^ PGS.. 'Vien Nghien ctru Ton guio.. 12 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Vi ciic nha sU chi gidi hian hoat ddng chfnh tri ciia minh trong ])hijm vi biin luiin va de xua't y kie'n ve viec cimg c[r]
Trang 1Nghien cxhi Ton giao So 12 - 2009 11
TON GIAO VA DAN TOC
MAY NET VE PHAT GIAO VIET NAM T H 6 | LY
NGUYEN DUC SU
P hat giao Viet Nam thdi Ly tie'p tuc
phat trie'n Phat giao Viet Nam thdi
Bac thudc va tiep tuc sii hiing thinh cua
Phat giao Viet Nam ke tii khi dat nddc ta
biidc sang ki nguyen doc lap tu chu qua
cac trieu dai Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le Nhdng
sil phat trien ciia Phat giiio thdi Ly cd site
sd'ng va cd net mat rang rd hdn sii phat
trien cila Phat giiio Viet Nam d ciic the kf
triidc Vi sil hiing thinh cua Phat giiio
thdi Ly giin lien vdi cdng cuoc xiiy diing
nen van minh Dili Viet Ma chfnh cdng
cuoc Xiiy diing nen vim mmh Dai Viet
nay, diin tdc Viet Nam dil dat diicic nhdng
thanh tfch bet siic huy hoang tren tat ca
cac phiidng dien kinh te', chfnh tri van
hoii, tii tddng Rieng Phat giao thdi Ly da
cd nhiing ddng gdp quan trong cho cdng
cuoc xay diing nen van minh Dili Viet
khdng nhiing ve chinh tri tii tdting ma cii
ve van hoc nghe thuat
Nhin vao Phat giiio thdi Ly, ngddi ta
tha'y ngay mdi quan he vdi nha nddc
phong kie'n tap quyen dang diicic xay
diing va ciing cod nddc ta liic dddng thdi,
Chinh Ciic thien sii ma dai bieu la sii Van
Hanh da gdp phan tfch ciic cho sil ra ddi
ciia Viidng trieu Ly Sii Van Hanh khdng
nhiing trilc tie'p dda ra nhflng If le
khuyen Ly Cdng Ui'in len ngdi hoiing de
ma cdn sii dung nhiing bai Sam Idu
truyen trong dan gian de chuan bi dd
luan cho sU xua't hien cua vUdng trieu Ly
Ly Cdng Uan r a t coi trong sU Van Hanh
va da phong dng lam qudc sU Tiep sau Thien sU Van Hanh cd nhieu vi cao tang
da dUtJc trieu dinh nha Ly mdi tham gia ban luan ve chfnh sii Su Da Biio dUdc Ly Thai Td mdi de'n kinh dd bay td y kien ve viec nUdc Ong da trinh bay.vdi vua Ly Than Tdng (1128 - 1137) ve le hUng vong tri loan cila xii tac Cac vi sU Dao Hiinh, Minh Khdng, Giac Hai ciing deu dUtJc cac vua nhii Ly trong dung, Cdn sU Nguyen Thudng thi cd Idi can giiin vua Ly Cao Tdng khdng nen me dam am nhae budn tham Hdn nUa nhieu vi cao Uing thdi Ly
cd quan he than toe vdi tang Idp quy tdc quan lieu Su Vien Chie'u va sU Quiing Trf
la qudc thfeh ciia nha Ly Su Man Giiic, sU Hue Sinh, sU Tri Bao xua't than tit quy tdc quan lieu Hau he't cac vua nha Ly tin theo dao Phat va ilng ho Phat giiio Ly Cdng Uan ldn len va trUdng thanh dUdi mai chua Cho nen khi lam vua dng rii't ham mo dao Phat, dac biet Uu dai tiing ni Vii coi trong viec diic tUt;ing xay chua Ciic vua Ly Thai Tdng, Ly Thiinh Tdng, Ly Nhiin Tdng, Ly Anh Tdng, Ly Cao Tdng deu rat cd cain tinh vdi Phat giao va giup
dd cho sU phfil trien cua Phat giiio Trong
dd Ly Thanh Tdng lii ngUdi sang lap ra phai Thien Thiio DUdng
Cd the ndi, viec tham gia chfnh sU cua Ciic nha sU thdi Ly la tfch cUc va cd hieu quii Tuy nhien viec tham gui chfnh sU dd
^ PGS 'Vien Nghien ctru Ton guio
Trang 212 Nghien ciiu Ton giao So 12 - 2009
CO nhung han che nha't dinh Vi ciic nha
sU chi gidi hian hoat ddng chfnh tri ciia
minh trong ])hijm vi biin luiin va de xua't
y kie'n ve viec cimg cd' nha nUdc phong
kie'n thiic hien viec tri nUdc yen dan va
giU gin bd cdi Do yeu ciiu thuc hien gidi
luat cila ngUdi tu hanh, nen ciic nha sU
du cd kie'n thilc stiu rdng ciing khdng tU
minh dam nhiem chUc vu ciia ciic quan
cai tri tii trieu dinh cho de'n dia phUdng
ciing khdng the tU minh trd thiinh nhiing
tudng linh trong quiin doi cua nhii nudc
phong kie'n Ne'u cd nha sU nao dUclc
phong Ciic chuc tang thd'ng tiing luc thi
dd chi lii nhung quan chUc quan li tiing ni
va tin do Phat giao ciing nhU qutin li hoat
ddng tdn giao ciia nha chua
Hdn nUa, cac nha sU khi bim luan vii
de xui'it nhung y kien ve mat chinh tri ho
khdng tim tha'y nhung giiio li cua dao
Phat va nhung khiii niem, nhung nguyen
tac trong kinh dien cua Phat giao cd the
dung lam cd sd If luan cho nhung kien
giiii ve chinh tri \'i the, phan nhieu cac
nha sU da phai sU dung den nhUng
nguyen If va nhiing khai niem trong hoc
thuyet chfnh tri cua Nho giao De khuyen
Ly Cdng Uan len ngdi hoang de', sU Vian
Hanh dil dimg den khai niem nhan va
thii ciia Nho giiio Cdn sU Nien Thdng khi
biin vd ngudn gdc hung vong tri loan cua
thien bia da sil dung ciic khiii niem quan
td va tieu n h a n vdn la nhung khai niem
ma Khdng Tu va Manh Tii van thUdng
dung Ngay sU Nguyen ThUdng khi can
gian vua Ly' Cao Tdng cung da trfch dan
nhUng Idi dii ndi trong Kinh thi Phat
giiio cd nhung diem yeu nhU viiy tren
binh then chinh Iri cho nen du nd rat
dUg'c nhii vua vii tang Idp quj' tdc coi
trcing hdn nUa cdn dutic tilng Idp binh
dtin d cac liing xa sung tfn nhUng nd van
phiii de lai manh da't cho dao tri nUdc cua
Khdng, Manh va nen giiio due Nho hoc
sinh sdi niiv nd
Anh hudng cua Phat giao thdi Ly do'i vdi rill phiit trien cua nen van minh Dai Viet liic dUdng thdi trUdc bet bieu bien ci van hoc thdi Ly Ma van hoc thdi Ly la mot budc phat trien quan trong trong lieh sii van hoc Viet Nam So vdi cac the
kl trudc thi viin hoc thdi Ly phong phii
va cd chieu sau ve mat tU tUting Chfnh cac thien sU thdi Ly bang cac bai ke cac biii thd thien va n h u n g Idi jibat bieu trong ciic cuoc dam thoai gdp phan phat trien van hoc thdi Ly Ngoai nhiing ang viin chfnh luan cua cac danh nhan va cua trieu dinh nhii Ly n b u "Chie'u ddi dd" "Nam qudc sdn ha" "Van Id bd' khi diinh trdng", "Di chie'u liic lam chung" v.v thi bao trum len bau trdi viin hoc thdi Ly chfnh la cac bai thd thien Da so' cac tac giii ciia thd van thdi Ly chinh la Ciic thien sU Vi vay triet li tham sau cila Thien hoc da chi phdi xiic cam viin hoc va quan diem tham mi ciia cac thien
sU Tu\' nhien khi lam thd thien ciic thien sU thdi Ly van mang nang truyen thdng dan tdc va trach nhiem xiiy diing nen viin minh Dai Viet cua nbUng ngUdi Viet Nam yeu nudc Noi dung ciia
n h u n g bill thd thien dil dem lai cho viin lic)c thdi Ly n h u n g net ddc dao rieng biet khdng gidng vcii cac giai doan khiic trong lieh sil viin hoc Viet Nam
Trong thdi Ly, nha vua va tang Idp quy toe quan lieu cho xay nhieu chua va tac nhieu tUdng Phat Do dd nghe thuat kie'n true va dieu khac d Viet Nam liic
diidng thdi dat du6c nhUng thiinh tUu
diing ke Nhung ngdi chiia ndi tieiig dUcic xay dung tU thdi Ly nhu Chua Giiim chua Phiit Tfch d Biic Ninh Chua Thay
va chiia Mot Cot d Ha Noi Chiia Doi 6 Ha
Nam v.v Nhiing ngdi chua dd dii cdn nguyen ven bay da dd nat cung van de lai da'u tfch ciia sU sang tiao ve nghe thuat kie'n triic vii dieu khiic thdi Ly
Trang 3Nguyen Dure Sir May net vc Phdt i^ido 13
Dieu dac biet diing luu y hi tieng ndi
cua ciic t b i e n sU thdi Ly k h d n g nhUng
a n h hUdng de'n t h e gidi q u a n cua cac l a n g
Idp nhiin d a n m a cdn gdp phiin t h u c dii'y
sU phiit t r i e n cua lieh sii t u t u d n g Viet
N a m
Ve miil t u t u d n g , ciic ihien sU thdi Ly
dac biel q u a n liim de'n su guii thoiit cua
con ngUdi NhUng dc If giai con dUdng
giiii thoiil t!d, h o da dUa r a q u a n niem ve
con ngUdi h i e n thilc v a cuoc sd'ng t r a n tuc
cila con ngUdi, dd'i vdi ho, t h e xac vii cuoc
sdng t n i n tuc cua ct)n ngudi c u n g vdi ciinh
viil x u n g q u a n h con ngiitii deu mim trong
vdng sinh diet h a y s m h hoii, deu hi chi
phdi bdi luiit vd ngii vii vd t h u d n g Con
ngUdi chiing n h u n g k h d n g tdn lai hiu diii,
mil cdn lii mcil ciii gi gui t a m do sii ke't
hcip nhii't thdi cua t r i diii va ngii uiin mil
t h a n h , Va neu tlUtic nbU viiy thi moi gui
tri giin lien vdi con ngUdi hien thiic vii
moi su Viit cu the tldi di(Mi vdi con ngu'tii
ciing lii nhiim de khiing dinh chiin liim
trf tfnh, chiin nbU, dieu t h e mdi hi su tdn
tai cluin thUc vinh hiing Su ton lai chiin
thuc \ a vinh hiing li'v hi biin the ciia mf)i
vat Irc'n t h e gian ke ca con ngUdi Ciic
nhii tu hiinh theo ton chf cua Thien tdng
deu khat) kluit vii mong dtii cluing ngti
diicic fill b a n t h e ay d u n g n h u Thien sU
Tit Dao Hijnh da ndi:
"Cuu hdn i)hiim t n i n vi t h u c kim
Bill tri lui xU thi cluin tiim
Nguyen t h u y chi dfeh k h a i phUting
tien
Lieu kicMi nhu' nhii df)iin khd t:im"
Nghia la:
Liin Idc n h i e u giua cdi phiim t n i n nui
chUa nhiin rd n i n g
Chiing biet ntii mit) lii chiin tiim
Mong ngudi ru long cbi cbt) ciii ttfch vii
md ra phUting tien
De lluiy rd " n h u n h u " khdi phai khd cdng lim k i e m ' "
Vi vay theo ciic thien sU thdi Ly ft)n diiii'ng di den giai thoiit cua con ngUtii mtit miit Viin jjluii thu'c hien gidi luat cua nhii chua n h u n g mat khac quan trong hdn lii phiii tha\' diitic chiln tiim, tU tfnh ndi Inin thiin minh Ma thiiy dUcic chiin tiim tu tfnh ndi ban t h a n minh lUc lii "kien tfnh
t h a n h Phat", lii dUtJc guii thoat
N h i i n g chiin tiiin lU tfnh, chiin nhif, dieu t h e , v.v hi ciii nua hoat ddng n h a n thiic t h d n g ihUdng tiua ciic giai doan t;am tinh VII If tfnh k h d n g t h e (ihiit bien dUtic ngdn ngu viin tu k h d n g the bieu diit dUcic Con ngUdi chi cd the chUng ngi) tlu'tic cluin liim ihriy dutjc tii tfnh biing mot t h u trf tue t r u e giiic va linh nghiem goi hi Biit nlui Vi chiin t a m tii tfnh la cai vdn cd cuii ct)n ngUdi hien thuc thing sdng Irt'Mi
t n i n gian vii d a n g liin loi trong vdng sinh
tu Cho nen viec q u a n tiim kien tfnh lluinh Pbi'il cua mdi ngUdi cd lbi' du'iic thiic hii'n ngay t r e n I r a n gian, ngay trt)ng cdi sinh tU NhU \'iiy hi ft)n ngUdi ngt) ttai) trong khi viin cdn d a n g giin minh vdi su hicin h u u cua nhiing su vat giii hcip vd
t h u d n g Mot con ngUti'i ngo dao nbU t h e
k h d n g he thoiit li cuoc sd'ng ma viin diiii
t h a n Viio cutic st'jiig dd vdi tii't cii htiat tiling binh lliUdng cua con ngUdi t n i n tuc,
ke cii bt)at ddng chfnh tri gdp phiin viit) cdng cuoc d u n g nUdc vii giu nUdc
Biing Ciic bin ke vii ciic bin thd thien,
Ciic thien sU thdi Ly dii ndi ]cn tU liidng
cua minh n h u viiy iron nen liing cua
T h i e n hoc Ho tie cap de'n luin t h e ciia moi viit vii tfnh clui't ciia cac hien tUcing trcm the gum Ho cdn ndi de'n khii niing vii bien i)hiip cuu chu t h e nhiim pluii hien ra Ciii biin the dd Su If giiii cua ht) ve n h u n g
1 Tliii van l.\ Iran Nxb KIIXll - I la Noi 1997 tr,
346
Trang 414 Nghien ciru Ton giao So 12_-2()09
van de ay da phat trien them mot biidc
Thien hoc vo'n cd d nUde ta tii cac the ki
trUdc va thiic sU cd tac dung gt3i y cho moi
ngUdi ke ca nhiing ngUdi cd hoc van d nUdc
ta luc dUdng thdi di sau vao nhiing khfa
canh tham thuy cila sinh hoat tinh than
0 thdi Ly, Phat giao khdng nhiing cd
quan he mat thie't vdi tang Idp quy toe
quan lieu, ma cdn di sau vao ndng thdn de
tao dilng niem lin ciia cac tang Idp nhan
dan tii ciuy tdc cho de'n binh diin, Phat giao
da cd nhUng thay ddi nha't dinh ve phUdng
thUc hoat dong de diip Ung nhiing nhu cau
cila ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than, nhu cau
tin ngUdng cila nhan dan liic ay Ma nhu
cau bile xiic hang dau trong dd la chdng
thien tai de cho miia mang dUtJc tUdi tdt, la
phdng ngiia va dieu tri dUt3c moi benh tat
de duy tri silc khoe, Chfnh 'vi the ma cac
ngdi chua thdi Ly trd thanh trung tiim thilc
hien viec cau mUa, cau tU, cau ihti cila nha
vua va cila dan chiing, Cac nha sU cdn
thdng thao viec chUa benh, Nhieu ngdi
chiia d cac lang xa lii ndi kham vii chUa
benh cho dtin
De tranh thii diicic niem tin cila nhan
diin, mot bo phan khdng nhd cac nha sU
thdi Ly khdng chi gidi kinh thuyet phap
va thiic hanh gidi lutit ma cdn biet nhieu
phep la nhu phep hd phong, hoiin vii,
hang long, phuc hd, phep dau thai, phep
phu thuy trii ta ma, phep bdi loan tien
tri, phep giai cac bai sam kf, v.v Chfnh
vi the ma d thdi Ly, Phat giao mudn dap
iing diidc nhdng ddi hdi cila cac tang Idp
nhan dan de tdn tai va phat trien thi tii
nd phiii cd sU ket hdp gifla Thien tdng va
Mat tdng,
Thien tdng vdn coi the gidi hien tUt;ing
la gia tudng ao hnyen va chi IhUa nhan
mot thuc tai duy nha't va vinh hiing ma
ho tam goi la til tfnh, chan tam, Phat
tfnh, v.v Chd diic sac ciia Thien tdng la
bao nhieu e d g a n g ciia ngUdi tu hanh deu
tap trung vao mdt khau cd ban la "quan tam kien tfnh thanh Phat" Ma Phat thi tai tam chii khdng tim thay d ben ngoai con ngUdi Vi vay Thien tdng de cao sU tu luyen ren riia tinh than chii quan ke ca phep tu Thien dinh vdi sU kien dinh ndi tam ciia ngUdi tu hanh
Cdn Miit tdng la mot tdng phai Phat giao nay smh ci An Do tii the ki IV va de'n the' kl thU VIII mdi trd thanh he thti'ng, Cac nha sU thudc tdng {)hiii miy de cao ciit; nghi le tdn giiio than bi, nhii't lii le riific nUdc phep Ho dila vao the Iilc thtin linh va sii dung phep than chii ii'n quye't
va nhUng mat ngfl de khai md trf lue giac ngo Ho trong doe nhiing kinh Tdng tri hay kinh Da la ni cd nhiing ngii ngdn day
bf hiem trong dd va ho tin rang nhUng kinh nay cd the diing de cau mUa, cau tU
va chUa benh Nha sU Maha va Til Dao Hanh thudng niem Idi chii Dai bi Tiim Dii
la ni la mot than chii phd bie'n cila Mat tdng Cac vi cao tiing nhU Van Hanh, Thien Nham, Khdng Lo, Nguyen Hoc ciing chiu iinh hUcing cila Mat tdng mot
Ciich I'd ret
Trong nhdng tdng phai cua dao Phiit Mat long gan vdi Dijo giao hdn ca Vd'n chUa diing nhiing ye'u to' cua Mat tdng, Thien long thdi Ly khdng the khdng tie'p thu anh hiidng ciia Dao giao, Dac biet phep phii Ihuy trii ta ma, chUa benh bSng bua chu, phep doan mdng chiem tmh, ddng bdng, luyen thud'c trUdng sinh cua Dao giao cd nhieu net tUdng ddng vdi nhUng phiip t h u a t cila Mat tdng ma ta thUdng tha'y trting hoat dong cila mot sd khdng ft cac nha sU thdi Ly nhU Maha Tit Dao Hanh Khdng Lo v.v
Dudi trieu Ly diao Phat cdn ket h6p
vdi tfn ngUdng cd truyen cd tfnh chat nguyen thuy trong dan gian Tii thdi cd xUa, do trinh do phat trien cua luc lUcing san xua't cdn thap, nhan dan ta thudng
Trang 5^^ytnDuc^^Mcty net ve Phdt gic'io 15
t h a n t h a n h hoa nhUng hien tUcing lU
n h i e n n h u miiy, inUa, s a m chdp, gid bilo
Id lut, v.v rdi thd p h u n g cac bien tUcing
t u n h i e n dd n h u la cac vi thSn de cau
mong cac vi t h a n ay d e m lai sii boa t h u a n
cho lao d d n g s a n xua't va ddi sdng con
ngUdi Ndi b a t nha't la vi t h a n giup d a n
chdng b a n c h d n g iing va chdng lil lut
Viec thd cac vi t h a n dd dii dUcic thUc hien
trong cac ngdi c h u a Hdn nUa t r o n g q u a n
niem d a n gian dng But IhUdng hitin len
n h u mot lUc lUcing sieu phiim cd nhieu
phep la siin s a n g cdu giiip n h i i n g con
ngUdi lUdng t h i e n q u a cdn h o a n niin
c h a n g b a n nhU dng B u t t r o n g t r u y e n
T a m Cam dii cd tii thdi bii'y gid
Mdt diem diing luu y nUa la Pluii giao
thdi Ly da n a n g cao hdn nUa sil k e l ht;ip
con dudng giiii thoiit tU liic vcii con dUdng
giai thoiit b a n g t h a lUc lUc con dUdng cau
den ciiu vdt cila ciic vi Bd tat, nhii't la
Q u a n T h e Am Bd liil
Chfnh sU s u n g bdi Idi giai thoiit biing
tha lUc n h u vay ham cho T h i e n tdng d
nudc ta luc bay gid d u n g hoa vdi T i n h Do
tdng ha inot t d n g phiii mil ciic Phiit l u
chuyen niem Adida vii cau cdc vi Bd tiit
nha't la Q u a n T h e Am Bd t a t cilu vdt s a n g
Tay PhUdng cUc lac Viec due tUcing Phiit
Adida d c h u a Q u y n h L a m va viec xay
chua Mot Cot dd t h d Q u a n T h e Am Bd t a t
d T h a n g Long thdi Ly dii chUng id vice tu
theo T i n h Do t d n g hi tndt xu h u d n g diing
ke trong P h a t gitio nUdc ta luc dUdng
thdi St3 dl n h u vay la vi T i n h Do tdng
phii bf3p vdi tin ngUdng cila ddng diio
q u a n chiing b i n h diin
Su r a ddi ciia phiii T h i e n T h a o DUdng
trong thdi Ly T h d n h T d n g dil t h e hien
kha rd xu the' tin ngUdng cila P h a t giao
thdi Ly- P h a i T h i e n T h a o DUting do nhii
sU Thao D u d n g c u n g vdi vua Ly T h a n h
Tdng lap r a 6 chiia Khai Qudc t h a n h
: Thang Long Diiy la mot n h a sU ngUdi
T r u n g Qudc nhUng liii tu h a n h ti dd't Chiem
T h a n h , nen dii bi vua Ly Thiinh Tdng bat liim tu binh khi nha vua cat quan d a n h Chiem Thiinh Nhii sU Thiio Dudng phai lam nd le hiiu hii q u a n Tiing luc NhUng sau nhii sU cd xem trdm va sUa chiia dUtIc sach NgU luc cua q u a n Tiing Luc nen dii dUtic vua Ly T h a n h Tdng mdi lam qudc sU Rdi cung lai chfnh vua Ly Thiinh Tdng la
de tu dilu tien cua phiii Thien Thiio Du'dng Nhiing tU lieu ve pluli Thien Thao Du'dng
ma c h u n g ta sUu tiitn dUtic hien nay cdn qua it nen chUa du b a n g chdng do chi rd diic diem ciia phai Thien miy NbUng qua boat ddng ciia Ly T h a n h Tdng va cua ciic tin dd ihuoc pluii Thien Thiio Du'dng ta cd the tha'y d phiii Thien miy, sti kel hdp giUa Thien tdng vdi Tinh Do tdng vii Mat tdng, giua P h a t giiio va Nho giiio dUcic niing len mdt t a m cao mdi
Cd t h e ndi thdi Ly lii inol thdi ki lieh
sU ma Phiit giao Viet N a m phiit t r i e n den d i n h cao, diiy vc; h u y hoiing riic rd
Nd dii d a p Ung dUdc n h d n g yeu ciiu ciia
xa hdi Viet N a m luc dUdng thdi, trUdc hei la diip Ung cdng cutic xay dUng nen Viin m i n h Dili Viet d a n g dUtic lien luinh
t r e n qu>' md ldn vdi q u y e t t a m cua cii mot diin tdc Nd da ben re t r o n g ddi sd'ng tiim linh cua cac tiing Idp nhiin diin i d quy tdc d t r i e u d i n h cho den ngUdi b i n h diin ti ciic liing xa Vi the, liic
b a y gid P h a t giao thdi Ly dil thiic sU hoii
d d n g vdi diin tdc trUdc he't la t r u y e n thd'ng yeu nUdc thUdng dtin vti tiuyel
t a m biio ve nen doc lap cua Td ciudc Bdi Viiy, t r o n g thdi Ly xu the' d a n tdc hoii ciia P h a t guio d Viet N a m t h e h i e n nl't
rd r e t Do dd, Phiit giiio thdi Ly m a n g
t h e o silc sd'ng cua cii d a n lt)c ta d a n g
t r e n dUdng phiil Irien va cd nliUng ddng gd]) to Idn cho sU phiit t r i e n ay cua da't nUdc t r e n ciic phUdng dien chfnh tri tU tUting, v a n hoii n g h e t b u i i t /