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PARI 5

a n l m a c h i r e th i r c r n n o r b e d e s c i b c d r \ i rool lycn mxchiics dcsif,ncd ( )

c n r c n i ; n o r : l m u s c u s - f o r c r x n r p l c , lo r r o l ) o l s c : r r s l i d c o 8amcs lnd

n o y ( l r \ ' i r c n ] s - x r c in t u c t r( x ' l s N h i c l r t h c i r in ! c n r o r s r n d Pronrolcrs u s c fo l

c n g : r g i n F j n conrmcrcc x n d t l ) ( b u s i n c s s o l c r r r n r i n r r ( n r r t n d r n r u s c m c n t

n d d r ( c l i i m r h a r i m x c h i n c c a n b e a n c n d i n i r s c l l v i t h o u ( p u r p o s t o r

u t i l i r x r i x n f u n c L i o n f o hunr rs wh:usocvc i s ( l u b n t r ' s : 1 r b ( s t s i o c € I c ; ' n n o l

c o n j u r c u p c v c n a s i n S l ( c x r m p l c o f r n l s u c l l m r c h i n c T h u s , w h c n v !

pucpos€ for that machinc

A s f o r t h e s r a l e m e n r ' s : i e c o n d c h i m i n c c n a i n r e s p c c t s , m a c h i n c s x r (

s u p e n o r \ \ ' e havc dc\'r o m:.ch,nes r h i r p c r l o r m n u m b c F c r u n c h n t a n J

o r h c r r o l c c e r € b r a l t - I s k s w i t h g r c r t e r rccur]cl xDd spc(d lhan hum3n mitds

rhcsc respecrs lhar we devise lh€m-as our rools-to be8il| wjrh Howcvcr

iJ one defincs supcrioriq, not in terms of competcnc€ in performin8 rotc rrrks but r?thcr in other wavs, human rdnds arc superior Ilachines bavc no capacity for independenr thought, for making judgmcn6 based on normativc considemdons, or for developirg emoliond responses ro inicUcctud

p r o b l c m s

Up unril noq' dre notion of human-madc machines rhrt dcvclop rhc

irrclLisence'h?l been pr.c ficrion Besidcs, even in liction, wc humbs ultimatc\' prcvan ovcr such machincs-as in thc c25es of Frankenstein's monsrcr and Hal, the compurer in 2001: A Spacc OdJ,sr.l, Yet jt sccm( pr€sumpruous ro assen q'jrh conidcncc tha! humrns will a)ways mxinlain thct supcrior stxtus ovef their m:lchines Recent :rdvinces in biorcchnolo8l, penicularly in the.Jca of human Benome rcscarch, sug8esr that within tbc rwcnty-first ccntury, wcrll witness mxchines rhar can lcam to thi!-k on rhcir o\a'n ro rcpar lnd nufture themselvcs, ro cxpe.ience visceral scnsadons, aJ|d so forth ln other words machincs will soon exhbit thc traits ro which

wc humans antiburc oui own supcrioriq'

ln sum, bccausc n'e devise machines in order thai tbel ma-\'scfvc us, il

humans have *re uniquc crpacitJ'for indepcndenl thought, subjcctivc iudgmcnt, and cmotional responsc, ir also seems fair ro claim supcrioriq

.bc "machine5" ,l]ymore

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A,rc \\/ar and Ciimc Producls of thc Human Condition:,

A f c p r o d o c l s o f h u m r n n i r u r € such is N:|| and crimc rciurlh producls

o l l h c h u m r n condirion-spccitcall! lack of rcsourccs a n d l e r r i r o n , ? T h c

s p e a k c r c l a i m s s o I s r r o n g l ! d i s ! g r € c b o w € v c r W h c d r c r w c iook rr scicncc

a n d h i s t o n o r s i m p l ) ' l o o k a r o u n c j u s in o u r d a i l ! l i v c s p c scc amplc cvidcncc

t h r r h u m a n agg.cssion i s r h e p r o d u c t oI oLr na$rc as hunr.lns-and not of

o r circumsirnccs

Firs( of all, the chim runs conunD ro m! pcrsonal obscn'arioo about

h d i v i d u a l b e h r v i o r - c s p c c i l ] w h c n i r co;cs ro mxtcs O n c n c c d l o o k no tunier thao rhe locrl school g.ound or Ljrdcrsa(€n playroom !o sce thc roots of crime and wnr EveD, scbool -vard bas irs bulh who dciiFhrs in rormcnriDg mcckcr scbootnares; and in cvcn kirdc.tanrn cllssroom, r.hcrc

is at jc$t onc miscrcut whosc habir is ro s rrch awa' rhc favorirc roys of classmares-purcll for rhc cnjoymem of hnvirf seizcd propcnl' ft.om another And thcsc behaviors ar€ clcar\, nor for Nan! of resources or

a c r r j r o q , T h u s , d ) c onl)'rcason:rbic c x p l : l n i t j o ' r i s r h x r r h c \ , a r c p r o d u c t s o f hurnan nattlr€-nor of rhc human condirion,

about genericaiiy dctennincd hrimar tiairs Minl,human Fai$-nor jusr physicil oocs bur psvcholotticrl oncs as welt-arc prcdcrcrmincd ar binh And ro a grea! cxr€n!, we hxve inherired our gcnelic pr€disposirion fiom our

s.irlilic bchrvior for rhc main rcason $at thc],musr do so to prorcc! tbcir tcrritory or ahcir clan or tor food-not because of thcir narurc yer, thi5 point bc8s rhe quesrion; for wc hmrns havc becn Sencricaltr proSnrnmcd, thiough the cvolutionary process, ro behtvc in simila! wt1's, In o$er'words, doiog so is simplr our narure

Thirdly, tilc claim makcs lirde scnsc in th€ contcl't ofhuman hisron, prior

ro rhc last few cinturics, thc inhabiablc regions of our ptaner providco amprc rcrrirory and rcsol[ces-such ai food a,1d culli ble lard-ro accommodarc

tllc vano$ cxpcrimcnrs with Marx3-C!.In.nudsm, ilbecomcs ctcaf rhar rhc purc Marxisr Strra in n,hich a]l reEirory and €rourccs are shrcd accordjng ro thc necG ofeach individual dcics Dor'work in p.icric€ Evcrvaftcmpr, whcrhcr

dcspori who agtrcss and oppress likc piaySround bullics

pDcnomcri ?r sar and cfime_ The sr.rcrnenr runs contnn.ro my pcrsonrl obscrvations of humlr behavior, ro rhc sc'enrific norions of gcnctc p.cdisposirion and cvoludon of spccies, and io rhc oler-whclrning lack ot

c v i d c n c c t h l r p r o v i d i r 8 xmpte rcsources r o p e o p l r solrrs thesc problcms

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PAAI 5

! ; l r i o u s m c r n s o f r c f o r n r r n ( l l ) c h r v i o r r n o d i f i c x t i o n

I n s u m t b t s f € k c r o r l r t c n c E r l i z r s \ \ t c n i l c o r j r c s ro r h (

r a l u c o f a n r n d s c i e n c ( - b o l h o f R h i c h s e ^ c i

i n d \ ' a l u c o f s c i c n c c N b i c h ; s r o c j i s c o v r r I n r t h s w b c d r c r upseninS.

contcnds? I agrcc insofar as ro t}eori?e b€Iorc collccting sumcicnl dau js to risk t-xinring the proccss of collecting and interprcltng funhcr data Hov€vcr, ir a scnse rhe speaker be8s thc qucstion bI overlookil]g t})e facl rhar evcry rheoq'requircs somc datn to bc8jn s'ith l\{orcoler, thc claim unfrjrly ignorcs equau' II:rve conscqucnccs of wxiring lo $eoriz€ unril $c obrrin roo much dill

ln one imponant rcspec!, I agree with th€ spcaler's cont€ntion ,4 rhcoo'conjurcd up sirhour the bcnefir of d:rtr rmounrs ro lildc morc thu rhc tl)co.isas hopcs and dcsi.cs-Nhat hc or 5he vrnls ro bc Lrue and no! bc rrue Accordingl), lhis theo.isr will r€nd ro scek out cvidcnce that suPPoru rh€ lhcoq' rnd orerlook or avoid cvidcncc rhrr retutes i! One rclling hisrorical examplc involves theones aboul fte ccnler ot the uruversc

reeolvc rround us F-lrh tbeories preslmed so for llis rcalon, nnd

By theolizirg beforc collcctnS d:i?, the ttreo.is! elso runs the risk ol Ll]terpreli'lg thzt da!, in , maoner thar mskcs il appcar to lcnd morc crcdencc to th€ th€ory than ir actutllt'docs Considcr the theory tbat linn

is nar- Ary pcrson wjth a cierr view of drc horizon musl agree in ali honcsq tlar thc evidence docs not suppon the theo4 - Yel prior to Nc&'ronirn physics, the notion ofl sphericil Erlth s'as 5o unsettling ro peoplc thxr thq intcrpretcd rhc ,rc.shapcd honzon as evidcncc of a convc)i, I'et ncv€nlrclctl

"flanish." Frrth

Dcspirc lhe mcdr5 of rhc spc:Jter's claim, l'find it probiematic in t$! cruciil rcspects First, ionimon scnsc inJoms me rlla! it is jmpossiblc m tico.ize in thc ifsr pl2cc vit})out rt least some dau- llosr' c?n thcoriuinl witlrout deu be dan8crous, as the spcakcr contcnds, iI il is nol cval

out by cmpirical obscnalion, jt is equilb possiblc that it von'r- Thur

Secondll', th spcak.r's claim ovcrlooks thc inverse problcm: dr danger of continuinS !o:cquire diti vithout vcnrurinS a thcon'bascd or

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m u s r reflccr,, r h c chir:r.rer of rhc hcro.s socrcr\ ,rrer i t , ir i( I trc funcrion nf

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Jcws, Amish, 2nd urban ALic?n Amcricms

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( ) r considcr l h c Forl o[ providint l)rrsic l i ' ( ) d x r r d s h ( l r c r f o r x n i n n o c € n l

c h i l d n v o n c w o u l d r t r c c r h d r i s Aorl is hiflrlr' wonhy-considcrcd xp:rd

f r o m t h ( m c l n s L ' s c d r o : r c h i ( v c ir I h r w h x t i f t h o s c m c r n s jn l o l v c s r c n l i n l fron) othcrs? Or whar if rbc! involvc cmplolin8 drc child in a swexlshop ar

t h c c \ p c n s c o f c d u c : l ( i n F r h c c h i l d CIearl), d c r e m i n i n g r l r c w o n h i n c s s o f such forls requircs rhrr rvc confronr mofll dilcmmas, which Nc cach solvc individullll'-bxscd on our own consci€nce, \'xluc sYsrcm :lnd noLions of faimess ard cquiq'

O n , s o c i c c r l l c v c l w c d c t c m r i n e d r c e o n h i n c s s o f o u r Sorls in much

t l r r s i m e N : r ) - b ) s c i ! r r i n 8 comp.trn! !nrcr(sts For inslincc an) thou8htful pcrson Nould l8rec thxr rcducing ;rir ,rd Nrter pollution is I worth) socictal goxl; clcan air and w:rtcr rcducc thc burdcn on out

Yct ro lnain this 8od, would s,c be justitcd in forcbiS entlre industrics out

of busincrs, thcrcbv ruffiing thc risk of cconomjc paral)'sis ard wjdcsprcld un€mploymcnt? Or coosidcr ,\mcrica's intcwcndon in Laq's invasion o{ Kuwai! Did Amcrica's dud inrcrcsr in a condnuing flow of oil to thc Wcst and in dercning ? porcntill thrclt igxinsr lhc securiry ofrhc wodd justtfy our cornmirtinS resources thar could h:rvc b€cn uscd rnstcid for domcsdc social-wclflrc progFrns-or a m)Tiad of orhcr producive purposcs? Both issucs rDdcrscorc rbe fact thar rhe wordincss of a socicol goal cannot bc considcred aprr fiom tbc meins ud idversc conscqucnccs of atrinin8 thlr roal

ln sum, drc spcalcr bcgs tl))e qucstjon Thc wonhincss of any goal, whcthcr n bc pcrsonrl or socicl-d, cxn bc dcrcrrnincd or -y by wcighing ihc b€ncJits of thicvinS thc 8od aSainst its costs-to us as vell a5 othc$,

wtlhn? SktlbJar I CF-E/GitAI'Tesu

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