Cd the' dd la giao tie'p bing ngoai ngvi vdi ngudi ban ngiJ ngay chfnh trong mdi trudng giao tiep tu nhien va cung cd Xhi Ik giao tie'p ciia nhihig ngudi thudc cac cdng ddng, cac dan t[r]
Trang 1so LJOC yi GIAO T\€P utu VAN HOA
Nguyin Thi Hong Thu
Khoa Tieng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi
TrUdngDHKHXH&NV,DHQGHdNdi
L Giao tiep va tin hieu trong giao tiep
Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia da vie't: "Human communi-cation refers to the social interaction of sharing information for the purpose of 1 understanding, 2 social connection" (Giao tie'p ciia con ngudi la khai niem diing d^ cbi su tuong tac xa hdi cua viee chia se
thdng tin vdi muc dfcb nhim hiiu biet lin nhau va tang cudng mdi lien
ke'txabdi)[5]
Giao tie'p vdi nghia rdng la qua trlnh pbat va nhan thdng tin nhd mdt he thdng ma nao dd giiia cac chii the tham gia giao tiep Loai ma nay chfnh la cac kf hieu ngdn ngff, hay cdn gpi la he thdng tfn hieu Tfn hieu ddng vai trd tien quyet trong giao tiep Ndi mdt each kbac, thuc hien giao tie'p tiic la tbue hien cbiic nang truyen dat va thu nhan cac loai thdng tin kbac nhau thdng qua he thdng tfn hieu
Vay tfn hieu la gi? Tin hieu la mdt su vat hoac mdt thudc tinh vat chit, mdt hien tupng kfcb thfch vao giac quan con ngudi, lam cho con ngudi tri giac dupe va If giai, suy dien tdi mdt cai gi dd ngoai su vat dd
Cd mdt vin d^ ft nhieu lien quan den llnh vuc ma chiing ta dang
d^ cap de'n, dd la va'n 6i giao tiep trong thdng tin Giao tiep trong
thdng tin la mdt loai giao tiep ma khdng cin tfnh de'n y nghla cua lupng thdng tin, hay ndi mdt each kbac ndi dung ciia thdng tin khdng dupe xem xet de'n Ngudi ta cbi quan tam den xac suit xua't hien cua
thdng tin ^y Phuong tien Uiiyen - nhan Uong thdng tin cung la he
thdng tin hieu Ngdn ngO dupe ma boa thanh mdt he thdng tfn hieu Ne'u sd lupng tfn hieu cang nhi^u thi lupng thdng tin cua mot tfn hieu cingldn
391
Trang 2Win de thdng tin Uong cac he thdng lien lac khdng boan toan
ddng nha't vdi nhiing vaii de ngdn ngir bpc Tuy nhien giiia chiing c6
di^m tuong ddng la deu coi ngdn ngu* la phuong tien giao tifp vk
Uuyen dat thdng tin Ca giao tiep Uong thdng tin lin giao tie'p Uong xa hdi deu phai xii If nhihig v & d^ sau: ma boa nhiing thdng tin bing nhihig tfn hieu pbat di va giai ma cac thdng tin khi thu nhan
2 Giao tiep lien vdn hoa va mot sd linh vuc lien quan
Giao tie'p lien van boa la giao tiep dupe thuc hien bdi nhiing con ngudi thudc cac viing, cac toe ngudi, cac dan toe cd ngdn ngiJ va van
hoa khac nhau Cd the' dd la giao tie'p bing ngoai ngvi vdi ngudi ban ngiJ ngay chfnh trong mdi trudng giao tiep tu nhien va cung cd Xhi Ik
giao tie'p ciia nhihig ngudi thudc cac cdng ddng, cac dan tdc kbac nhau cimg su dung chung mdt ngdn ngii
Ndi mdt each tdng quat nha't thi nghien ciiu v^ giao tie'p lien van boa la mdt linh vuc nghien ciiu v^ each thiic ma nhihig con ngudi xuit than tir cac bdi canh van boa khac nhau thuc hien giao tie'p vdi nhau
O Viet Nam, giao tie'p lien van boa (Intercultual communication)
la mdt linh vuc chua dupe nghien ciiu nbi^u Tren the' gidi, trong nhihig nam gan day, v^n de nay dang gay su cbii y ciia cac bpc gia, dac biet la cac nha nghien ciiu ve ngdn ngii' Nhihig thanh tuu ma n6
dat dupe la het siic to Idn va cung di lai nhiing dieu cdn dang tranh
luan dang dd giiia cac bpc gia Nhiing ngudi di tien phong Uong llnh vuc nay la: Edward Twitchell Hall, Geert Hofetede, Harry C Trandis, Pons Trompenaars va g^n day cd them Shalom Schwartz, Qifford Geertz Mot trong sd cac hoc gia tieu bi^u nghien cihi ve vin d^ nay
la Adward T Hall, William B Gudykunst, giao su ciia California Suic University 6 n g la ngudi da cdng bd nhieu cdng trinh khoa hoc v^ giao
tiep va giao tiep lien van boa ma tieu bi^u nha't phai k^ d^n ia:
Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication, Culture and Interpersonal Communication, Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication
Khi nghien ciiu ve giao tiefp lien van boa, rat nbi^u khfa canh c6
lien quan dupe de cap den Do la cac vin de thudc ve ngdn ngu, dac biet la cac va'n de v6 van boa, nhan loai bpc van boa (cultural
anthropology), cac kl nang giao tiep, tam If giao ti^p, cac nguyen tic
Trang 3trong giao ti^p lien van boa v.v Tac gia cud'n Bridges not walls, Jonb Stewart, cdn chiing minh ring Xn6x hoc, khoa bpc xa bdi eting ddng vai
tr6 quan trong Ngoai ra, ngudi ta cung cdn nhic den mdt nganh khoa hoc khac cung lien quan de'n giao tie'p lien van boa dd la nhan loai bpc
xa hdi, dan tdc hoc Mdi mdt chuyen nganh deu cd nhieu bpc gia va
cic cdng trinh tieu bilu
Giao tiep gin chat che vdi van boa Ndi mdt each khac, giao tiep
Ik mdt phin quan trong cua van boa Sd di ndi nbu vay la bdi nhd cd
giao ti^p ma nhiing yg^u td van boa dupe the' hien, dupe chuyen tai vupt qua nhihig khoang each cua khdng gian va thdi gian Ngupe lai, van ho^ cung ddng mdt vai trd cue ki quan trpng trong giao tiep, dac biet trong giao tie'p lien van boa
Nhi^u cdng trinh nghien cihi tren Xh6 gidi da khang dinh ring:
Chia khoa cho cac eudc giao ti^p lien van boa cd hieu qua dd la kie'n
thiic Kidfn tbiic d day bao gdm nhi^u mat trong dd cd trinh dd bpc vin,
stf hi^u bi^t v^ van boa Dac biet, van boa dupe coi la edi re ciia nbutig
thijf thach trong giao tie'p Nd cd Xhi trd thanh "nhip ciu" ndi ket con ngudi vdi con ngudi, dem lai ni^m vui cho hp va nd cung cd Xhi la
"biic tudng" ngan each mpi tinh cam, mpi thdng tin, tham chf cdn gay hi^u lim giiia nhihig con ngudi cd "cultural background" khac nhau
Van boa trong giao tie'p lien van boa dupe th^ hien d he thdng bi^u tupng, ni^m tin, gia tri, thai dp, chuin muc Cd mdt sd nguyen tic chung, nhimg ve co ban, nhiing ngudi xuit than tu nhimg nen van hoa khac nhau se cd each lap ma (encode) va giai ma (decode) cac thdng diep mdt each khac nhau Ciing mdt y niem nhimg d hai nen van hod cd the' dupe bie'u hien theo hai each khac nhau: d dan tdc nay nd
dupe Xhi hien bang Idi ndi (hiiu ngdn) song d dan tdc khac lai dupe the'
hien bang banh ddng hay cdn gpi la giao tiep phi ngdn (nonverbal communication) Tbf du, ngudi Viet thay cho viec ndi ' xin Idi" cd the nhin vao ddi tac va mim cudi Tuy nhien, neu cung lam vay ddi vdi ddi vdi ngudi nude ngoai thi cd th^ din den hieu ling mang tfnh tieu cue Khi ngudi nude ngoai mic Idi pbat am, ngudi Viet cung cudi Dieu
nky khie'n ngudi nude ngoai bdi rdi, mac du cai cudi dd khdng he bie'u
thi su nbao bang che cudi ma cbi nbu mdt su an ui, ddng vien Nhihig tin hieu dupe the' hien trong ngdn ngir cu chi giira cac dan tdc khdng
393
Trang 4phki bao gid cung gidng nhau Phin Idn cac dan tdc tren the' gidi khi hiiu Id su khdng ddng y bing each lie diu thi lai cd nhiing dan tdc lai
gat diu Nhihig yeu td phi ngdn xua't hien song song vdi cac U'n hieu bing Idi, ket bop vdi cac tfn hieu bing Idi binh thanh nen mdt he thdng giao tiep Upn ven
Ngay ca khi cung su dung ngdn ngii thi each tbiic bi^u dat cung khac nhau Ching ban, thay cho nhihig Idi chao Uang Uong khi gip nhau, ngudi Viet lai thudng dat nhihig cau bdi vdi bam ngdn "chao" Cung nbu vay, each Uao va nhan Idi khen cung that kbac nhau giife cdc cdng ddng ngdn ngii Vf du, dap lai Idi khen, ngudi ndi tifng Anh thudng cam on, trong khi dd ngudi ndi tieng Viet thudng khudc tif hoac chaip nhan vdi Idi khudc tir lam giam miic dd ciia Idi khen Nhiiu ngudi nude ngoai da tha'y ngac nhien khi dupe giai thfch ring ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam thi "beo" la tir mang nghla tfeb cue va thudng dupe diing d^ khen Chfnh su khac nhau ve van boa da tao nen hien tupng
"sdc" cho nhihig ngudi tham gia giao tiep khi gap cac "yeu td la"
"Sdc van boa" (Culture shock) la mdt khai niem dupe Kalvero Oberg nhic den lin diu vao nam 1954, tie'p theo la Michael Wilkelma
"Sdc van hoa" thudng dupe diing d^ cbi mdt trang thai tinh thin mang tfnh tieu cue do cac "yeu td la" cua nen van boa khac dua de'n va theo quan niem truyen thdng, ngudi ta ludn tim mpi each d^ tranh hoac uifil
tieu nd Tuy nhien g^n day, T Milstein trong International Journal of
Intercultural Relations da cd bai vie't kbing dinh "sdc van boa" ciing
cd mat tfeb cue Dac biet, mot luan van Th^c sT vira mdi dupe hoin thanh vao d5u nam 2007 nay tai Department of Communications, University of Hawai'i at Manoa ciia C Lin cdn coi "sdc van boa" nhu mdt tac nhan kfcb thfch va thuc diy su tu tin giiip cho cac thanh vidn cdthe lam chii cac eudc giao tiep ciia minh [5]
3 Cac kl ndng co ban trong giao tie'p lien vdn hoa
De dat dupe hieu qua trong giao tiep ndi chung ngudi U phai chuin bi tdt nhiing yeu ciu co ban nhu sau:
- Kien tbiic ngdn ngii,
- KT nang tuong tac
- Kien thiic van boa
Trang 5Tuy cd nhiing nguyen tic chung song mdi mdt ngdn ngii deu cd nhihig kl nang giao tiefp khac nhau va cac kl nang nay khdng boan toan ngang bing, ddng nhit vdi nhau Trong giao tiep lien van boa rat cin chu ^ mdt sd cac ki nang tdi tbi^u nhu sau:
Trang bi vdn tii thdng dung ciia ngdn ngii dfcb cang nhieu cang tdt
C6 ging binh thanh cho minh su cam nhan va tu duy ngdn ngir
theo each ciia ngudi ban ngG Biet sii dung dung nghi thiic Idi ndi phii
hop vdi tinh hud'ng giao tie'p cu Xhi
Trinh diing ti^ng long hoac cac thanh ngO khdng thdng dung Chi nen lua cbpn cac tii ma nd bi^u dat cbfnh xac ngbia ma nd mudn nhim de^n
Chu ^ ling nghe, trong trudng hpp cd su nghi ngd thi cin phai
hoi d^ xic nhan Di6u nay h€x siic quan trpng trong trudng hpp ben
tham gia giao tie^p sii dung ngii" dieu va each pbat am ciia dia phuong Chu y vao Idi nhin gipng, ngO dieu d^ nhan ra cac ngu y khac
nhau cua ddi tac dupe Xhi hien qua tiir ngii
Tdn trpng cac binh thiic giao tie'p mang tfnh dia phuong ciia ddi tac Chu y de'n ngdn ngO* cir chi va phai giai ma dupe cac tfn hieu ciia hinh thiic giao tie^p nay Su thay ddi thai dp qua net mat, anh mit, dieu
bd Cling phin anh ndi dung "thdng tin" ciia eudc giao tiep
Tim hiiu vi nhan thiic ciia ddi tac ddi vdi van boa ciia dan tdc
minh trudc khi tham gia giao tiep
Triet tieu hien tupng chuye'n di (transfer), dac biet, cac hien tupng chuyin di mang tfnh tieu cue (negative transfer) ciia ngdn ngu" ngudn bao gdm ca hien tupng chuyin di cd y thiic (concious Uansfer) lin vd thiic (unconciuos transfer)
Tdm lai, di dat dupe hieu qua cao Uong giao tiep, ngoai vdn
ng6n ngii, cac thanh vien tham gia giao tie'p cin phai chuin bi cho
minh nhxin kie'n tbiic, nhieu kl nang mang tfnh dac thil Dac biet, tang cudng kha nang thfch nghi vdi nin van boa khac la (adapting to
unfamiliar culture) se giiip cho cac thanh vien tham gia giao tiep them
tu tin, giam dupe miic dd "sdc" do nhihig "yeu td la" gay ra va dat dupe thanh cdng khi thuc hien giao tiep trong ngdi lang toan ciu (communication in Global Village)
395
Trang 6Cd the kbing dinh ring: giao tie'p lien van boa la mdt nganh khoa hoc tuy chua dupe nghien ciiu nhieu d Viet Nam va rat cin dupe tiep tuc nghien ciiu, nhung budng di, each tiep can cua nd hiia hen dem lai nhimg ket qua het siic bd fch ddi vdi chuyen mdn day tieng Viet cua chiing ta
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Nguyen Ham Duong (1970), Thudng thuc ngdn ngd: Ngdn ngQ
hgc vd li thuyi't thdng tin Tap chf Ngdn ngu", sd 4
2 Nguyen Quang (2005), Kliia cgnh vdn hod cua phdn tich diin
ngdn Tap chf Ngdn ngu, sd 12
3 Nguyen Thi Hong Thu (1999), Vdn hod vdi vice hgc vd dgy tii'ng
Viet, Tap chf khoa bpc, Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, sd 6
4 Nguyen Thi Hdng Thu (2002), Dgy tii'ng Viet vdi tu edeh mdt
ngogi ngu, tap chf Ngdn ngii, sd 13
5 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication
6 Edward Twitchell Hall (1971), Beyond Culture,
Anchor/Doubleday, New York
7 Gudykunst W.B (Ed.) (1988), Language and ethnic identity
Multilingual Matters, Clevendon, England
8 Kim, Y Y., & Gudykunst, W B (Eds.) (1988), Theories in
intercultural communication, Newbury Park, CA: Sage
9 Samovar, Larry A and Richard E Porter (2004), Communication
Betyveen Cultures, 5'^ Ed., Thompson and Wadsworth
10 Rex Shelley (1992), Culture shock! Japan, Graphic Arts anter
Publishing Company
11 Muriel Saville - Troike (2002), The Ethnographi of
communication, Blackwell Pub
12 Milton Bennett (1998), Basic Concepts of Intercultural
Communication: Selected Readings, Intercultural Press,