Ndi dung thtr ba trong cac hiep dinh an ninh noi tren lien quan den van de cung ung cac trang thiet bj quan sy ctia Phap cho cac nudc chau Phi thanh vien. Thdi ky dau, Phap da cho kh[r]
Trang 1TiN HIEU QUfiN ME Cdfl PHflP VGTI CHflU PHI
TS Nguyen Thanh Hien
Vien Nghien cieu Chau Phi & Trung Dong
D o Ijch sir de lai, Phap cd quan he lau
ddi va dae biet vdi chau Phi Chau Phi da
tung la thupe dia cua Phap, m6i quan he giiia
hai ben da ttmg la quan he cua 6ng chti thyc
dan vdi toi ddi thupe dja Ljch sir da sang
trang khi phong trao dau tranh gianh dpc lap
ctia cac nudc chau Phi gianh dugc thang lgi
Thap nien 50, 60, 70 cua thi ky XX da
chtrng kien su ra ddi ctia cac nha nudc chau
Phi dpc lap va co chu quyen M6i quan he
cua Phap vdi cac nudc chau Phi do vay da c6
su thay d6i co ban, trd thanh quan he giiia
cac quoc gia co chti quyen Nen tang phap ly
ctia nhiing thay d6i nay cd the tim thay trong
cac Hiep udc Yaunde (1963), Hiep udc
Lome (1975), Hiep udc Cotonou (2000) Ia
nhting hiep udc chung cua chau Au vdi chau
Phi sau khi cac nha nudc chau Phi dpc lap ra
ddi, dong thdi dugc the hien trong eae hiep
djnh song phuong gitra Phap vdi ttmg nudc
chau Phi Ve mat chinh tri, ndi dung chu dao
cua cac van kien phap ly n6i tren la su cong
nhan chti quyen qu6c gia cua cac nudc tham
gia Hiep djnh va khang dinh tinh chat binh
dang cua cac m6i quan he gitia cac nudc
chau Au, trong do cd Phap, vdi cac nudc
chau Phi
Khac vdi nhieu nudc chau Au khac,
Phap cho den nay van gitr mgt quan he kha
dae biet vdi chau Phi, nhat la vdi cac nudc
thuoc Cgng d6ng Phap ngii Quan he ctia Phap vdi chau Phi la quan he toan dien tren mgi ITnh vuc, ttr ng6n ngii- van hoa, chinh trj, kinh te den an ninh -qu6c phong Anh budng cua Phap tai chau Phi lau ddi va manh
me do sir quan tam cua Phap den cac vting lanh thd truyen th6ng cua minh van tiep tyc dugc duy tri Chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Phap vdi cac nudc chau Phi dua d6ng thdi tren 3 try cot chinh la van boa, dja- chinh tri va kinh te Phap van tiep tuc gay dugc anh hudng kh6ng nh6 den chinh sach doi ngoai ctia nhieu nudc chau Phi ttmg la thuoc dia cti ctia Phap trudc kia
Tuy nhien, su bien ddi sau sac ctia boi canh quoc te da Iam thay d6i eye dien the gidi va tac ddng manh me den chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia cac qude gia Ttr nhung nam dau cua the ky XXI, trong xu the toan cau hoa kinh te dang dang thanh cao trao, hau nhu cac nudc lai tiep tuc cd nhiing dieu chinh trong cac quan he qu6c te^ciia minh Nudc Phap cua thdi ky Tdng thdng Nicolas Sarkozy da dua ra nhting dieu chinh mdi manh me hon niia trong chinh sach d6i ngoai,.dae biet la d6i vdi khu vuc chau Phi Bai viet dudi day se de cap den nhtrng dien tien quan trgng nhat trong quan he ctia Phap vdi chau Phi, trong do chii y den nhtrng
Trang 268 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 |115).2010
dilu chinh cua Phap trong chinh sach vdi
chau Phi hien nay
L K I thira cac quan he truyen thong
vdi chau Phi
Do da chiem giti mgt vi tri lau ddi va
quan trgng vdi nhieu nudc chau Phi, nen
Phap da ke thtra mgt quan he kha toan dien
vdi chau Phi do lich sir de Iai
a Quan lie kinli te
Quan he kinh te ciia Phap vdi chau Phi
cd net ndi bat la duy tri dugc mgt kh6i nudc
chau Phi str dyng d6ng Prang (CFA) Khu
vuc d6ng CFA dugc xay dung nhu mgt vting
bao hg khep kin, ra ddi chinh thiic vao nam
1948 va nd da thuc hien viec lien ket tien te
gitra Phap vdi 14 nudc chau Phi Cac nudc
trong khu vuc dong CFA da tap hgp Iai trong
2 lien minh tien te' va m6i lien minh deu cd
1 ngan hang trung uong cua minh Kha nang
chuyen d6i tu do ctia dong Frang CFA dugc
Phap bao dam va dugc tinh theo ty gia cl
dinh dua vao d6ng Frang Phap (va ding
Euro) nhd co che cua tai khoan vang Iai va
cac quy dinh cd lien quan din chinh sach tiln
te D6ng tien cua CFA khuyin khich su bli
hoan giiia cac nudc trong Lien minh, cho
Khu vuc ddng Frang CFA co 14 nuac chau Phi,
trong do co 12 nuac tirng la thuoc dia cua Phap
(Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'lvoire, Mali, Niger,
Senegal, Togo, Cameroon, CH Trung Phi, Chad, CH
Congo, Gabon), Guinea Bissau la thuoc dja cu cua B6
Dao Nha va Equatorial Guinea la thuoc dia cu cua
Tay Ban Nha Khu virc nay co 2 lign minh tign te:
Mpt la Cpng ding Kinh tg va Tign te Trung Phi, sir
dung ding CFA franc Trung Phi (ma s6 ISO 4217:
XFA) g6m 6 nuac a mign Trung chau Phi; Hai la
Lien minh Kinh tg va Tign te Tay Phi, sir dung d6ng
CFA franc Tay Phi (ma s6 ISO 4217: XOF) gdm 8
nuac Tay Phi
phep hg hip thy dugc nhtrng cudc khting hoang ngan ban, ddng thdi cho phep lam cham hoac giam dilu chinh trong trudng hgp
CO khting hoang keo dai Ty gia co dinh dua tren ddng Frang Phap tao ra diem neo danh nghia thuan lgi cho cac chinh sach kinh te, ban che nguy co thay d6i va khuyen khich nguyen tac chung Tuy nhien, ty gia co dinh nay cting Iam giam tinh linh boat trong he th6ng tien te cua cac nudc thanh vien va dan den phai cd dieu chinh thuc te Cac nudc trong mdi lien minh d6ng CFA cd dieu kien thuan Igi de huy ddng cac ngudn von va trao d6i thuang mai gitia hg vdi nhau, song Iai gap khd khan va mat di cac ngudn vdn khi mudn trao ddi vdi cac nudc sir dung dong tien khdng cd kha nang chuyen d6i^
Cac nudc chau Phi thudc khu vuc dong CFA trong hai thap nien dau sau khi gianh dgc lap da cd mdt su on dinh, su phat trien kinh te trong ITnh vuc ngoai thuong va co sir tang trudng kha hon neu so sanh vdi cac nudc ngoai khdi; miic do Iam phat do ban Ddng thdi, mat trai cua nd cting bgc 16 ro: do
la tinh trang bi phu thudc vao Phap, dae biet
la cac cdng ty thudc khu vuc nha nudc co mue lam phat ldn hon ca va tinh trang dya vao ngudn tai chinh ben ngoai cua hg ngay cang gia tang; kha nang canh tranh, kha nang tich luy gia tri rat yeu
Ttr thang gieng nam 1994 da thuc hien viec pha gia ddng Frang khu vuc CFA Hieu qua kinh te vT md va tai chinh cua viec pha
gia d6ng tien nay d phuong dien toan chi da
• D6ng franc XAF khong sir dung dugc a thu vuc sir dung ddng franc XOF va ngupc lai
Trang 3^ / / i hieu quan lie eua ^Plidfi 69
giong nhu mong dgi Trong nam 1994, GDP
bj dinh tre, song ttr nam 1995 den nam 1999
da tang len quanh mtre 5%/nam Thang du
cua can can thuang mai da lam tang thu nhap
rong ctia tai khoan vang lai ctia Ngan hang
Trung uong Phap len 11 ty Franc Phap trong
nam 1994, ty le Iam phat cting quay trd lai
mtre 5% sau 2 nam thyc bien pha gia"' Sy
pha gia va yeu cau phai thyc hien dieu chinh
CO cau kinh te da tao ra nhti'ng co hgi de thay
doi sy chuyen m6n boa theo truyen th6ng,
lam cho nen kinh te ctia cac nudc trong khu
vuc d6ng tien nay nang dgng ban va co tinh
canh tranh hon Sir pha gia con kem theo ca
viee phai thyc hien mgt che do th6ng nhat ve
hai quan va kinh te ben trong cae t6 chtrc
tieu khu vyc tai mien Tay va mien Trung
chau Phi Trudc do, co cau kinh te chuyen
mon hoa theo mat hang tu thdi thuge dja de
lai da lam cho cac nudc chau Phi nay phai
chju nhieu thiet thoi: do co gian trong thu
nhap nh6, thdi gia kb6ng 6n djnh, kha nang
tiep can thj trudng bj ban che
b Quan he chinh tri qude phdng
-an ninh
Sau khi cac nude chau Phi gianh dgc
lap, nhieu nudc sau dd da rat nhanh chong
quay trd lai ky vdi Phap cac hiep udc quan
su - an ninh Dae biet, trong s6 cac nudc
thupe Cpng d6ng Phap ngii (Francophone)
da CO 7 nude ky vdi Paris Hiep udc Quan sy
- An ninh song phuang nham tao co sd phap
ly cho viec ting hd va trg giup cua Phap
trong ITnh vyc chlnb trj va qu6c ph6ng Cac
Philippe Hugon, Economic de T.Afrique La
Decouverte, Paris, 2001, p.99
nude con lai tim kiem sy bao hp an ninh ciia Phap th6ng qua viec ky cac hiep udc an ninh
da phuong tai chau Phi dya tren su trg gitip etia Phap Nhtrng nudc chau Phi co hiep udc
an ninh song phuang vdi Phap bao g6ni: Togo, Gabon Camerun, Moritanie Madagascar, Mali, Senegal; tuy nhien sau do Mali da rut kh6i hiep udc nay Cac hiep udc
an ninh da phuong kha phong phu, c6 loai 4 ben nhu Hiep udc An ninh cua Phap vdi 3 nudc Congo B, Cgng boa Trung Phi, Chad
ky ngay 15 thang 4 nam 1960; Hay mgt hiep udc khac ctia Phap vdi 3 nudc Bd bien Nga (C6te dTvoire), Dahomey (Benin) va Niger
ky ngay 24 thang 4 nam 1961; Co loai 5 ben khi CO them Gabon vao ngay 20 thang 6 nam
1961 da tham gia Hiep udc Phap - Congo B-Cgng boa Trung Phi - Chad
Nguyen tac co ban ctia cac hiep udc an ninh nay la nham lam cho "cac qu6c gia tham gia hiep udc dugc giup dd va vien trg
de bao ve va dam bao an ninh ctia bg" Noi mgt each ngan ggn nhting hiep udc nay cho phep cac nudc chau Phi thanh vien trong nhtrng dieu kien cy the dugc keu ggi su can thiep ctia cae lyc lugng quan su Phap nham bao ve an ninh va tham chl ca trat tu c6ng cpng ctia hp Madagaskar, Cpng hoa Trung Phi, Congo B va Chad vdi hiep udc ky vdi Phap cho phep tu dpng thyc hien co che an ninh ho trg lan nhau khi bj ben ngoai xam luge, c6n trong cac trudng hgp khac thi chi dugc thyc hien khi cac nudc nay len tieng yeu cau
Mgt ngi dung quan trgng khac trong cac hiep udc an ninh cua Phap vdi chau Phi la
Trang 470 NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (115).2010
Phap phai thuc hien su trg giiip ve mat nhan
su va dao tao nhan su chau Phi tai Phap Do
su thilu byt nhan su trong ITnh vuc quan
sy-qulc phdng d chau Phi thdi ky dau ddc lap la
rdt ldn, nen vSn de dao tao nhan su de bo
sung la nhu cau cap bach va la viec lam rat
cin thilt Cac cl van quan su Phap tai chau
Phi dugc rut giam dan khi cac sy quan chau
Phi dugc dao tao thay the
Ndi dung thtr ba trong cac hiep dinh an
ninh noi tren lien quan den van de cung ung
cac trang thiet bj quan sy ctia Phap cho cac
nudc chau Phi thanh vien Thdi ky dau, Phap
da cho khong nhting khoan trang thiet bj
quan su can thiet giup cac nha nudc chau Phi
xay dung chinh thtrc cac lyc lugng quan dgi
quoc gia Cac khoan vugt troi sau do se phai
dugc thanh toan va thong thudng cac dieu
kien ve tai chinh da dugc an dinh trong cac
hiep dinh chung Tuy nhien, neu cac yeu cau
vat chat cua cac nha nudc chau Phi khong
dugc Phap dap iing thi hiep dinh cting cho
phep hg dugc quyen nhan su trg giup cua cac
nudc khac
c Quan he vdn hod - ngdn ngit
Trai qua mgt thdi ky dai thuoc dia va bj
n6 le, cac nudc chau Phi da diu tranh dl
gianh dgc lap, quyen tu chu va tu quylt ctia
dan tgc minh Tuy nhien, mdi quan he van
hoa vdi Phap van la mgt mii quan he dugc
ca hai phia quan tam Nhting ylu t l tit dep
va tien bg ctia van hoa Phap dugc cac nudc
chau Phi tiep thu de bl sung them cac nhan
t6 van boa mdi vao van hoa cua dan tdc
minh Mgt trong nhiing ITnh vuc quan trgng
ctia binh dien van boa chinh la ngdn ngii
Mgt cgng ding kha ddng dao cac qu6c gia chau Phi ndi tiing Phap van tiep tyc tdn tai
va phat triln la mgt minh chiing cho su tham thau va ben re viing chae cua nhiing gia trj van hoa tit dep cua Phap tai chau Phi Cpng d6ng Phap ngti tai chau Phi lam nen mpt net dae biet trong quan he ciia Phap vdi chau Phi trong ITnh vuc ngdn ngii - van boa
Thuat ngii Cpng d6ng Phap ngii khdi nguon ttr nha dia ly hgc ngudi Phap Reclus cudi the ky XIX, khi dng nay dung no de chi cac thudc dja va khu vuc anh hudng cua Phap va sir dyng tieng Phap Sau d6 T6ng th6ng Senegal da dua ra y tudng thanh lap Cdng ddng Phap ngii Cac td chtrc tien than cua Cgng dong Phap ngti da lan lugt dugc thanh lap, chang ban nhu: Hgi nghj Bp trudng Giao dye cac nudc cd sir dyng tieng Phap (CONEEMEN, 1960), Lien minh cac nghi sy ndi tieng Phap (AEPLF, 1967), Lien doan cac giao vien day tieng Phap (EFIPLF, 1969) v.v Hdi nghi cap cao lan thii nhat cua Cdng ddng Phap ngti da dugc td chuc vao thang 2 nam 1968 tai Paris theo sang kien cua Tdng thdng Phap luc dd la ong Mitterand Hgi nghi nay da hgi tu dugc 30 nguyen thu cac quoc gia tham du, danh dau
su ra ddi chinh thtrc cua Cgng d6ng Phap ngti Mue dich chinh cua td chtrc nay la nham tang cudng hgp tac van boa va kinh te giiia cac nudc thanh vien vi lgi Ich ctia hoa binh va phat trien
Cdng ddng Phap ngii cd mdt co cau to chtrc cy the va di vao boat dgng kha tich cue, tao dung dugc hinh anh tdt dep thdng qua cac boat dgng cua minh, Trong co cSu tl
Trang 5(Tun hieu quan lie euu 'J)ltup, 71
chtrc cua Cgng d6ng cd cac co quan chlnb
nhu sau: 1- Hgi nghj cap cao- noi gap gd va
ban bac ctia nhting ngudi dtrng dau nha nudc
va chinh phu, dugc nhom bgp 2 nam 1 lan;
2- Hpi nghi Bp trudng Ngoai giao (CMF);
3-Hpi d6ng thudng tryc Phap ngu (CPF) vdi
18 thanh vien, hpp khoang 4 Ian trong 1
nam; 4- Ban thu ky; 5- T6 chiic Phap ngti;
6-Cac hpi nghi cap bp trudng chuyen nganh;
7-Cac t6 chiic true thupe khac
Hien nay Cpng d6ng Phap ngti quy ty
duge 55 thanh vien chinh thtrc va 13 nudc
quan sat vien Dieu dang n6i la rieng chau
Phi da CO den 33 nudc va lanh dao la thanh
vien chinh thtrc cua td chuc nay, bao g6m:
Ai Cap, Burundi, Burkina Faso (Upper
Volta), Benin (Dohamey), Cameroun, Cape
Verde, Congo- Brazzaville (Cgng boa Dan
chti Congo), Congo- Zaire (Cgng boa
Congo), C6te dTvoire, Gabon, Guinea
Bissau, Guinea, Djibouti, Guinea Xich dao,
Madagaskar, Mali, Marocco, Tuinisie,
Algieria, Mauritania, Maurice, Niger,
Rwanda, Chad, Togo, Cgng boa Trung Phi,
Tunisia, Senegal, Sao Tome and Principe,
Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, La Reunion''
Quan he ctia Phap vdi cae nudc chau
Phi noi tieng Phap cho den nay van la quan
he toan dien va dugc dua tren mgt nen tang
viing chae la ng6n ngti- van boa Tai nhting
nudc nay, anh hudng cua Phap r§t ldn Ben
canh cac ng6n ngii ban dia, tieng Phap tai
day dugc c6ng nhan la ng6n ngii chinh thtrc
(official) ctia qu6c gia, dugc str dyng trong
L 'Annie Francophone Internationalle 2005,
Editions CIDEF-AFI 2005
giao tiep qu6c te, trong giang day, giao dye Anh hudng cua ng6n ngti va van hoa Phap manh den mtre tai day van lay cac chuan myc va m6 hinh ctia Phap lam mau trong nhieu ITnh vuc khac nhau cua ddi song qu6c gia
2 Dieu chinh quan he voi chau Phi trong boi canh quoc te moi
Chien tranh Lanh ket thiic khien trat tu the gidi c6 sy dieu chinh sap xep lai; di cting vdi no cac quan he qu6c te ciing co nhieu thay d6i theo Dae biet, ttr nhung nam dau the ky XXI den nay, do trao luu toan eau hoa kinh te da Ian rgng khap noi nen cac qu6c gia deu CO nhieu dieu chinh trong chinh sach d6i ngoai cua minh Quan he cua Phap vdi chau Phi cting kh6ng phai la trudng hgp ngoai le khi ca hai ben va dae biet la Phap da c6 nhung dieu chinh ro net trong chinh sach d6i ngoai Trong b6i canh chau Phi la diem den ctia nhieu cudng qu6c do strc hut ve tai nguyen thien nhien, bao g6m ca dau m6 va khi d6t, Phap dang phai chiu nhieu sure ep canh tranh, tham chi ngay tai ca nhtrng nudc chau Phi noi tieng Phap v6n lu6n dugc coi nhu "san sau" cua Phap
Ve chinh tri - an ninh - qudn su
Mdi quan he cua Phap vdi cac nudc chau Phi noi tieng Phap thudng dugc cho la dua tren nen tang quan he ca nhan gitra cac lanh dao ctia hai ben Dieu nay dae biet ro net ttr thdi T6ng th6ng Chirac trd ve trudc Chang ban, vao ngay 13 thang 4 nam 2006, khi thu do cua N'djamena ctia Chad bi de doa ve an ninh vi cd hang tram quan ndi day
Trang 672 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (115).2010
tin cdng, T6ng thong I Deby da dien thoai
ngay cho Ting thing Chirac de cau ctru giup
dd theo diing nhu "truyen th6ng" da dugc an
djnh trong Lliep udc Quan sy va 6ng Deby
da dugc giai ctm nhd sy hau thuan ctia Phap
Cting nhu nhilu nha lanh dao Phap tien
nhiem, Tdng thdng Chirac ke ttr khi dae cu
nam 1995 (trai qua 2 nhiem ky lien) van giu
quan dilm dii ngoai dae biet vdi cac nudc
chau Phi khi duy tri th6ng le t6 chuc hgi nghj
thugng dinh 2 nam 1 lan vdi cac nha lanh
dao chau Phi Lgi Ich ma Phap dat dugc
trong quan he vdi cac nudc chau Phi la ca ve
kinh te Ian ngoai giao, cdn phia chau Phi thi
dugc hudng sy trg giup kinh te, ky thuat va
quan sy ctia Phap Trong ITnh vyc chinh
trj-an ninh, qu6c phong, cho den nay Phap vtrj-an
CO nhieu dao quan dong tai day vdi str mang
duy tri su dn djnh, huan luyen quan sy, bao
ve an ninh cho cac nude chau Phi
Tuy nhien, tinh hinh tren da c6 sy thay
d6i khi 6ng Nicolas Sarkozy trd thanh T6ng
th6ng Phap Sach Trang qu6c phong va an
ninh qu6c gia cua Phap c6ng b6 nam 2008
dy kien dam phan lai hiep djnh qu6c phdng
va an ninh ky vdi cac nudc chau Phi (vdi ba
ndi dung chinh nhu da noi d tren) Phap da
giam sy hien dien thudng xuyen ctia quan
dgi, ttr 30.000 quan trong nhtrng nam 1960
xu6ng con chua day 10.000 quan tai 7 nudc
chau Phi (Djibouti, Senegal Gabon Chad,
C6te dTvoire Cgng hoa Trung Phi va
Sudan) c6 ni6i quan he chat che vdi Phap
Vdi nhting dieu chinh trong chinh sach doi
ngoai vdi chau Phi cua Tong th6ng Sarkozy,
nhting su kien nhu su kien 6ng Deby ciia
Chad noi d tren kho xay ra hon va quan he Phap- Phi theo kieu dya tren nen tang quan
he ca nhan than can giiia cac nha lanli dao den culi thdi Tdng thdng Chirac dugc binh luan la da "xe chieu"'
Hien nay, cac luc lugng quan sy Phap dang CO mat thudng xuyen tai 3 co sd la Djibouti (3.000 quan) Senegal (1.100 quan)
va Gabon (750 quan) Ben canh dd, quan dgi Phap cdn tham gia cac chien dich ngoai bien (OPEX) khac nhau, trong dd cd 2 chien djch vdi cac dao quan dugc coi nhu thudng xuyen
cd mat la chien djch Licorne d Bd bien Nga (2.400 quan) va chien djch Epervier tai Chad (1.100 quan)" Ngoai ra, cdn cd cac chien djch khac tai Cameroun vjnh Guiner va Trung Phi
Phap hien van duy tri hiep udc quan sy song phuang vdi 6 nudc la Cameroun Trung Phi, Bd bien Nga, Gabon, Senegal va Togo Ddng thdi, Phap c6 cac hiep djnh hgp tac quan su vdi rat nhieu nudc chau Phi khac, do la: Algeria, Benin, Burundi, Cgng hoa Trung Phi, Comoros, Congo, Ai Cap, Guiner Cuiner Xich dao, Madagaskar Mali Marocco, Mauritani, Niger, Rwanda Tanzania, Chad, Togo Su hgp tac quan sy nay dugc thuc hien th6ng qua mang ludi 14
"Hgc vien quoc gia c6 str menh khu vuc" va th6ng qua cac bg phan "Trach nhiem hgp tac quan su va quoc phdng" trong cac dai su'
' Les relations France-Afrique, (partie 3: La presence
militaire Fran9aise en Afrique) lundi 3 decembre
2007, Master 2 Carrieres Internationales (mCi 2007-2008), Libelles: Afrique
Trang 7^lut hieu (/uan he edu '^Plidp 73
quan Phap vii qua cac co quan ""Djch vy bgp
lac ky thuat quoc tc cua canh sat""
Phap c6n dam duong str menh qi'6c tc
tai cac lyc lugng gin giu hoa binh cua Lien
hiep qu6c (a Bd bien Nga, CHDC Congo,
Ltiopia, Ai Cap), ctia EU (tai Sudan, CH
Trung Phi, Chad) Diem dae biet dang noi la
Phap Cling la 1 trong s6 18 nudc tham gia su'
menh gin gitr boa binh theo trach nhiem ctia
1-TJ kh6ng sir dyng den cac khoan chi phi ctia
Lien hiep qu6e
Dieu ehinh ctia Phap trong ITnh \'uc nay
dugc the hien d ch6 t6 chtrc va sap xep lai
vice bo tri quan tai 3 can ctr thudng xuyen
(Gabon, Djibouti, Senegal); ph6i hgp vdi AU
thuc hien cbiroiig trinh "Tang cudng kha
nang gin giu hoa binh ctia chau Phi"" nham
xay dung lye lugng can thiep cua ban than
chciu Phi dc tren co sd dd Phap se ctmg ph6i
hgp \'di chtiu Phi ve quan sy tren luc dja
Den; tim each chau Au boa sy tham gia quan
su ciia Phap trong khudn kho chinh sach d6i
ngoai an ninh chung ctia EU
Ve kinh te
Phap \'an duy tri cac quan be lam an \'6n
CO cua minh Theo Bg Tai ehinh va Cong
nghiep Phap nam 2006 trao d6i thuong mai
ciia Phap vdi chau Phi chiem khoang 5%
long trao d6i thuong mai qu6c te ciia Phap
Tuy nhien chinh sach kinh te ciia Phap da c6
su thay d6j khi cac doanh nghiep cua Phap
chti trgng sang thj trudng chau A bat dau
giam dau tu viio chau Phi, d6ng thdi nit gpn
chl con khoang 20 tap doan Idn \h \ tra cua
Phap c6 mat tai chau Phi Nhtrng tap doan
nay rat da dang, chang han nhu: Bouygues
\'a Vinci trong ITnh v'lrc xa}' dirng, Rougier trong ITnh vyc g6, Castel trong ITnh vyc bia Total trong ITnh virc dau khi Air France trong ITnh vyc hang kh6ng, Soeiete genegale trong ITnh vyc ngan hang v.v
Cac c6ng ty Phap tai chau Phi co xu budng boat dpng manh d ven bd Dja Trung Hai, phia nam va phia d6ng ctia lye dja chau Phi Tai khu vyc mien trung va phia tay chau Phi - nhiing noi ngheo kh6 va bat 6n ban c6 rat It cac c6ng ty Phap va sir nit lui ctia Phap tai day rat ro net
Trong ITnh \'ye dau khi cac e6ng ty ctia Phap dang phai chju ap lire ldn do sy canh tranh ctia cac c6ng ty My tai Nigeria Angola
va tai ca nhu'ng nude noi tieng Phap nhu Chad hay Ghinc Xich dao Hien nay cac cong t)' Phap van lam an phat dat trong ITnh
\'y'c g6 tai Cameroun, Congo- Brazavillc va Gabon; trong khai thae uranium tai Niger; trong buon ban kim cuong tai Cpng boa Trung Phi: khi d6t tai Algeria: ph6t phat tai Togo va Marocco Buon ban \'ii khi ctia Phap tai chau Phi cung ro net vdi \'iec xuat khau
vu khi dat 30 ty Euro giai doan 1996- 2003^ Tuy nhien, sir dieu chlnb chinh sach \'di chau Phi etia Phap eho thay Phap dang nit bdt cae c6ng ty kb6i chau Phi, tham chi trong
ca mpt s6 nganh truyen th6ng nhu khai thae g6 ha\' khai thae nude Phap noi rieng va cac nude chau Au noi ehung con bj sy canh tranh khac nghiet ctia Trung Qu6c ga_\ ap lyc Quy
'' Les relations France-.-[fnque lundi 3 decembre
2007 Master 2 Carrieres Internationales (mCi 2007-2008), Libelles: Afrique
Trang 874 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (115).2010
dae biet Trung QuIc- Chau Phi den het nam
2008 da diu tu khoang 400 trieu USD vao 20
du an tai chau Phi, nang t6ng so v6n dau tu
ctia Trung QuIc tai day len gan 2 ty USD
Ttr nam 2007 trd lai day, Trung Quoc da
gianh dugc 12% thj phSn tai chau Phi, trong
khi dd Phap mat 1,5 diem va Anh mat 1
diem so vdi Trung Quoc
Phap tilp tyc thyc hien vien trg phat
triln cho chau Phi vdi myc tieu thuc day su
phat trien va giam ngheo nham dat dugc cac
myc tieu thien nien ky de phat trien den nam
2015 tai chau Phi Phap dae biet chu y den
ITnh vuc giao dye, cham sdc strc kh6e, dao
tao, phat trien ben vting ciing nhu ton trgng
dan chu, phap luat, dau tranh ch6ng tham
nhting thong qua viec uu tien vien trg cho
cac dy an cy the tai cac nudc chau Phi Phap
da vien trg cac xuat hgc b6ng trj gia 85 trieu
Euro va vien trg 335 trieu Euro cho cac du
an d chau Phi Tuy nhien, gitia mtre Phap
cam ket va mtre thyc hien vien trg noi chung
tren thyc te van con khoang each rat xa: Cho
den cu6i nam 2009, mac dti Phap cam ket
tang ngan sach vien trg them 5,2 ty USD cho
chau Phi, nhung mdi chi thyc hien dugc 7%
mtre cam ket
Trudc strc ep canh tranh cua cac cudng
qu6c tai chau Phi, Phap da c6 gang thuc hien
nhieu bien phap de gianh lai vi thi cua minh
tai day Mgt trong cac bien phap quan trgng
ma Phap da trien khai la tang cudng quan he
hgp tac vdi cae nudc chau Phi, kl ca cac
Cling nguon 4
* Nguygn Tam, Chau Phi: Ca hdi hdp ddn thoi suy
thodi, ngay 6/7/2009, SGGP Online
nude khong thudc Cdng ding Phap ngii, noi bat nhat la vdi Nam Phi Hien nay, Phap la mgt trong nhiing ban hang quan trgng nhat cua Nam Phi, dung thtr 7 ve nhap khau va thtr 9 ve xuat khau Phap cdn hgp tac chat che vdi Nam Phi trong ITnh vyc chinh trj- an ninh nhu giai quyet xung dot d CHDC Congo va Burundi
Ve van hod - ngdn ngit ,
Khdi Phap ngii tai chau Phi dat hieu qua ' nhat so vdi cac td chtrc khac Cac chinh sach ' cua Phap vdi chau Phi ve van hoa la nham ' vao myc tieu lien ket va thdng nhat chat che
khdi ndi tieng Phap, tao nen mgt t6 chirc co i
chung ngon ngii va chinh trj manh Anh ^
hudng cua van boa Phap rat manh tai khu i vyc nay Cac trudng hgc tai cac nudc chau
Phi noi tieng Phap dugc xay dyng theo he ^
thdng giao due cua Phap Tai cac nudc nay | kenh truyen hinh TV5 cua Phap da dugc phat
huy bet tac dyng Cac mang ludi truyen hinh trung uong cua cac nudc chau Phi khu vuc
nay lu6n cd nhting boat ddng gan vdi kenh TV5 ciia Phap Ben canh dd, Phap dang tich cue trien khai cac du an internet tai day Cac
dy an nao thuc day hon ntia viec cai thien vj tri cua tieng Phap trong khu vyc se dugc to chtrc Cgng d6ng Phap ngti trg cap kinh phi
Nhd vay, hien nay d cac nudc chau Phi nay
da xuat hien nhieu trang internet khac nhau
Internet cho phep ket n6i nhieu trudng dai -hgc ctia chau Phi vdi cac trudng dai hgc tren thi gidi Vdi su giiip dd cua Td chtrc Cgng ding Phap ngti, viec tiep can internet ctia giao vien va sinh vien chau Phi cd gia re hon
va ddi khi cdn dugc mien phi Cac du an vl
Trang 9^un hieu quan he eua ^Pltdp 75
internet d chau Phi da thuc hien dugc ca hai
chtrc nang, ttr ban dau la thuc day phat trien
ngon ngir va van boa, sau do con c6 tac dyng
thuc day viec str dyng cac c6ng nghe mdi tai
chau lyc nay
Ket luan
Quan he cua Phap vdi nhieu nudc chau
Phi la quan he truyen thdng, co be day Ijch
str Quan he do da trai qua nhieu giai doan
khac nhau va mang nhting tlnii chat khac
nhau, dan xen ca nhtrng yeu t6 tich eye va
tieu cue
Su dieu chinh chinh sach d6i ngoai ctia
Phap d6j vdi chau Phi dugc the hien ro net
hon tb6ng qua chinh sach ctia T6ng th6ng
Phap Nicolas Sarkozy vdi nhting diem chu
chot sau: 1 -Vi mgt chinh sach nhap cu co ke
hoaeh va dugc thuong lugng; 2-Nen hudng
den mpt ban sac Phi-Au; 3- Can phai co su
ton trpng lan nhau gitia Phap va chau Phi;
4-Cae nha chtrc trach chau Phi can phai tai trg
cho cac d6i tac tri thtrc; 5- Khuyen khich cac
chu truang cting c6 dan chti tai chau Phi
Van de nhap cu ngudi nude ngoai vao
Phap dang trd thanh mgt van de xa hgi ldn,
doi hoi phai c6 chinh sach va su giai quyet
mpt each hieu qua hon Trong ddng ngudi
nhap eu vao Phap, ngudi chau Phi chiem ty
le cao nhat, trong do cd khdng it cac tri thtrc
ngudi chau Phi T6ng th6ng Phap mong
niu6n thuc hien mpt chinli sach nhap cu mdi
khong mang tinh "chpn Ipc"' hon nhung phai
"lam chii" dugc va ngudi chau Phi phai hieu
tien trinh nay, d6ng thdi mong mu6n phai
dua ra cac de nghi dang tin cay de xay dung
CO sd cho van de nhap cu sao cho co kl hoaeh va that cy the Cac tri thuc ngudi chau Phi khi rdi bd to qu6c cua minh de sang Phap hay cac nudc chau Au khac da tao nen van de "chay mau chat xam" ctia chau Phi Chau Phi con ngheo, dae biet trong ITnh vyc
y te va giao dye, ban than chau Phi dang rat thieu bac sy va giao vien, giang vien VI dy:
Ty le bac sy tren 1.000 ngudi tai Togo chl co 0,3 giai doan 2000- 2003, trong khi do cting giai doan nay, ty le tai Phap la 10,2^ D6i vdi Phap se la mpt chinh sach kh6ng hieu qua neu lam cho ngudi chau Phi, nhu cae bac sy chau Phi chang ban, rdi b6 dat nudc minh sang Phap Theo T6ng thong Phap, van de dat ra trong viec dau tu vao giao dye va dao tao d chau Phi la kh6ng chi don gian chuyen mpt khoan tien sang eho lanh dao cac nude chau Phi thirc hien e6ng viec nay ma can phai CO nhti'ng chinh su'a trong chinh sach ctia Phap sao cho nan chay mau chat xam ctia chau Phi giam di va dtmg lai
Trong ITnh vyc chinh trj, quan he cua Phap vdi cae nudc chau Phi thudng d tinh trang dugc len ke hoaeh san va dya vao su thuang thao No co the dya tren cac quan he
ca nhan lau nam giiia cac nha lanh dao, hoac bang chu nghia bao hg cua chinh phti, hoac bang viec quan ly mgt quy bi mat nao do, hay bang viec gia han tiep tyc cac hiep udc
an ninh- quan su da ky trong thap nien 1960 Tat ca nhiing viec lam nay nham de dam bao
' Yves Ekoue Ama'i'zo (Directeur du Think Tank du Groupe de Reflexion, d'action et d'influcnce
"Afrology" et Afrique Nouvelles Interdependances),
Mattriser les relations France- Afrique, Dossiers:
Politique, 7 Mai 2007
Trang 1076 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°4 (115).2010
cho lgi ich va duy tri che dp khong dan chti
ctia cac tong th6ng d nhieu nudc chau Phi
N I U tinh trang nay ctr tiep tuc sc lam mat di
y nghTa ctia cac myc tieu dang phan dau hien
nay la dan chti, doan ket va phat trien T6ng
th6ng Sarkozy keu gpi Phap can xay dung Iai
nipt nen dan chti an toan d chau Phi, keu gpi
cac nudc chau Phi phai dua ra cac kien nghj
tap the hoac mang tinh toan chau lyc hoac
mang tinh tieu khu vyc de thao luan vdi EU
va vdi Phap ve cac van de ctia chau Phi,
trong do bao gdm ca cac van dc chinh trj
Thdi dai toan cau hoa lam cho sir dpc
quyen cua Phap tai chau Phi kh6ng the tiep
tyc duy tri nhu trudc kia Ben canh sir canh
tranh ngay eang manh me ctia cac nudc ldn
tai chau Phi con co cac quy djnh cong khai
ctia cac the che qu6c te nhu Quy Tien te
qu6c te To chtrc Thuong mai the gidi khien
Phap da mat di mpt s6 cho dti'ng tai chau Phi
Tat ca nhirng sy kien nay lam cho Phap
kh6ng the kh6ng dieu chinh chinh sach ctia
minh vdi chau Phi Hien nay Phap van tilp
tuc cting c6 va tang cudng quan he vdi chau
Phi song theo each tiep can mdi dugc tbi
hien qua 2 diem chu chdt sau: Mpt Id, ddy
manh su quan tam kh6ng chi din cac nudc
chau Phi co quan he truyen thing ma ca cac
nudc chau Phi ngoai khu vyc Francophonie;
Hcd Id, tang cu'dng quan he vdi chau Phi
th6ng qua kenh da phuong (qua EU va cac
the che quoc te khac) hon la song phuong
Dae biet, Phap coi EU nhu mgt mii quan he
mdi de cy the hoa cac sang kiln rieng ctia
minh d6i vdi khu virc chau Phi Phap hy
vgng rang each tiep can mdi nay se dam bao
ca lgi Ich va anh hudng ctia Phap tai chau lyc nay
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Yakemtchouk Romain (professeu a
rUniversite de Louvain), La eooperution
milituire de I 'Afrique noire avee les Puissances (I- avee la France), Re\'ue
Afrique contemporaine, N.127, juillet-aout-septembre 1983, La Documentation Franpaise
2 Philippe Hugon, Economie de
TAfrique (Troisieme edition) La
Decouverte, Paris, 2001
3 2-/" conference of heads of slates of
Africa and France (Canes, 15 and 16
february 2007
4 Yves Ekoue Amaizo (Directeur du Think Tank du Groupe de Reflexion, d"action et d'influence "Afrology" et Afrique
Nouvelles Interdependances), Muilriser les
re kit ions Frunee- Afrique, Dossiers:
Politique, 7 Mai 2007, •
5 Les relations France-Afrique, lundi 3
diicembre 2007, Master 2 Carrieres Internationales (mCi 2007-2008), Libelles:
Afrique
6 Refonder la relution France-Afrique
Point de vue, par Le Monde (France) le 13 fevrier 2007
7 L Annee Francophone Internationulle
2005, Editions CIDEF-AFI 2005, Paris,
France
8 http:// •w'ww.sggp org.vn/hosotulieii/2009/7/196135/