bài tập PRONOUNS

Definition∗ Classification∗ Personal Pronouns ∗ Possessive Pronouns ∗ Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pro.∗ Indefinite Pronouns∗ Reciprocal Pronouns∗ Demonstrative Pronouns∗ Interrogative Pronouns∗ Relative Pronouns

∗ Definition

∗ Classification

∗ Personal Pronouns

∗ Possessive Pronouns

∗ Reflexive Pronouns/

Emphasizing Pro

∗ Indefinite Pronouns

∗ Reciprocal Pronouns

∗ Demonstrative Pronouns

∗ Interrogative Pronouns

∗ Relative Pronouns

I Definition: A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun or a Noun-equivalent

Example: John saw a snake; John thought this snake would hurt John, unless John killed the snake

with a stick; this stick John had in John’s hand.

John saw a snake which he thought would hurt him, unless he killed it with a stick which

he had in his hand.

II Classification

1 Personal Pronouns pronouns that denote the three persons - I love you.

2 Possessive Pronouns pronouns used to show possession/to

replace the Possessive adjective + N - Tom is a friend of hers. - That book is his.

3 Reflexive Pronouns/

Emphasizing Pro

pronouns showing that the subject does s.th for himself or to emphasize the role of S or O

- The children can look after

themselves for 2 hours.

4 Indefinite Pronouns pronouns referring to numbers but not

any number in particular - I’ll see each of them separately./ I’ll see them

each separately.

- Everybody’s business is

nobody’s business.

5 Reciprocal Pronouns pronouns used to show reciprocity

between subjects

- Those three engineers have

known one another since

they were students

- Paul and Linda love each

other.

6 Demonstrative

Pronouns

pronouns pointing out a person, a thing,

- I don’t like this

- Cricket was boring Such was

her opinion before meeting Lan

- the former, the latter, such

7 Interrogative

Pronouns

pronouns used to make questions - who, what, which

8 Relative Pronouns pronouns introducing an adjective

Personal Pronoun

1st person 2 nd person 3 rd Plural Subjective case (S, Subjective Complement) I, WE YOU HE, SHE, IT, THEY

Objective case (O of V, O of Prep.) ME, US YOU, HIM, HER, IT, THEM

Example

Subject - He stood there

Subjective Complement - It was he BUT:

- Who’s knocking at the door? – It’s me (colloquial English) Object of Verb - We saw him.

Object of Preposition - I ran after him.

Note 1

1 After AS, THAN: either S or O

case with different meanings - I like you more than she (does) I like you more than her (I like her)

- I don’t know her so well as he (does)

I don’t know her so well as him (I know him)

2 After SUCH AS: S case - We never like a boy such as he.

3 After BUT, EXCEPT: O case - There is nobody but me.

- I know all the students except him.

4 To show politeness, the 1st person

should follow the others

- Tom and I have come (right)

- I and Tom have come.(wrong)

- This table is for you and me (right)

- This table is for me and you (wrong)

5 Personal pronouns should not be

used if they make the sentence

more ambiguous

- The boy cannot leave his father for if he left him, he

would die

- The boy cannot leave his father for if he left his father, his

father would die.

Note 2: Special use of IT

1 Formal Subject - It is hard to content everybody.

FS Real S

- It is probably every writer’s wish that his novel will be best seller.

- It remains a mystery how the prisoner escaped.

2 Formal Object - I find it a pleasure to lead a simple life.

- Everyone considered it hard to adopt your opinion.

- I consider it unimportant how long a man lives.

- Everybody believes it true that peace will come soon.

3 Subject of Impersonal V

- Natural phenomenon

- Time

- It rains It snows.

- It takes 10 days to make the trip.

Situation Example

- Distance - It takes 50 miles to get there.

4 In speaking of weather of

time

- It is rainy today.

- It was ten o’clock when we arrived home.

5 Emphatic sentence

It + be … + that …

- Tom broke the window It was Tom that broke the window.

6 In familiar expressions - It is said that …/ It is thought that …/ It is believed that …/

It is reported that …/ It is rumored that …

7 In some conversational

expressions - It is all over with him

(Thế là nó đi đời rồi.)

- It can’t be helped! (Đành chịu vậy./ Biết sao được.)

- Keep at it (whatever you’re doing) (Cứ tiếp tục đi!)

- Now you’ll catch it (You’ll be punished.) (Rồi mi sẽ biết tay ta.)

- I’ve finally made it (Cuối cùng cũng xong.)

8 For things without life - Here is your book! Take it away.

9 For animals, unless we

clearly wish to speak of

them as male or female

- The horse fell and broke its leg.

10 For a small child, unless

we clearly wish to refer to

the sex

- When I saw the child, it was crying.

- The baby has torn its clothes.

11 To refer to some

statement going before

- He is telling what is not true , and he knows it.

12 To replace a collective N - The crew mutinied and murdered its officers.

1 Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns are used to replace Possessive Adjective + Noun

Double Possession:

N + of + Possessive Pronoun

- Please show me one of your pictures

Please show me a picture of yours.

- She introduced me to one of her friends

She introduced me to a friend of hers.

2 Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pronouns

Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself, oneself

Position Functions Example

Reflexive pronoun

- can’t be omitted

- be put after Vt & Prep

Direct O - Mary loved herself too much.

- Jack cut himself by accident.

Indirect O - We can’t teach ourselves English.

BY Oneself = Alone

- I do this work by myself.

I do this work alone.

Emphasizing pronoun

- can be omitted

- be put right after the

S, O & at the end of

the clause

to emphasize the S - The cat itself caught the mouse.

to emphasize the O - I’ve met the victim herself.

3 Indefinite Pronouns

- None of the tourists want to climb the mountain

BOTH one & the other - They both came./ Both of them came.

EACH a number of people or things

considered individually used of small numbers

- I’ll see each of you separately (Indef Pro)

- He gave us 500 francs each (Indef Adv)

ALL (+of) - a number of people or

things considered as a group: +V Plu.

- Every thing: + V sing.

- All of them come back late.

- If all is well, we’ll get great success.

interro sent (you are sure of it)

- Some went to the dancing party.

- I like those roses, please give me some.

ANY affirm.sent (‘practically every’)

neg sent (after NOT, NEVER, RARELY, HARDLY, SCARCELY)

interro sent (you aren’t sure of it)

- Choose any of these books.

- I didn’t see any of them.

- He can hardly answer any of those

thorny questions

- Did any of your photos come out well?

referring to N count.

- A few of the seats were empty

referring to N uncount

- Sugar? – A little, please.

FEW = not many/ hardly

any

negative meaning - Tourists come here but few stay

overnight.

- Tourists come here but hardly any stay

overnight.

LITTLE = not much/

hardly any

negative meaning - Little is known about the side-effect of

this drug

MANY =

A LOT/ LOTS =

A GREAT MANY = A

GOOD MANY

referring N count. - You’ve got lots of letters while I haven’t

got many.

- She collects records and she has a great

many.

Pronoun Meaning/Use Example

A GREAT DEAL = A

GOOD DEAL - Your car uses a great deal of petrol, but

mine doesn’t consume much.

A LOT / PLENTY OF referring to both N count &

N uncount

- I saw a lot of seabirds I expect you saw a

lot, too.

- Do you need more milk? - No, thanks,

there's plenty in the fridge

- Have we got enough plates? - Yes, there

are plenty in the cupboard

EVERYONE/

EVERYBODY

+ V sing.

= all (the) people + V plu

- Everyone is ready = All the people are

ready.

EVERYTHING + V sing.

= all (the) things + V plu

- Everything has been wasted.

SOMEONE/ SOMEBODY affirm sent.

interro sent (you are sure of it) - Someone wants to speak to you on the

phone.

- Is this somebody’s seat?

ANYONE/ ANYBODY neg sent

interro sent (you aren’t sure of it)

- I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.

- Is this anybody’s seat?

chemist’s?

NO ONE/ NOBODY - No one has ever given me a free ticket.

independence and freedom.

with the show.

ANOTHER an additional one, a different

one - One apple is not enough, bring him

another.

THE OTHER (sing.) the second of the two - Don’t give me this, I like the other.

(THE) OTHERS (plu.) (the) remaining ones - Don’t give me these, I like the others.

Notes: YOU, ONE & THEY as Indefinite Pronouns

YOU & ONE as S either can be used - Can you/one camp in the forest?

YOU & ONE as O You is more common, more

friendly One is more impersonal, less used though the possessive One’s is common.

- They fine you for parking offences.

- One must do one’s best.

can mean ‘people’

can mean ‘authority concerned’

(government, the local council, employers, the police)

- They say it is going to be a cold winter (They say = People say, It is said)

- They want to make this a one-way street.

4 Reciprocal Pronouns: indicate mutual actions (A B)

ONE ANOTHER for more than 2 persons In our society, we must depend on one

another.

EACH OTHER for 2 persons Romeo and Juliet loved each other.

Position Functions Example

Reciprocal pronoun

- can’t be omitted

- be put after Vtransitive &

Prep

Direct O - They cheered one another on during the race.

- We always pray for each other.

Indirect O - Tom and Jerry bought a gift for each other.

One another’s + Noun

Each other’s Possessive Adjective - Students looked at one another’s pictures. - The girls brushed each other’s hair.

5 Demonstrative Pronouns

THIS (sing.)

THESE (plu.)

to point out near by people or things - This is a pencil.

- These are pencils.

THAT (sing.)

THOSE (plu.)

to point out distant people or things - That is a picture.

- Those are pictures.

* THOSE can be followed by a defining

relative clause - Those who live in glass houses should not

throw stones (Điều gì không thích thì đừng làm với người khác)

* THIS/ THAT can represent a previously

mentioned N, phrase, clause - They’re digging up my road They do this

every summer.

- He said I wasn’t a good wife Wasn’t that

a horrible thing to say?

THE FORMER the first - Dogs and cats are valuable domestic

animals; the former are watchful guardians and the latter kill mice.

THE LATTER the second

ONE, ONES, SUCH to avoid repetition - There are 2 shirts I like the red one.

- Those students are clever ones.

- Such are people I’ve never met.

6 Interrogative Pronouns

For person

WHAT SC, to ask for occupation - What are you?

WHICH S, O, for a choice - Which of them is the tallest?- Mary

- Which do you like best? - Tom

WHO S, SC, O, for identification - Who took my gun?

- Who are those men?

- Who do you like best?

- Whom did they speak to?

WHOSE possession - Whose are these books? – Ann’s

For thing

- What did they eat?

WHICH S, SC, O - Which belongs to you?

- Which are your shoes? – The red ones

- Which do you like best?

7 Relative Pronouns

Persons WHO

THAT

WHOM THAT

WHOSE - This is the boy who/that brings me the news.

- The girl whom/who/that you told me is standing

Subject Object Possessive Example

there.

- The film is about a spy whose wife betray him.

Things WHICH THAT WHICH THAT WHOSEOF WHICH

- She lends me a book which/that is very interesting.

- The book which/that you are reading belongs to the teacher.

- The house the roof of which/whose roof is red is my

uncle’s.

ASSIGNMENT 5 FOR “TENSES Lesson”

1.What are basic differences between Simple present and Present continuous? Give one example

for each case

2 Indicate typical differences between Present perfect and Present Perfect continuous? Give one

example for each case

3 Compare differences between Past Simple and Past Continuous Give one example for each case.

4 Compare differences between Past Simple and Past Perfect Give one example for each case.

5 Compare differences between Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Give one example for

each case

6 Compare differences between Simple Future and Be going to Give one example for each case.

7 What are differences between Simple Future and Present continuous? Give one example for each

case

8 Indicate differences between Simple future and Future Continuous? Give one example for each

case

9 Indicate differences between Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous? Give one example

for each case