Delta''''s key to the toefl test part 40

Circle the word or phrase in the bold text that These refers to.. Circle the word or phrase in the bold text that her and she refer to.. Circle the word or phrase in the bold text that

kilometers beyond the coastline

The mighty river forms in the

Peruvian Andes, only around 160

kilometers from the Pacific Ocean Most

of the river’s drainage basin lies east of the

Andes, It is composed of low plains that

are close to sea level, strips of floodplain

alongside the channels, and broken higher

ground in the upper reaches of its many

tributaries to both the north and south

The Amazon’s mouth is an estuary at

the Atlantic coast that is studded with

low, muddy islands These represent

the beginnings of a delta formed five

thousand years ago when melting

glaciers created an ocean level higher

than it is teday

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| Look at the word These in the

3.35 REFERENTS

passage Circle the word or phrase

in the bold text that These refers to

TTS aaa AI

a ca =

A homeowner answers her

telephone The voice on the other end

makes a fast sales pitch for aluminum

siding The homeowner hangs up in

irritation The caller has interrupted

her dinner and, besides, she lives in a

brick house This is outbound

telemarketing, and many consumers find

it annoying

On the other hand, inbound

telemarketing is becoming a popular choice

of many companies Using a toll-free

number, consumers call a company in

response to a television, radio, magazine,

or newspaper ad They may prefer using

Look at the words her and she in

the passage Circle the word or phrase in the bold text that her and

she refer to

: the telephone rather than the Internet

e) qd because they feel they are connecting with

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DELTA’S KEY To THE TOEFL® Test 383

3.5 KEFEKENT2

On the other hand, inbound Look at the word They in the

telemarketing is becoming a popular passage Circle the word or phrase

choice of many companies Using a in the bold text that They refers to

toll-free number, consumers call a

company in response to a television,

radio, magazine, or newspaper ad

They may prefer using the telephone

rather than the Internet because they

feel they are connecting with another

human being Inbound telemarketing

offers consumers a quick and easy way to

purchase goods

Because of the volume of calls,

companies generally hire agencies to handle

their telemarketing Telemarketing

agencies can provide other services, such

as mailing literature and doing credit

checks With the growth of such agencies,

ee

Look at the phrase this field in the passage Circle the word or phrase in the bold text that this field refers to

number, consumers call a company in

response to a television, radio, magazine,

or newspaper ad They may prefer using

the telephone rather than the Internet

because they feel they are connecting with

another human being Inbound

telemarketing offers consumers a quick and

easy way to purchase goods

Because of the volume of calls,

companies generally hire agencies to

handle their telemarketing

Telemarketing agencies can provide

other services, such as mailing

literature and doing credit checks

With the growth of such agencies, there

is a demand for trained specialists in

this field

TEE

Answers to Exercises 3.3.A through 3.3.C are on pages 656 and 657

3.3 REFERENTS

3.5 EXTENSION

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1 In reading done outside class, students select a short passage of 1 to 3 paragraphs In the

passage, students circle all pronouns and words that refer to other words Draw a line to

connect referring words with their referents

2 Students create “TOEFL questions” to test their classmates’ understanding of referents

Select a short passage from a textbook or magazine Working in pairs, students locate

one pronoun or other word that refers to another word or phrase in the passage For each

pronoun/referring word, locate the true referent and three false referents nearby Use these

to write a TOEFL item and four answer choices Make the three incorrect answers agree in

number (singular/plural) so that classmates must work harder to find the correct answer!

3 In reading done outside class, students select a short passage (the passage selected for #1

above may be used) In the passage, students locate 2 or 3 pronouns/referring words and

their referents On a sheet of paper, an overhead projector transparency, or a computer,

rewrite the passage, omitting pronouns and referents and leaving blank spaces where they

should be Below the passage, write -the missing words in mixed-up order Classmates

must fill in the blanks correctly Look at the example below:

burn uncontrolled in a forested, wooded, or scrubby area

Forest fires occur chiefly in old-growth or second—growth forest Brush fires are that occur in scrub areas Fires inject tremendous amounts

of microscopic into the atmosphere may be considered pollutants by people living downwind from a fire, but are essential

to the generation of clouds and precipitation

ASH PARTICLES THEY WILDFIRES THESE PARTICLES THOSE

Quiz 3

ASSESSING PROGRESS — 3.1 through 3.3

Quiz 3 (Time — 22 minutes)

Read the following passages and choose the one best answer to each question Answer all questions on the

basis of what is stated or implied in that passage

QUESTIONS 1-6

Depression is the term used to describe the most severe type of recession in an economy During the Great Depression that began in 1929, for example, almost one-third

of the United States work force was unemployed Hundreds of thousands of people were

suddenly poor Many were thrown out of their apartments because they could not pay

5 _ their rent, or they had their homes taken away when they could not pay their mortgages

Farmers lost their farms, smal! business owners lost their businesses, and many big

business owners had trouble selling their products and keeping their companies going

A topic on which economists disagree is how to stop a depression Many people believe that President Ronald Reagan was successful in stopping the recession of the

10 1970s by cutting taxes on corporations, removing other restrictions on businesses,

increasing military spending, and cutting back on government social programs Other

people believe that, although some people benefited from Reagan’s policies, many others

fell into severe poverty as a result Furthermore, critics charge, the prosperity that

Reagan created lasted only a short time, and was followed by more severe economic

15 problems

With what topic is paragraph 1

mainly concerned?

CA) Causes of economic recession

Effects of the Great Depression

Ce) Economic hardship and unemployment

(o> The economy since 1929

The word “Many” in line 4 refers to

CA) recessions

CB) farmers

Cc) big business owners

@) unemployed people

The word “their” in line 7 refers to

farmers

small business owners

Cc) big business owners

CD) customers

The word “others” in line 12 refers to

CA) policies

social programs

Ce) people

(®) businesses

386

5 According to the passage, critics of President Reagan believe

(A) Reagan’s policies resulted in more serious economic problems

the recession of the 1970s ended

when Reagan became president

Ce> Reagan cut taxes and increased military

spending to stimulate the economy (> Reagan’s policies created more wealth for a large number of people

6 Which of the following should NOT

be included in a summary of the passage?

CA) The Great Depression caused unemployment and business failures

President Reagan’s childhood during the

Great Depression shaped his philosophy

C@3 The most serious type of recession is

a depression

@) People disagree over the success of President Reagan’s economic policies

Detta’s KEY TO THE TOEFL® Test

Quiz 5

QUESTIONS 7—12

The old-time merchant in a village store used the power of persuasion to get people to buy Today the continued growth of self-service has resulted in the decline of

personalized selling in many retail outlets Retailers and manufacturers rely more and

more on other means to induce customers to buy Merchandising is one of these means

5 Today’s retailers use a number of persuasive merchandising techniques such as

displays and the positioning of goods in the store Retailers put goods they are trying to

move at eye level because items placed there sell faster than those placed either too high

or too low Retailers also favor jumbled displays that customers can root through and

examine instead of neatly constructed pyramids that buyers dare not touch for fear of

10 knocking them down

Department stores and specialty shops employ display workers to plan and construct displays Many display workers have training in design and business Window

displays draw consumers into the store In-store displays of merchandise encourage

shoppers to stop and look In the process of looking, they are likely to pick up and buy

15 additional items they had not planned on buying

7 What is the main idea of the passage? 10 The word “those” in line 7 refers to

CA Self-service has caused a decline in CA) retailers

the number of retail stores displays

The old-time merchant has been Ce> items

replaced by the display worker (©) techniques

Cé> Merchandising is a growing area

of specialization 11 The passage mentions ali of the following as

CB Merchandising is a way for retail stores merchandising techniques EXCEPT

to persuade shoppers to buy goods

CA) shopping carts

8 The author mentions the positioning of placement of goods

goods in the store as an example of Ce) jumbled arrangements

window displays

CA) self-service

CB a merchandising technique 12 The word “they” in lines 14 and 15 refers to

Cc) a pyramid

CB) display workers in-store displays

CC)

©) shoppers

9, The word “there” in line 7 refers to

CAD at eye level

in a retail store

Ce) on a pyramid

CD) in a store window

Quiz 5

QUESTIONS 13-20

Active primarily at night, and at dusk and dawn, muskrats nonetheless may be seen at any time of day in all seasons, especially spring Excellent swimmers, these

aquatic rodents spend much of their time in water Propelled along by their slightly

webbed hind feet and using their rudderlike tail for guidance, they can swim backward or

5 forward with ease They dislike strong currents and avoid rocky areas

Their mouths close behind protruding incisors, thus allowing them to chew underwater They can remain submerged for long periods, traveling great distances

underwater One muskrat was filmed underwater for 17 minutes, coming to the surface

for air for 3 seconds, then submerging for another 10 minutes

10 Their large houses commonly contain one nesting chamber with one or more

underwater entrances Houses constructed along banks may have several chambers, each

with one or more tunnels leading underwater The houses and feeding platforms are added

to as long as they are used; they usually house only one individual, though several

muskrats may live together harmoniously Food is commonly towed out to the feeding

15 platforms, which can be distinguished from the houses by plant cuttings and other

scattered debris from eating Houses are kept immaculately clean, with litter deposited on

logs and rocks outside

Droughts and flooding are common hazards faced by these rodents, causing periodic population fluctuations Overcrowding, especially when it occurs during fall or

20 winter, causes fighting among individuals, forcing many to travel several miles overland to

seek a new place to live

13 What does the passage mainly discuss? 17 The word “they” in line 13 refers to

CD Muskrat houses C2) houses and feeding-platforms

14 Which of the following is NOT mentioned asa —-18 How can one tell the difference between

characteristic of the muskrat? muskrat houses and feeding platforms?

Webbed feet feeding platforms

Cp) Ability to stay underwater Ce> Feeding platforms can hold

several muskrats

15 The author makes the point that the construction (> Houses are underwater

of the muskrat’s mouth

19, The phrase “these rodents” in line 18 refers to

makes it a plant eater

(> enemies of muskrats

16 The word “They” in line 7 refers to

20 The author mentions overcrowding as

CA) muskrats

incisors CA) being rare in muskrat houses

Ce) webbed feet the reason many muskrats must relocate

mouths Ce> the reason litter surrounds the

muskrat’s house

©) a cause of flooding during fall or winter

Answers to Reading Quiz 3 are on page 657

24 VOCABULAKY IN CONTEXT

34 Understanding Vocabulary in Context

Q Focus

Read the following paragraph and answer the question

Thomas Edison’s staff began making films for the peep shows in 1893 A special tarpaper studio, affectionately called the Black Maria, was built in East

Orange, New Jersey It stood on a revolving platform and could be turned to take

maximum advantage of the sunlight

What was the “Black Maria?”

Thomas Edison’s first film

A peep show

C) A film studio

First, scan the paragraph to find Black Maria It appears in an adjective phrase, affectionately called

the Black Maria (See 2.10) This phrase modifies studio—a structural clue that helps you see the

Black Maria was a film studio, the third answer choice

By the way, tarpaper is a kind of paper that has been coated with tar, which makes it black!

Now, read another paragraph and answer the question

Tobacco was grown and much prized by the Native Americans, not only for smoking but also for religious purposes Masks used in ceremonials were

consecrated by attaching bags of tobacco to them Tobacco was also burned as

an incense, and the rising smoke was a visible prayer

The word “consecrated” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

C) made heavy C) made sacred

C_) made beautiful C) smoked

Scan the third line to find consecrated You can see it is a verb expressing something that is done to

masks used in ceremonials What other clues are there in the paragraph?

The correct meaning of consecrated is made sacred, the second answer choice This meaning best

fits the context of the paragraph

2⁄4 VO£ABULAKY IN CONTEXT

590

2 DO YOU KNOW ?

Approximately twelve items on the TOEFL wiil test your comprehension of words and phrases in

the context of the passages you read For each individual passage, two or three questions will ask

you about the meaning of vocabulary

The context is the setting—the sentence and paragraph—in which a word or phrase appears The

meaning of a word or phrase in context is its meaning in the particular sentence and paragraph in

which it is used A single English word can have many different meanings Its precise meaning

always depends on the context in which it is used

To understand the meaning of a word in context, you must use different types of context clues—

that is, your knowledge of structure, punctuation, and the meaning of other words in the same

sentence or paragraph

In the reading you do in class and the real world, there may not always be context clues to help

you However, sometimes you can guess the probable meaning of an unfamiliar word by using

your overall understanding of the ideas in a passage as well as your common sense and knowl-

edge of the world

Structural clues are a type of context clue Structural clues are certain words, phrases, and gram-

matical structures that point to the relationships among the various parts of a sentence These

clues help you understand the meaning of unfamiliar words by showing you how they relate to

other words and ideas in the sentence

Words and phrases can be defined by these structural clues:

Be:

Everyone faces times when one goal or another has to come first; deciding which goals are most important is setting priorities

The meaning of priorities is given by the information that comes before the verb is Priorities

are the most important goals

Or:

A skyscraper, or building more than twenty stories high, is built on a foundation of reinforced concrete piers supported by piles driven into the ground

The meaning of skyscraper is given by the information following or A skyscraper is a

building more than twenty stories high

Appositive:

Thermal power stations are designed to pass as much energy as possible from the fuel to the turbines, machines whose blades are turned by the movement of the steam

The meaning of turbines is given by the appositive (See 2.2), the noun phrase following the

comma Turbines are machines with blades that are turned by the movement of the steam

DELTA'2 Key To THE TOEFL® Test

OA VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT

Adjective clause or phrase:

The sun crosses the equator twice a year at the equinoxes, when day and

night are nearly equal in length

Prescribed fire, ignited by forest rangers under controlled conditions to

restore balance in the forest, is a safe way to mimic natural fire conditions

The meaning of equinoxes is given in the adjective clause when day and night are nearly equal

in length (See 2.10) Equinoxes are the times when day and night are almost equal

The meaning of prescribed is given in the adjective phrase ignited by forest rangers under

controlled conditions to restore balance in the forest (See 2.10) Prescribed describes something

done or recommended as a treatment to make something better

List or series:

Because of their similar teeth, seals and walruses are believed to have evolved from

the same ancestral groups as the weasels, badgers, and other mustelids

The meaning of mustelids is given by the other words in the list: the weasels, badgers, and other

Things in a list or series are related in some way Mustelids are animals like weasels and badgers

Example:

Several personnel managers complain about the lag of business colleges in

eliminating obsolete skills For instance, shorthand is still taught in many

secretarial programs although it is rarely used

Intangible assets, such as a company’s recognized name and its goodwill, are

neither physical nor financial in nature

The meaning of obsolete is given by the information following for instance Shorthand is an

example of an obsolete skill Obsolete describes something that is no longer useful

The meaning of intangible assets is given by the information following such as A company’s

name and goodwill are examples of intangible assets More information is provided following

the verb are Intangible assets are such non—physical values as one’s name and relationship

with others

Contrast:

Unlike sun pillars, which are caused by reflection of light, arcs and haloes are

caused by refraction of light through ice crystals,

“Twilight” rays are nearly parallel, but because of the observer’s perspective,

DeLta’s Key To THE TOEFL® Test 321

3.4 VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT

The meaning of refraction is given by unlike and reflection From this, you know that refraction

is different from reflection

The meaning of diverge is given by but and parallel From this, you know that diverge is different

from parallel

4 Punctuation clues can help you understand the meaning of unfamiliar words Punctuation marks

sometimes show that one word identifies, renames, or defines another word

Punctuation marks:

Folate supplementation before and during pregnancy can prevent certain defects of the brain and spine, such as anacephaly (absence of a major part of the brain)

Crepuscular rays—alternating bright and dark rays in the sky—appear to radiate from the sun

The meaning of anacephaly is given by the information inside the parentheses Anacephaly is the

absence of a major part of the brain

The meaning of crepuscular rays is given by the information between the dashes Crepuscular

rays are alternating bright and dark rays in the sky

Scan for structural and punctuation clues In the following sentences, circle structural and

punctuation clues that help you understand the meaning of each underlined word There are no

single right answers

a, Accessories add interest to a room They can accent or highlight an area and give a

room beauty and personality A painting, for example, is pleasing to the eye

b Songbirds are early risers and remain active throughout the day, except during the

warmest hours in summer Owls, on the other hand, are primarily nocturnal

c Virtually every community college now offers contract education: short-term

programs, ranging from a couple of hours to several days, for employees of specific companies, which pay a large share of the cost

d The inclination or tilt of the earth’s axis with respect to the sun determines the seasons

e The radiating surface of the sun is called the photosphere, and just above it is the

chromosphere, which is visible to the naked eye only at times of total solar eclipses, appearing then to be a pinkish—violet layer

f If someone is said to have “a chip on his shoulder,” he is angry, pugnacious,

sullen, and looking for trouble

With your classmates and teacher, discuss the clues you identified What types of context clues

are they? Discuss probable meanings of the underlined words