llu tio n in o u r c it ie s f o r t h e s a k e o f o u r c h ild re n

a n d fu tu r e g e n e ra tio n s

statements expressed as fact (F ) or speculation ( S ) in

the text?

1 Growing car use is causing the m ost damage F

2 M ore pollution in big cities has resulted in m ore studies being

done

3 Polluted air is more dangerous than people thought

4 Sm all particles in dirty air cause three tim es as m any health

problems

5 The results o f the Canadian studies prove there is a link

betw een a child living close to traffic and getting asthma

6 All these studies show th at it is im portant to reduce air

pollution fo r th e next generation

S T U D Y S K IL L In te rp re tin g m ean in g

M o st academ ic and scie n tific articles express facts (w hat happened), and speculate (guess) It is im p o rtan t to be able to distinguish u n certain ty and speculation from fact

U n ce rta in ty and speculation can be expressed using:

■ may, could, might befo re th e m ain verb, e.g

Air pollution may be a much greater danger to our health

Polluted air could lead to three times as m any problems

m verbs such as believe, claim, think, hope, seem, e.g

Dr Razia believes there is a connection between the

number o f particles in the air and health

m w ords and phrases, e.g

possibly, probably, it is possible

Unit 6 • Science and our world 35

W R IT IN G Trends

1 Read the report School d in n er scandal. Underline the main information.

Report

School dinner scandal

T h e resu lts o f a s tu d y in to w h a t 10,000 p rim a ry s c h o o l ch ild re n , th a t is,

ch ild re n aged fiv e to e le v e n , a te in a d a y sh o ck e d th e research ers T h e y

b e lie v e it sh o w s th a t c h ild re n ’s d ie ts are g e ttin g w o rs e and th a t th is

m ig h t cau se h e a lth p ro b le m s in th e fu tu re It sho w s th a t 49 p e r c e n t o f

th e c h ild re n had e a te n ch ip s, w h ic h had b e en c o o k e d in o il Less th an

h a lf had e a te n a v e g e ta b le o r a p ie c e o f fru it in th e la st 24 h o u rs and,

m o st sho ckin g ly, o n ly o n e in te n c h ild re n had e a te n fish

As D r G B e n n e tt, th e a u th o r o f th e stu d y, c o n c lu d e d (2006, p191),

‘P o o r e a tin g h a b its in e a rly ch ild h o o d can le a d t o h e a lth p ro b le m s in

la te r life It is th e re fo re e ss e n tia l t o en su re th a t c h ild re n e a t p ro p erly.’

2 Read the summary Match the highlighted words and phrases with words

and phrases in the report.

R esearch = a study

Summary

Research into 10,000 prim ary pupils’ daily diet revealed that just under half had eaten chips, fewer than 50% had had either vegetables or fruit, and only 10% of the children had eaten fish.

3 Read the article Scientists on the decline on page 37 Highlight or underline

the m ain information.

4 Make notes from the information you have highlighted or underlined

Organize them logically, and be concise.

Number science students ↓ about 5% a year

36 U n it 6 • S cien ce and o u r w o rld