400 bai tap hoa hoc lop 8

b Hay dung chu so va kf hi$U hoa hQc dien d9t y sau: ba nguyen tucacbon, hai nguyen tu dong, hai nguyen tu nitd, nam nguyen tu sat, bon nguyen tu canxi.. Tfnh nguyen tu khoi cua luu huyn

· (In ldn thu tam)

NHA XUAT BAN D�I HQC SU PIL).M

Chdt la nguyen li�u cdu t�o nen v�t th€ Mfii chdt (tinh khi�t) c6

nhung tinh cha:t v�t Ii va hoa h9c nha:t djnh

Vi d9 chdt nhom lam nen n6i, soong, chao, v.v

M(>t cha:t c6 th€ t�o ra nhi�u v�t th€ va m(>t v�t th€ c6 th€ dugc

Vi d9 siit c6 th� t�o ra suo'n xe d�p, lam khung siit d� xay nha, v.v

Chdt tinh khi�t la t�p hgp chi g6m m(>t lo�i phan ta

c) Hfm hqp

Hfin hQ'p la t�p hgp g6m nhi�u lo�i phan tu' tr(>n l�n vao nhau

- C6 tinh cha:t thay dfii tuy theo cac cha:t trong hfin hQ'p.

- C6 th€ ta.ch rieng mfii chfft ra khoi hfin hqp b&ng phuong phap

v�t Ii va hoa h9c

Hfin hgp c6 thg la h6n hgp cac chdt r&n (vi d9 b(>t s&t va b<)t d5ng tr(>n rnn), h6n hgp cac cha:t khi (vi d9 khong khi la h6n hgp cua khi oxi, khi nito va m<)t s6 chdt khi khac), h6n hgp cac chdt long ( vi d9 nuoc duo'ng va gidm) hay h6n hgp giua chdt long voi chdt riin

rnn vao nhau)

5

2 Cdu t�o nguyen tu

* FJtnh nghia: Nguyen tu' la nhung h�t vo cung nho va trung hoa

v� di�n Nguyen tii' g6:rn Iwt nhan mang ni�n tich d1idng .va vo t�o b&i

electron mang di�n tich am

Trong cac phan ung hoa h9c, nguyen tu' dµgc bao to.an l.iliong > bi chia nho

* Kich thuac nguyen tu: Nguyen tu' nhu m9t qua cau ctjc 1d nho be,

ductng kinh khoang 10- 8 cm

Nguyen ta cu.a cac nguyen to' khac nhau c6 kich thu6'c khac nhau M9i nguyen tu' d�u dugc cdu t�o tu cac h�t proton, ndtron va electron

*Hg,t nhan nguyen tu:

+ H�t nhan nguyen tu' g6m c6 cac h�t proton mang di�n dudng (1 +) va ndtton khong mang di�n Proton va ndtron c6 kho'i lugng gan bAng nhau va xdp xi bAng 1 dvC

+ Hau he't kho'i lugng nguyen tu' d�u t�p trung & h�t nhan m�c dt t h�t nhan chi chie'm m9t phan rdt nho th� tich cu.a nguyen ta.

+ Cac electron (e) mang di�n am, chuy�n d9ng trong khong gian xung quanh h�t nhan Mfii electron mang m9t di�n tich am ( 1-) va c6 kho'i lugng xdp xi 1/1840 Mn kho'i lugng cu.a proton

Vi nguyen ta trung hoa di�n, rt�n trong bdt 1d nguyen tu' nao s6 electron ciing bAng s6 proton

I S6p=S6e

* Nguyen tu khdi:

- Nguyen tu' kho'i (NTK) cho bie't d◊ n�ng nh� khac nhau giua cac nguyen tu' va la d�i lugng d�c trung cho mfii nguyen to'

- Nguyen tu' kho'i la kho'i lugng cu.a m◊t nguyen tu' tinh bAng dan

vi cacbon (1 dvC = 1/12 kh5i lugng cu.a nguyen tu' cacbon)

- Ca.ch tinh nguyen tu' kho'i: Nguyen tu' kho'i la -con so' so sanh kho'i lugng cu.a nguyen tu' v6'i 1/12 kho'i lugng nguyen tu' cacbon

NTK cu.a A=

6

Kb,., u.101 1u'(Jng cua nguyen ,11 1 ? , I-? A I-' n 1.,1nu uang ga.i-n 1- 1- �

Kho'i lugng cu.a 1 dvC tinh ra gam

2, 6568.10-23g

Vi dlf: NTK cua oxi = - = 16

0, 16605.10-23g (1/12 nguyen tu' cacbon c6 kho'i lu<Jng =

0,16605.10-23g ho�c � 1,66.10-24g)

1, 9926.10-23g

3 D�c di�m cac lo�i h�t ctu t�o nen nguyen tu

Log,i hg,t Ki FJi?n Khdi lu:qng (m) Quan h?

·4 Phan tu

* FJjnh ng{iia: Phan tu' la hq.t dq.i di�n cho cha:t, g6m m◊t s6 nguyen tu' lien ke't v6'i nhau va th� hi�n d�y du tfnh cha:t hoa h9c cua cha}

Nhung nguyen t6 kim loq.i nhu Na, Cu, Zn, Al, Fe, la phan tu' dO'n nguyen tu'

Trong cac phan ung hoa h9c, tr�t W lien ke't giua cac nguyen tu' trong phan tu' thay d5i lam cho phan tu' nay bie'n d5i thanh phan tu' khac

*Phan tu khdi:

+ Phan ta kh6i la kh6i lugng cua m9t phan ta tinh b&ng dO'n

vi cacbon

7

+ Ca.ch tinh phan tu' kho'i: la t5ng s6 nguyen tu' kh6i cua cac nguyen tu' t�o thanh phan tu'

Vi dlf: Tfnh phan tu' kho'i cua axit surifuric H 2 80 4

Phan tu' do nguyen tu' cua m<)t

nguyen to' h6a h9c c�u t�o nen

- Phan tu' g6m tu hai nguyen tu' khac lo�i trcf len lien ke't v6'i nhau (H 2 0, HCI, Na 2 S0 4 , NaCl, ).

I BON CHAT I

BON CHAT KIM LO�I

- Kim lo�i la nhung chclt

d§.n di�n, d§.n nhi�t va c6

anh kim khi danh bong b�

m�t d di�u ki�n thuong,

kim lo�i & tr�ng thai riin

(tru thuy ngan la chclt long)

+ Kim lo�i ho�t d9ng h6a

- Phi kim la nhung chcltkhong c6 anh kim, khongd§.n di�n va khong d§.n nhi�tho�c d§.n di�n, d§.n nhi�t rcltkem ( trit cacbon d�g thanchi c6 tinh d§.n di�n)

- d di�u ki�n thudng:

+ C6 phi kim & tr�ngthai riin:

a) Cong thuc hoa h9c cila dan chfit: A x

- Chi c6 ki hi�u hoa h9c cua m<)t nguyen t6.

- Nhung don chclt c6 phan tu' don nguyen tu' thi ki hi�u hoa h9c

cung chinh la cong thuc hoa h9c

- Cong thuc hoa h9c cua tclt ca cac kim lo�i chinh la ki hi�u hoah9c cua kim lo�i d6 nhu Na, Ca, Fe, Cu, Au, (x = 1)

- Cong thuc hoa h9c cua m<)t s6 phi kim cung chinh la ki hi�u hoah9c chinh nhu C, S_, (x = 1)

- Cong thuc hoa h9c cua cac don chff t la chclt khi thi phan -tu'thuong g5m 2 nguyen ta (tru 03) nhu 02, N2, H2, (x = 2)

9

Vi dlf,: Cong thuc hoa h9c (CTHH) cua oxi: 02

CTHH cua clo: Cb

CTHH cua hidro: H2

b) Cong thitc hoa h9c cua hqp chdt: A x B y ; A x B y O z

- Hoa ttj cua nguyen tfi (hay nh6m nguyen ttt) la con sfi bi�u thj

nguyen ttt nguyen tfi khac

- Hoa trj cua m<)t nguyen tfi trong hqp ch�t duqc quy djnh:

• Hoa ttj cua nguyen tfi H bAng I Tu d6 suy ra hoa ttj cua nguyen

tfi.khac

Vi dlf,: Theo cong thuc AHy, hoa trj cua A bAng y

HCl (Cl hoa trj I); H20 (oxi hoa trj II); _CH4 (cacbon hoa ttj IV)

• Hoa ttj con duqc xac djnh gian tie'p qua nguyen tfi oxi; hoa ttjcua oxi du'<JC xac djnh bAng II

Vi dq,: BOy hoa trj cua B bAng 2y B20y hoa trj cua B bAng y

Ta dva vao quy t&c '.'Tich cua chi sfi vai hoa ttj cua nguyen tfi nay

hoa tri cua A, b la hoa tri cua B; B c6 th� la nh6m nguyen ttt)

Tu nhung vi d9 tren ta rut ra cac bu6'c sau:

la

2 a) Vl sao n6i moi chat c6 nhO'ng tfnh chat nhat djnh?

b) Phan bi$t chat tinh khiet va hon h<;Jp bang each nao? Cho vf dl).Tfnh chat cua chat tinh khiet va hon h<;Jp c6 khac nhau khong?

nU'oc, dU'ong, sO'a Giai thfch neu can

11

3 Trong dm;tn viet sau day, em hay cho biet tu va Cl)m tu nao chiv�t the, tu va cvm tu nao chi chfft

Hom qua em theo m� di ch(J de mua hang Trong ch(J c6 rat nhieu gian hang, c6 gian hang ban dl)ng cl) gia d1nh nhu: chao nhom, noi soong inox, IQ thuy tinh cam hoa, bat, dia su, dOa tre, dOa go; quay thl}c pham c6 thjt bo, thjt l(Jn, gio cha; cac thu hang kho c6 b9t ngQt (ml chfnh), muoi, mien, banh da, v.\/ va con nhieu gian hang nua

4 a) V1 sao n6i khong khf va nuoc chanh la nhung hon h(Jp? C6 thethay doi d9 chua cua nuoc chanh bang each nao?

b) Nhung chat khac nhau c6 the c6 m9t so tfnh chat giong nhaudli(JC khong? Cho vf dl)

c) Nguoi ta tr9n rat can th�n b◊t- sat va b9t luu huynh rat mjn, thudu(Jc m9t lo9i b9t mau den C6 the xem b9t d6 la hon h(Jp khong?

la hon h<;Jp:

Sua d�u nanh, xenlulozd, sat, nhom, axit,

nvoc bien, nuoc muoi

bang, ghe, sach, vd, but chl, but bi, mljc, phan,

compa, thuoc ke Nhung v�t the ke tren c6 the

lam tu nhung chat gl? Ke vai vf dl)

7 a) C6 m9t can nhl}a dl}ng, dau hoa c6 Ian

nuoc (nhu h1nh ve), theo em lam each nao de lay

du(Jc dau hoa?

b) Hay ch9n nhung phudng phap tu nhung phudng phap sau ma

em cho la thfch hcJp nhat de thu du(Jc muoi an tu nuoc muoi:

8. a) C6 3 IQ mat nhan, moi IQ dl}ng rieng bi$t m9t trong nhung chatsau: b9t sat, b9t than, b9t iuu huynh Hay dlja vao tfnh chat V?t if d�c trung cua moi chat de phan bi$t chat dl}ng trong moi IQ

b) Tr9n Ian 3 chat tren voi nhau, lam the nao de tach rieng b9t sat

ra khoi hon h(Jp?

bang each nao c6 the ta.ch dU.vc khf oxl?

12

b) 0e tach chat c6 nhCTng phudng

phap pho bien sau: bay hdi, chung cat,

l9c Hay ch9n phudng phap phu h(Jp de:

(1) Tach bvi c6 trong khong khf

(2) Tach ruc;;u nguyen chat W ruc;;u

loang

(3) Tach nuoc cat W nuoc thuong

1 O* N ung n6ng dan deu m9t chat ran

X trong thoi gian 1 o phut Nhi$t d9 gay ra

slj bien doi cac tr9ng thai cua chat ran X

duc;1c bieu thi bang do thi ben

a) d nhi$t d9 nao th1 chat ran X n6ng chay?

b) d nhi$t nao th1 chat ran X soi?

Thai gian

c) () nhi$t nao th1 chat ran X vua ton t9i cJ tr9ng thai ran, vua ton t9i

cJ tr9ng thai long? Vua ton t9i cJ tr9ng thai long va tr9ng thai khf?

11*; Trong san xuat nong nghi$p can nhieu phan d9m, phan d9m duc;;c dieu che tu nitd cua khong khf Trong khong khf c6 hai thanh phan

la nitd (N2) va oxi (02) Nitd long soi cJ -196°C, con oxi long soi cJ -183°C Lam the nao tach duc;;c nitd ra khoi khong khf?

NGUYENTU

12 a) Nguyen tu la g1?

b) So sanh di.Jong kfnh, khoi lu<;1ng va tfnh chat hoa hQc cua cacnguyen tu cung m9t nguyen to va cac nguyen tu cua cac nguyen to khac nhau

13 a) Hay so sanh xem nguyen tu luu huynh nijng hay nh� hdnbao nhieu Ian so voi nguyen tu oxi, nguyen tu hidro va nguyen tu cacbon

b) Nguyen tu khoi la g1? T9i sao phai dua ra khai ni$m nguyen tu khoi?c) Ngu·yen tu H c6 nguyen tu khoi 1 dvC;

Nguyen tu Na c6 nguyen tu khoi 23 dvC, so h9t p = 11;

Nguyen tu O c6 nguyen tu khoi 16 dvC, so h9t p = 8;

Nguyen tu P c6 nguyen tu khoi 31 dvC, so h9t p = 15;

13

L.-M6i h9t proton c6 khoi IUQng 1 dvC;

M6i h9t ndtron c6 khoi IVQng 1 dvC;

Mi'>i h1;1t ele.ctron c6 kh6i ltJ<;ing

18�odvC

Ova vao cac du ki�n tren, em hay cho biet so IUQng cac h9t proton, ndtron va electron c6 trong m6i nguyen tu

cac cau sau day:

17

1 � nguyen tll cacbon c6 kh6i ltJ<;ing b8.ng bao nhi6u gam? Cho

vf dl) each tfnh nguyen tu khoi

A Proton mang di�n tfch dVdng, electron mang di�n tfch am

D Proton kh6 bi tach ra khoi nguyen tu, electron thl c6 the tach rakhoi nguyen tu

E Tat ca tfnh chat tren deu dung

14

C Nguyen tu la h9t vo cung nho be va trung hoa ve di$n Nguyen

tu gom h9t nhan mang di$n tfch dudng va vo t9o boi electron mang di�n tfch am

21 * Biet nguyen tu cacbon c6 khoi ILl<;jng bang 1,9926.10-23 gam

·Khoi lu(Jng tfnh bang gam cua nguyen tu natri (Na) la

A 3,8.1 o-23g B 3,81.10-239 C 3,82.1 o-23g D 1,91 ·10-239.Biet nguyen tu khoi cua Na la 23 dvC, nguyen tu khoi cua C la

12 dvC Hay ch9n cau tra ldi dung

22* a) Oxit cua m¢t nguyen to hoa tri V chua 43,67% nguyen to d6 Tlm nguyen tu khoi cua nguyen to d6

tu khoi cua nguyen to d6

NGUYEN TO HOA HOC

23 Phan bi$t st)' khac nhau giua hai khai ni$m nguyen t6 va nguyen tu

24 Nguyen tu khoi cua nguyen tu cacbon bang 3/4 nguyen tu khoicua nguyen tu oxi, nguyen tu khoi cua nguyen tu oxi bang 1 /2 phan tu khoi cua nguyen tu S

Tfnh nguyen tu khoi cua nguyen tu oxi va nguyen tu luu huynh� Biet nguyen tu khoi cua C la 12

15

25. a) Hay neu vf di.) m9t vai chat do m9t ho�c nhieu nguyen to hoahQC cau t�o nen

b) Nguyen to nao la nguyen li$u chung cau t9o nen cac chat sau: muoi an do hai nguyen to natri va clo, axit clohidric do hai nguyen to hidro va clo, amoni clorua do ba nguyen to nitd, clo va hidro cau t9o nen?

tlj nhien, d9ng nao la pho bien hdn?

· b) Cach bieu dien cac nguyen to hoa h9c? Hay net i y nghTa cac kfhi$u sau: 2H, 0, 3Cu, 2Fe

c) Kf hi$u hoa hQc chi ra dieu gl? Viet kf hi$u hoa h9·c bieu dien cacnguyen to luu huynh, hidro, clo, natri, cacbon, nhom, sat

27. Trong hai cau sau day cau nao dung?

a) Trong khong khf c6 nguyen tu oxi ton t9i d d9ng tlj do

b) Trong khong khf c6 nguyen to oxi

b) Hay dung chu so va kf hi$U hoa hQc dien d9t y sau: ba nguyen tucacbon, hai nguyen tu dong, hai nguyen tu nitd, nam nguyen tu sat, bon nguyen tu canxi

c) Cho biet cac chat sau day:

- Nuoc do nguyen to oxi va nguyen to hidro t9o nen

- Axit s�nfuric do nguyen to hidro, nguyen to luu huynh va nguyen

to oxi cau t90 nen

- Khf ozon do nguyen to oxi cau t9o nen

- Khf cacbonic do nguyen to oxi va nguyen to cacbon cau t9o nen

- E)a voi do nguyen to cacbon, nguyen to canxi va nguyen to oxicau t90 nen

16

Hoi:

1) Nguyen to oxi ton t9i d d9ng ddn chat trong nhung chat nao?

2) Nguyen to oxi ton t�i o d�ng hyp chat trong nhung chat nao?

29 Cac phat bieu nao sau day dun·g?

a) Nguyen to hoa hQc ton t9i d d9ng hoa h<;jp

b) Nguyen to hoa hQc ton t9i d d9ng tlj do

c) Nguyen to hoa hQc c6 th� ton t�i d d9ng tl.! do va phan Ion d

d) So nguyen to hoa hQc c6 nhieu hon chat.

e) So nguyen to hoa hQc c6 f� hon so chat

30 Nguyen to hoa hQc la:

A Nguyen tu cung lo9i

B Phan tu co ban cau t9o nen v�t chat

C Yeu to co ban cau t9o nen nguyen tu

D T?P h<;:1p nhung nguyen tu cung loq.i, c6 cung so proton trong hq.t nhan

31 Hay ch9n nhung tu thfch h<;jp va dien vao cho trong cac cau sau day:a) Phan tu nude (H20) gom c6 2 nguyen tu cua va m¢t nguyen tu cua

b) Phan tu muoi an (NaCl) gom c6 m¢t nguyen tu cua

va m¢t nguyen tu cua

32 Biet nguyen to X c6 nguyen tu khoi bang 3,5 nguyen tu khoicua oxi, X la nguyen to nao sau day?

A Ca B Na C.Fe D.Mg

DdN CHAT vA HQP CHAT - PHAN TU

33 a) Phan bi$t phan tu va nguyen tu Cho vf dl)

b) Hay neu 3 vf dl) phan tu cOng la nguyen tu

c) Khi nao oxi o tr9ng thai phan tu trong nhung truong hQp sau day:oxi la thanh phan cua thuy ngan oxit, oxi trong thanh phan khong khf, oxi tan trong nuoc?

34 a) Hay giai thfch v1 sao phan tu cua hQp chat bao gio cOng gom

W 2 nguyen tLf khac lo9i tro len lien ket voi nhau

b) Trong phan ung hoa h9c, nguyen tu hay phan tu dLiQc bao toan?T9i sao c6 sv bien doi phan tu nay thanh phan tu khac?

35 0ien vao cac cau sau day nhung tu hay cvm tu thfch hQp (phan

tu, nguyen tu, hQp chat, don chat):

a) Trong thuy ngan oxit chua oxi Trong· khong khf c6 chua cac oxi

b) do m¢t nguyen to hoa hQc cau t90 nen, dLiQc t90 thanh tu hai nguyen to hoa hQc tro Ian

17

36 Phan tu khoi cua phan tu axit sunfuric la 98 dvC Trang phan tuaxit sunfuric c6 2H, i S, 40 Tfnh nguyen tu khoi cua luu huynh, cha biet nguyen tu khoi cua nguyen tu H la 1 dvC, cua axi la 16 dvC

37. Cho biet nguyen tu khoi cua nguyen tu H la 1 dvC, cu� axi la

16 dvC Tfnh nguyen tu khoi cac nguyen to con h�ti trang cac phan tu h'IP chatsau:

Phan tu S6 nguyen 0 tu S6 nguyen H tu S6 nguyen con fc;li tu

Phan tu khoi (M) cua ? 3 1 1N axit nitric 63 dvC

Phan tu khoi cua canxi 2 2 hidroxit 7 4 dvC

1Ca-Phan tu khoi cua axit 4 3 1P photpharic 98 dvC

Phan tu khoi cua natri 4 0 2Na; 1S sunfat 142 dvC

· 38 Phan tu axit cacbanic c6 baa nhieu nguyen tu cacban Bietphan tu khoi cua axit cacbonic la 62 dvC; trong phan tu axit cacbanic c6 2H, 30, nguyen tu khoi cua cacban la 12

39. Trang m<)t phan tu cua sat axit chua 2 la9i nguyen tu la sat vaoxi Phan tu khoi ci:ia axit nay la 160 dvC, nguyen tu khoi cua sat la

56 dvC, cua axi la 16 dvC Hay cha biet so nguyen tu moi la9i trong phan tu axit nay

40 Ti 1$ khoi lu'�ng cua O va H trong m9t phan tu nuoc la 8/1.Trong m9t phan tu nuoc c6 2 nguyen tu hidro So nguyen tu axi trang phan tu nuoc la

Hay cr iyn c�u tra loi ttung

41 a) Cac chat ke} sau day chat nao la ddn chat, h�p chat: silic,than, voi song, voi toi, kali, khf nitd, muoi an, nuoc?

L \ Ha~ -:.Z: ,1.1,,.:, 1,, .,1 , , ,, A: l.,h( , ,,., , �+ +&-.a , 1-,1 1.,hf hirfrn vh• rwi I!:! lJ) Y �lctl LI llvl I VI ;:,av I IVI "'" v1v, ::>cH, LI I 11 vi 11, f\.111 11\.4 v, '" I VAi !Yo

nhung ddn chat? duong, axit clohidric, axit sunfuric, da voi (canxi cacbanat), dong oxit, muoi an ia nhG'ng hqp chat?

18

42 Trong cac chat sau day, chat nao la ddn chat� chat nao la h<;jpchat? Giai thfch

a) Axit photphoric do ba nguyen to la hidro, photpho va oxi cau t9o nen b) Axit cacbonic do ba nguyen to la hidro, cacbon va oxi cau t9o nen.c) Kim clldng do nguyen to cacbon cau t9o nen

d) Than chl do nguyen to cacbon cau t9o nen

e) Khf ozon c6 phan tu gom 3 nguyen tu Olien ket voi nhau

43 a) 0� t9o thanh phan tu cua m9t h<;1p chat thl toi thi�u can phaic6 bao nhieu lo9i nguyen tu? Cho vf dv

b) Hay chi ra chat nao la ddn chat, la h<;jp chat trong so cac chatcho duoi day:

A Kem la do nguyen to kem cau t9o nen

B Khf axemen do hai nguyen to C va H cau t9o nen

C 0at den do hai nguyen to C va Ca cau t9o nen

D Khf clo do nguyen to Cl cau t9o nen

E Axit nitric do ba nguyen to la H, N va O cau t9o nen

44 Hay dien nhung tu hay cvm tu thfch h<;1p vao cac cau sau day:

a) Khong khf la m9t , trong d6 c6 cac nhu

? t th ,

va cac n u va nude d r9ng a,

b) Trong qua trlnh quang h<;1p cua cay xanh, cay xanh da hap thl)

m9t IU(Jng nhu' khf ; va giai ph6ng m9t IV<;Jng nhU khf

45 Khi cho hon h<;1p khf hidro va khf clo ra ngoai anh sang, phanung t9o khf hidroclorua Dlja theo mo hlnh ph6ng d9i cua phan ung nhu' sau:

+

19

Hay cho biet:

a) Ten chat tham gia, chat t9o thanh roi ghi so do phan ung

-�) S� 11gt1yen �� C �� m_�i nQu_y�� to tn.toc va sau phan ung c6 thaydoikhong?

c) C6 gl xay ra voi cac nguyen tu, phan tu?

CONG THUC HOA HOC VA HOA TRI

- Cac don chat: clo, oxi, nitd, canxi, sat

- Cac hc;1p chat: canxi oxit (voi _song), biet phan tu gom 1 nguyen tu

Ca lien ket voi m9t nguyen tu 0; canxi hidroxit (voi toi) biet phan tu gom

1 nguyen tu Ca, 2 nguyen tu Ova 2 nguyen tu H; natri clorua, biet phan

tu gom: 1 nguyen tu Na lien ket voi 1 nguyen tu clo; sat oxit, biet phan

tu gom 2 nguyen tu Fe va 3 nguyen tu Olien ket voi nhau

47 Vietcong thuc hoa hoc va tfnh phan tu khoi cua cac h�p chat sau: a) Axit sunfuric, biet trong phan tu �6 2 nguyen tu H, 1 nguyen tu S

48 Tfnh hoa trj cua cac nguyen to: a) Sat trong cac hc;1p chat Fe0;

Fe203; b) Luu huynh trong cac hc;1p chat S02, S03; c) Clo trong cac hc;1p chat HCI va Cl20; d) Grom trong cac hc;1p chat Cr0 va Cr203

49. a) Dl)'a vao hoa trj cac nguyen to, cho biet cong thuc hoa hQc

NaCl; CaCI; HgC'3

b) L�p cong thuc hoa hQc cua cac hejp chat:

(1) Nita (I) oxit, nito (II) oxit, nito (Ill) oxit, nito (IV) oxit va nito (V) oxit.(2) Sat (Ill) sunfua (S c6 hoa tri II), sat (II) clorua; sat (Ill) clorua(Cl c6 hoa tri I)

20

55 a) Viet cong thuc hoa hQc (CTHH) cua cac muoi ma phan tugem c6:

- Fe (II) lien ket voi N03 (nitrat)

- Cu (II) lien ket voi Cl (clorua)

- Na lien ket voi 804 (sunfat)

- Ca lien ket voi PO4 (photphat)

b) Viet cong thuc hoa hQc cua : Fe (Ill) va O; Ba (II) va Cl; Al (Ill) vagoc SO4 (II)

c) Sua 19i nhung cong thuc hoa hQ'c nao viet sai: HCO3 (axitcacbonic); H2PO4 (axit photphoric); HCI (axit clohidric); H2NO3 (axit nitric); HSO4 (axit sunfuric)

56 Viet cong thuc hoa hQC v� xac dinh phan tu khoi cua CGlC hQp

chat sau: Ca (II) va O; N (Ill) voi H; Fe (II) va gee SO4 (II); Fe (Ill) va goc SO4 (II); Al (Ill) va goc PO4 (Ill)

57 a) Tfnh hoa tr! cua Na trong Na2O; S trong Al2S3; Batrong Bao.b) ova vao hoa tri cua nh6m (PO4) trong axit photphoric H3PO4, haytrnh hoa tr! cua Al trong AIPO4; cua Fe trong Fe3(PO4)2

58. a) HQp chat Ba(NO3)y c6 phan tu khoi la 261, Ba c6 nguyen tukhoi la 137 va hoa tr! II Tfnh hoa tri cua nh6m (NO3)

b) HQp chat Alx(NOs)s c6 phan tu khoi la 213 Gia tri cua x la:

Hay chQn dap so dung

59 Hay •ChQrt cau tra loi dung:

A Cong thuc hoa hQc gem kf hi�u hoa hQc cua cac nguyen to

B Cong thuc hoa hQc bieu dien thanh phan phan tu cua m{>t chat

C Cong thuc hoa hQc gem kf hi�u hoa hQc cua cac nguyen to va soriguyen tu cua cac nguyen to d6

D Cong thuc hoa hQc bieu dien chat, gom m<)t kf hi�u hoa hQc(ddn chat) hay hai, ba kf hi�u hoa hQc (hQp chat) va chi so o chan

22

60 DtJa vao hoa tri cua nguyen tu hay nh6m nguyen tu, viet congthuc hoa hQc cua cac hQp chat

Ng_uyen tu hay Hoa tri Nguyen tu hay Hoa tri

nh6m nguyen tu nh6m nguyen tu

A Cu804 B Cu(804)2 C Cu2S04 D CuH804.Hay ch9n dap so dung

62 a) Trong m¢t t�p hQp cac phan tu dong sunfat (Cu804) c6 khoilu'Qng 160000 dvC Cho biet t�p hQp d6 c6 bao nhieu nguyen tu moi lo9i

b) Phan tu canxi cacbonat c6 phan tu khoi la 100 dvC, trong d6nguyen to canxi chiem 40% khoi ILiQng, nguyen to cacbon chiem 12% khoi ILiQng Khoi lu'Qng con l9i la oxi Cong thuc phan tu cua hQp chat canxi cacbonat la

63 a) Phan tu khoi cua dong oxit va dong sunfat c6 ti I� 1 /2 Bietkhoi lu'Qng phan tu Cu804 la 160 dvC Cong thuc phan tu dong oxit la:

A CuO B Cu20 C Cu02 D Cu304

b) Phan tfch m(:>t khoi lu'Qng hQp chat M, ngu'di ta nh�n thay thanhphan khoi lu'Qng cua n6 c6 50% la luu huynh va 50% la oxi Cong thuc cua hQp chat M c6 the la

A 802 B 803 C 804 , D 8203

23

64 MQt hqp chat khf X c6 thanh phan gom 2 nguyen to C va 0 Biet

ti 1$ ve khoi luqng cua C doi voi O la me : m0 = 3 : 8

a) Xac djnh cong thdc phan tu cua hqp chat khf

b) Chat khf tren la m¢t trong nhung chat khf chu yeu lam Trai 0atn6ng dan len (hi$u ung nha kfnh) Em hay giai thfch

65 MQt hqp chat khf Y c6 phan tu khoi la 58 dvC, cau t9o tu 2

nguyen to C va H trong d6 nguyen to C chiem 82,76% khoi luqng cua hqp chat

a) Tlm cong thuc phan tu cua hqp chat khf Y

b) Em c6 b'iet hqp chat khf nay dung d� lam g1 khong?

cua kim lo9i d6 o muc hoa tr! cao chua 50,48% Nguyen tu khoi cua kim lo9i d6 la

Hay chQn dap so d�ng

hqp chat cua Y voi Cl nhu sau: XH2; YC'3 Hay ch9n cong thuc thfch hqp cho hqp chat cua X va Y trong so cac cong thuc cho sau day:

A XY3 B XV C X3Y2 D X2Y3

bang 204,4 va muoi clorua cua n6 chua 14,8% clo

b) MQt nhom oxit c6 ti so khoi luqng cua hai nguyen to nhom va oxibang 4,5 : 4 Cong thuc hoa hQc cua nhom oxit la cong thuc nao sau day?

A.AIO B.AbO

69* Hai nguyen tu X ket hqp voi mot nguyen tu O t9o ra phan tu oxit Trong phan tu, nguyen tu oxi chiem 25,8% ve khoi IVqng Hai nguyen to X la nguyen to nao sau day?

A.Na B.Li C.K D.Ca

_ 70* a) Mot nguyen tu M ket hqp voi 3 nguyen tu H t9o thanh hqp

chat voi hidro Trong phan tu, khoi luqng H chiem 17,65% Hai nguyen

to M la nguyen to nao sau day?

24

"" , .

1 � i i P, ii,i-Ji iV r .a c:

b) Hai nguyen tu Y ket h()p voi 3 nguyen tu O tc;to ra phan tu oxit.Trang phan tu oxit, oxi chiem 30% ve khoi hJc;1ng 06 la nguyen to kim loc;ti nao sau day?

A.Ca B Fe

71 Cho khf hidro va clo c6 cung the

tfch vao m9t blnh c6 d�y nap Dot m9t

bang magie ben ngoai blnh de kfch

thfch phan ung (nhu' hlnh ve ben) Hay

mo ta ket qua thf nghi$m

72 M9t h()p chat c6 phan tu khoi

bang 62 dvC Trang phan tu cua h()p

chat nguyen to oxi chiem 25,8% theo

khoi lli()ng, con lc;i.i la nguyen to natri

So nguyen tu cua oxi va natri c6 trong

phan tu cua h()p chat Ian lu'()t la

A 1 va 2

C 1 va 2

B 2 va 4 D.2 va2

Bang Mg

73 M9t h()p chat c6 thanh phan gom 2 nguyen to la C va 0 Thanhphan cua h()p chat (theo khoi lu'()ng) c6 42,6% la nguyen to cacbon, con lc;i.i la nguyen to oxi T7 I� ve so nguyen tu cua cacbon va so nguyen

tu oxi trong h()p chat la (lam tron so)

HUONG DAN GIA.I, DAP s6 BAI T-4.P CHUONG 1

CHAT- NGUYEN TU - PHAN TU'

CHAT

nhan tg,o

b) H�t g�o, cu khoai, qua chuo'i, qua chanh, qu�ng apatit, khf

glucozo, axit xitric, Iiu'o'c, du'ang, xenlulozo, ch�t deo, protein du'Q'C g9i

la chdt.

2 -a) Mai ch�t c6 m9t so' tfnh ch�t nhfft djnh, c6 nghfa la luc nao,

<1 dau, ne'u trong cung di�u ki�n bao gia n6 cung c6 nhung tinh ch�t d6 Mfii ch�t d�u do cac phan tu' c�u t�o nen, ma phan ta thi c6 nhung tfnh ch�t nh�t djnh do d6 mfii chfft c6 nhung tfnh ch�t nh�t djnh b) Ch�t la m9t t�p hgp g5m m9t lo�i phan ta

Hfin hgp la m9t t�p hQ'p g6m tu hai lo�i phan tu' tr<1 len Vi d9:

hfin hgp g6m muo'i tr9n v6'i tieu Tfnh chff t cua ch�t va !?-fin hgp khac nhau Vi d9: Duang luon luon ng9t:

Hfin hgp muo'i tr9n duang vua ng9t vua m�n Ne'u tr9n nhi�u muo'i,

26

c)

hoi nu6'c, duang - oxi, khi cacbonic, hoi nu6'c,

phai chi g6m c6 nu6'c, ma con c6 m9t s6 ch�tkhac 1§.n vao; d6 c6 th� la nhung chfft tanho�c lo lu'ng trong nu6'c

- Sua: vi trong sua c6 mt6'c, duang, sua, bo,