Writing for toefl ibt book 3rd eidition part 4

Look at these idea maps for the sample reading passage and sample lecture on pages 41-42.. Afier you read each paragraph, take notes in the Reading Outline, Then listen to the correspond

Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3

Look at these idea maps for the sample reading passage and sample lecture on pages 41-42

IDEA MAP FOR READING

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IDEA MAP FOR LECTURE

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Afier you read each paragraph, take notes in the Reading Outline, Then listen to the corresponding lecture and take notes in the Lecture Outline In your notes, write the main idea and the supporting details You may have two or more supporting details

Reading 1

Read the paragraph Write your notes on the Reading Ousline

Invasive plants are a growing problem In the United States, there are over one thousand species of nonnative plants that have been identified as a threat to native plants and animals, One way nonna- tive plants are introduced into an area is through gardening In the past, gardeners cultivated nonnative species for food or medicine

Gardeners still bring in plants from other parts of the world, some- times because they want hardy or drought-resistant plants, in other cases because of the particular beauty of some species If the condi- tions are right in their new environment, these nonnative plants can escape the garden and grow wild Many of them are very aggressive

Then we call them invasive, They take over an area, pushing out the native species They may shade out the local plants, strangle them with vines, or deplete the soil of nutrients The effects on the local ecology can be devastating Native plants are reduced in number, and animals suffer loss of habitat and reduction of food supplies

READING OUTLINE

Main idea

Supporting details (1)

(2) 6)

Lecture 1

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LECTURE OUTLINE Main idea

Listen to the lecture Write your notes on the Lecture Outline

Supporting details (1)

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@)

Read she paragraph Write your notes on the Reading Outline

Does television affect school performance? Many researchers have

found that there are strong links between television viewing habits

and children’s performance in school Studies have shown that chil-

dren who spend a lor of time in front of the TV get lower grades

than their peers who watch little or no TV It has also been shown

that children who have television sets in their bedrooms earn lower

test scores than children with no television sets in their bedrooms

There are those who sce TV as a potential educational tool

However, there are actually very few programs on TV that teach

children important academic or thinking skills Most programs

aimed at children, such as cartoons, for example, contain little valu-

able content Children who spend more time watching TV, spend

less time doing homework or interacting with other people They

learn to be passive rather than active Research supports the view

that parents interested in supporting their children’s success in

school should keep the television turned off

READING OUTLINE

Main idea

Supporting details (1)

(2) 6)

Lecture 2

co) <7 Listen to the lecture Write your notes on the Lecture Outline

Task

LECTURE OUTLINE

Main idea

Supporting details (1)

@

@

Reading 3

LL) Read the paragraph Write your notes on the Reading Outline

Smoking prevention campaigns, particularly those aimed at young people, have met with significant success all around the country The current campaign to prevent tobacco use among teens

in our own state, for example, has had a measurable positive impact This program includes an advertising campaign, the implementa- tion of no-smoking policies for places frequented by teens, and various community antismoking events Close to 25% of teens sur- veyed said that they had participated in one of these events during the past year More significantly, over 50% reported having seen the antismoking ads The survey also found that those who had seen the ads were much less likely to start smoking than those who had not seen any of the antismoking ads The public health department plans to continue and expand the campaign so as to reach more young people throughout the state Clearly, such campaigns can go

a long way toward addressing public health issues

READING OUTLINE Main idea

Supporting details (1)

Q) (3)

Track

LECTURE OUTLINE Main idea

Supporting details (1)

Listen to the lecture, Write your notes on the Lecture Outline

@ 6)

LE Read the paragraph Write your notes on the Reading Outline

Many researchers have looked into the effect of mood on con-

sumer behavior It has been shown that mood affects the shopper's

perception of the store, the amount of time spent shopping, and the

number of items purchased A shopper's mood, of course, may be

influenced by many things Something as uncontrollable as the

weather can have a great effect on what and how much person

buys on any particular day A person's work or personal life also

influences the mood that he or she brings into the store, and, of

course, retailers have no control over this, cither But retailers do

have control over their store environment, and this has been shown

to have a great impact on shoppers’ moods and therefore on their

behavior as consumers Retailers spend a great deal of effort with

such things as lighting, colors, music, and product displays in an

effort to create an environment that will have a positive impact on

shopper mood and thereby increase sales

READING OUTLINE

Main idea

Supporting details (1)

(2)

6)

Lecture 4

LECTURE OUTLINE

Main idea

Supporting details (1)

(2) 6)

Affer you read each passage, take notes on the Reading Idea Map Then listen to the corresponding lecture and take notes on the Lecture Idea Map In your notes, write the topic, the main ideas, and the supporting details You may have two or more sup- porting details

Reading 5

Read the passage Write your notes on the Reading Idea Map

Advances in technology are usually assumed to increase worker productivity, but that is not always the case Technology has made

it possible for office workers to never leave their desks, and the phys- ical consequences of this can actually lead to lower productivity

Remaining seated at a desk all day can lead to back and neck pain Constant use of a computer often leads to repetitive stress injuries as well as eye strain A recent survey found that many office workers even remain at their desks while eating lunch so that they can answer their e-mail or continue working on a project This only exacerbates the situation Even though workers may spend the entire work day at their desks, the resulting physical discomfort has been shown to lead to decreased, nor increased, productivity

‘What can be done about this? First, office workers need to be more aware of the need for breaks Getting up and walking around for five minutes every hour or so will give their bodies a rest Eating lunch away from the office and arranging face-to-face mectings rather than always relying on e-mail both encourage time away from the desk Second, arranging the desk space is crucial Use of ergonomic equipment such as chairs and keyboards can greatly relieve strain on the back and neck, reducing discomfort and increasing productivity

Lecture 5

Co)

© Listen to the lecture Write your notes on the Lecture Idea Map

Track

LECTURE IDEA MAP

Read the passage Write your notes on the Reading Idea Map

Animal-assisted therapy, or AAT, is the use of companion animals

to help people improve their emotional and physical health It is

common for psychiatrists, psychologists, and physicians to recom-

mend pets to patients struggling with emotional difficulties, Caring

for pets appears to have benefits for physical health, as well

Pets are a good source of emotional support They are wonderful

companions for people suffering from loneliness People who feel

isolated from other people may enter more easily into a relationship

with a pet because it is a non-judgmental and non-threatening rela-

tionship Caring for pets can also give focus to the lives of pet owners

by establishing a need for a daily routine and by providing opportu-

nities for hobbies and club activities In addition, pets provide

comfort and a diversion from worries Developing a relationship of

trust with a pet can help relieve people suffering from anxiety

There is also documentation that caring for pets can improve

physical health It has been shown that petting and talking to a pet

lowers blood pressure and heart rate and improves survival rates

from heart disease Pets provide the opportunity for regular physical

activity Pets also provide the opportunity to play It is well estab-

lished that animals (including humans) who play live longer, health-

ier lives than those who do not In fact, pet owners make up to 20%

fewer visits to doctors’ offices than non-pet owners

Pet therapy is common practice in homes for the elderly These

institutions often keep resident cats and birds as pets Volunteers

often visit the homes with dogs and other types of pets, as well It is

now becoming more widely accepted that pet therapy can provide

needed emotional support to people of all ages, and that there are

physical benefits, as wel

READING IDEA MAP

Đ ¬ Listen to the lecture Write your notes on the Lecture Idea Map

LECTURE IDEA MAP

Reading 7

Read the passage Write your notes on the Reading Idea Map

Pollution of our oceans is a serious problem There are different sources of ocean pollution, and much of it results from activities that take place on land In fact, 80% of ocean pollution originates

on land, For example, oil is one of the major sources of ocean pol- lution, but only about 12% of this type of pollution results from oil spills at sea Another 36% of it comes from waste from cities and factories which travels to the ocean through rivers and drains Fertilizers are another serious source of ocean pollution Fertiliz- ers wash off farms and lawns and eventually end up in the ocean Once in the ocean, they allow algae to grow The overgrowth of algae depletes the ocean of oxygen and suffocates other marine plants, resulting in dead areas There are several large dead areas in

Garbage is another type of pollution in our oceans, and it can seriously harm marine animals One of the worst culprits is plastic This material does not break down easily Animals often mistake it for food and eat it Plastic bags can block an animal’s breathing passage The plastic rings that hold packs of cans together can choke birds and other small animals

Toxic chemicals also cause serious pollution problems Until the 1970s, toxic waste chemicals were freely dumped into the oceans In the 1970s, laws were passed banning such activity However, run-off from manufacturing and disposal sites as well as accidental leaks continue to pollute our oceans with toxic chemicals These chemi- cals accumulate in the animals that ingest them and move up the food chain They eventually end up in the seafood that we eat