G.Murdock da tiep thu cdc loai binh ndy ciia Lowie va tren co sd thu thap mdt khdi lugng khdng Id cdc tu lieu dan tdc chi d khdp noi tren the gidi, dng da tien hdnh so sdnh, phan tic[r]
Trang 1s o TAY THUAT NGtT KHOA HOC
MOT S6 THUAT XCU XHAX LOAI HOC VAX HOA
TEN GQI THAN TQC
Xa hdi cd nhieu ngudi me vd xa hdi chi
CO 1 ngudi me Ten ggi than tdc mang y
nghia gi?
Morgan vd loai hinh ten ggi thdn tgc
lam cff sd ciia tien hoa luan '
Tieng Viet vd tieng Anh deu cd he
thing tin ggi phdn biet bd vd chii bdc, me
vd cd di, anh em mgt vd anh em hg Tuy
nhien trong tieng Hawai, ngudi ta sir dyng
ten ggi md khdng cd su phan bilt nhu vay
Ngudi phdt hien ra sy khac nhau nay trong
ten ggi chi hg hdng giiia cdc xa hdi vd bdt
ddu nghien ciiu loai hinh ten ggi than tdc
chinh Id L.Morgan Ong da ggi he thdng
nhu ngdn ngu tieng Anh, tilng Viet Id loai
mang tinh ghi chip, cdn he thdng nhu
ngon ngii Hawai la loai mang tinh phan
loai He thdng mang tinh phdn loai ndy
con dugc chia thdnh loai hinh Malay (he
tiiong Hawai), loai hinh
Torano-Ganowania (he thdng phdn biet tin ggi
anh chi em hg), tren co sd dd Morgan da
dua ra 3 loai hinh he thong ten ggi Ong
cho rang h? thdng ten ggi than tgc vira la
phuong thiic nhdn biit quan he pha he,
dong thdi vua la sy the hien tinh chat ciia
to chiic than tgc Vi du loai hinh ten ggi
Malay dugc coi la bang chiing ciia sy tdn
tai kiiu kit hdn anh chi em tiudc day, de
tir dd tudng dinh ve tien hda luan trong dd
lien kit ten ggi than tgc vdi che do gia
dinh vd che do kit hdn
Murdoch vd sdu logi hinh tren cff s&
ten gpi anh chi em hg
R.Lowie tiep thu mdt cdch phe phdn quan diim tien hda luan ciia Morgan trong
sy chii y din ly luan ndi tai ciia he thdng' than tdc tir dd dua ra 4 loai hinh khac G.Murdock da tiep thu cdc loai binh ndy ciia Lowie va tren co sd thu thap mdt khdi lugng khdng Id cdc tu lieu dan tdc chi d khdp noi tren the gidi, dng da tien hdnh so sdnh, phan tich vd phdn loai thanh 6 kieu dang dya tren co sd ten ggi anh em hg nhu trong bang^'l Ong da coi loai hinh Eskimo
Id ddc trung cho xa hdi song he, loai hinh Kuro Id ddc trung cho xa hdi mdu he, vd loai hinh Omaha (Trung My) la ddc trung ciia xa hdi phy he, tir dd dua ra nhiing nhan dinh ve tinh liln quan giira tin ggi than tdc vd td chiic xd hdi Cdc loai hinh ndy so vdi nhiing nghiin ciiu tmdc dd thi chi tiit, tinh vi hon nen mang tinh cdch mang nhung vdn cdn thieu sdt d chd chi dya vdo ten ggi anh em hg lam tieu chudn thi van cdn nen ciing cd cho khdng tuong hgp niu xet trin todn bg he thdng tin ggi
Phan tich quy tac dong dang
F, Lounsbury vd H.Scheffler da xip ten ggi than too vao vi tri phuong phap nhan biit than tdc thi hien quan he vi tri tren phd he, tii dd da phdt triin mdt phuong phdp phan tich dp dung todn bd tin ggi than tgc Dd la phuong thirc phan tich quy tdc ddng ddng theo lap tmdng phdn loai than tdc dugc triin khai lay ban than ldm trung tam, trong khi ban than nhiing tir ngii cua ten ggi thi lai dugc phan loai nhu
Id mgt he thdng ngdn ngil Theo cdch phan
Trang 2VQ Minh Chi
tich ddng dang, mdi tin ggi dugc dimg de
chi mdt sd ngudi d cdc thi he khac nhau
vd loai hinh than tdc gan nhat vdi ban than
tbi cd y nghia trung tam ciia ten ggi dd
(nhu F duge quy dinh Id ten ggi ciia Bd),
cdn cdc loai hinh than tdc khac Id thii phdi sinh tir tmng tam dd Them vdo dd cdn quy dinh mdt vdi "nguyen tac co ban" nhdm quy nhiing cai phai sinh ve y nghla trung tam
Bang 1: Phan loai cua Murdock
Loai Eskimo
Loai Hawai
Loai Iroquoi
Loai Sudan
Loai Obama
Loai Kuro
FZD=MBD (+)
-1-+
-CC=PC
1
-cc=z
-
1
-PC=Z
-
-1-(+)
-0
<D
Ngoai ra
Nhung FZD=ZD, MBD=MZ, Nhung FZD=FZ, MBD=BD
FZD: father'sister'daugbter; MBD: mother'brother'daughter, Z: sister
CC: cross-cousin, PC: parallel-cousin
=: CO y nghTa la ciing sir dung 1 ten ggi
+: khang djnh; -: phu djnh; (+) tmdng hgp thudng khdng the khang djnh nhung thong thudng la khang djnh
O : trudng hgp Murdock khong de cap
Vi du ten ggi tama ciia xa hdi
Trobriand chi FZS (con trai ciia chi em
bd), FB (anh em bd) va b d (F) Y nghia
trung tam cua tir tama ndy dugc coi Id F,
Vd khi dinh ra nguyen tdc co ban Id theo
"nguyen tdc di nghieng" chi em ciia bd cd
ten ggi gidng vdi me ciia bd (FZ -> FM)
va theo nguyen tdc "nira anh em" thi con
trai ciia me cd ten g gi gidng vdi anh em
(MS -> B), cd the quy dugc ve F nhu sau:
FZS ^ FMS ^ FB ^ F, Phuang phap
phan tich ndy giiip cho ngudi ta cd the ghi
chip dugc he thdng ten ggi phiic tap ciia
cdc xa hdi cd biet neu quan tam tdi su bien
ddi dien ra theo su ket hgp mgt sd nguyen
tdc cd gidi han da dugc nit ra
Van de chua gidi quyit dug^c
Tir cho phe phdn quan ruem coi ten ggi
than tdc cd quan h? vi tri trong pha he
giiia cdc cd nhan, E.R.Leach da xep cdc tir ngii cua ten ggi vdo vi tri pham trii xa hdi phan loai tap the con ngudi Pham trii nay
la quan diem coi sir hinh thanh, phan chia tap the (do tieu chuan xa hgi quy dinh) theo noi cu tni va xudt than, hodc quan he giua ngudi vd ngudi (dugc tieu chudn xa hdi quy dinh) theo quyin lgi vd nghia vy R.Needham ciing diing tren quan diim coi
he thdng ten ggi la cdch phan loai con ngudi thi hien mgt pham trii vugt qua
quan he pha he Tren ca sd dd dng da lam
rd tinh tuong thich giila tieu chudn phdn loai ciia he thdng ten ggi vd pham trii cd kha nang hay khdng cd kha nang kit hdn theo quy dinh vi hg hdng vd hdn nhan Tuy nhien, cd the ndi rdng tmdc su phiic tap rdc rdi cua he thdng ten ggi trong cac
xa hgi ca biet da dang, su ddi lap giiia
Trang 3Mpt so thuat ngu"
nhdn manh quan be phd be bay nhdn manh
pham trii van chua di den hdi kit
THCn GIAN
Thdi gian nhu Id van hda cd rat nhilu
each bilu dat vd van dl lich sir
Quan niem th&i gian khac nhau giira
cdc ddn tpc
Trong nhdn loai bgc van hda, lien quan
den thdi gian cd rdt nhilu cdch tiep can
khac nhau
Tmdc bit, trong cdc loai ngdn ngii khac
nhau, each "dien dat thdi gian" cd sy tranh
cai vl van dl che do thdi gian Dieu nay cd
le nhilu ngudi trong chiing ta se cam nhdn
ro khi lan dau tien bgc the hien tai hodn
thanh ciia tieng Anh Day la mdt vi du ve
sy khac nhau trong cdch phdn doan thdi
gian trong tieng Anh vd tieng Viet Hon
nGa, B.Whorf dua ra ngdn ngQ ciia ngudi
Hopi dan bdn xir My, de ndi rang ngudi
Hopi khdng biet thdi gian mang tinh todn
hoc md nhd vdt ly sii dyng, vi dy le ra phdi
noi Id "Tdi da d lai 5 ngdy" thi ngudi Hopi
lai ndi "Tdi da trai qua ngay thii ndm", vd
kit ludn la tieng Hopi Id "ngdn ngii vd thdi
gian" Mat khac, J.Mbiti lai dl cap den
quan nilm thdi gian tmyen thdng cua
ngudi Phi da den vd cho rang trong tieng
Kanba he Bantu Id tieng me de ciia dng
thdi gian dugc chia thdnh hai doan "qud
khii rdt ddi" va "hiln tai", tren thuc ti la
khong tdn tai thi "tiiong lai"
Quan ni^m th&i gian cua ngu&i Anh
Theo E.R.Leach, ngudi Anh hien dai
CO quan niem thdi gian lap lai vd quan
niem thdi gian khdng lap lai nhung hai
quan niem ndy hinh thdnh tren co sd hai
kinh nghilm khde nhau tham chi mau thuan nhau vl mat ly thuyet Cai tmdc bit ngudn tir kinh nghiem mat trdi mgc va lan, bdn miia thay ddi, cdi sau hinh thanh trin CO sd kinh nghiem cudc ddi con ngudi bat ddu tir khi sinh ra, ldn len vd gia ylu rdi chit di Tuy nhien, khai niem thdi gian nguyin thiiy nhat vd co ban nhdt, cd
le la dya tren khdi niem "lap lai doi nghich vdi tinh diit doan ciia sy vat", tiic la kinh nghiem gidng y nhu mdt con ldc cd sy thay the nhau giiia ngdy vd dim, ndng va lanh, khd va udt Day Id hien tugng ma con ngudi da trdi nghilm bang hinh thiic thay the giila thdi gian 11 hdi thieng lieng vdi thdi gian cudc sdng the tuc Khdng can phai ndi thim rang, khdi niem thdi gian nhu vay la cai khac vl ban chat vdi khdi nilm thdi gian mang "tinh tryc tuyen" ciia nhdt than giao Sem tir sang tao budng tdi cham diit
Quan niem th&i gian ciia ngu&i Nuer
Tuong ling vdi sy khac nhau vl quan nilm thdi gian cd sy lap di lap lai hay khdng lap di lap lai, d mdt miic do ndo dd, theo E.E.Evans-Pritchard, trong xa hgi ngudi Nuer d mien Nam Sudan song song tdn tai hai loai thdi gian, mdt la loai mang tinh sinh thdi phan dnh dieu kiln ty nhien, mdt la loai mang tinh cdu tnic dua tren nhiing su kiln xa hdi Thdi gian mang tinh sinh thai dugc quan niem hda bang hinh thiic phdn anh su khac nhau vl boat dgng sinh nghiep ciia ngudi Nuer cd lien quan mat thiit vdi sy chuyin ddi ciia ty nhien nhu miia mua vd miia khd vd sy tang hodc giam lugng nudc tuong iing, la sy lap di lap lai nhu mdt chu ky trong thdi gian 1
Trang 4vo tVlinh Chi
nam Mat khac, nhiing su kiln trong qua
khir vugt qud 1 nam la sir chuyen ddi ciia
ty nhien nhu lii lut, dich benh vd nan ddi,
su kien trong ky lie nhu le nghi, cdng kich
ldn do tap the ciia minh tien hdnh Hen
niia cdn xdc dinh thdi dai dd mdt cdch dai
khdi trong su dl cap din sy lien quan tdi
nhdm tudi tdc vd than tdc Thdi gian mang
tinh cau tnic ndy ddi vdi cd nhan thi
khdng lap lai md dudng nhu la cdm gidc
khdi niem thdi gian tien trien tir qua khil
tdi tuong lai, nhung theo Evans-Pritchard
thi thyc ra dd la chi Id do gidc Bdi vi ddi
vdi ngudi Nuer, khdi niem nay rat khd
diln dat bdng con sd ma dugc xep vdo
nien dai ky mdt each trim tugng bang mdi
quan he giira sy viec nay vdi su viec khac
Qud khir duffc ghi lgi bang phuffng
tien ngodi chir viet
Rd rang trong xa hgi chua cd chii viet
viec ghi chip lai sy kiln bang chU, y thiic
lich sii sap xep cdc su kien ndy vdo nien
dai ky khdng thi hinh thdnh, ngay c a vi
mat dinh nghia Tuy nhien khdng phdi vi
the md ndi rdng hg hodn todn khdng quan
tam den nhiing sy kien trong qud khii
dilu ndy cd the thay rat rd qua trudng hgp cua ngudi Nuer Tren thuc te, cd kha nhieu bdo cdo khac nhau ve cdc xa hdi cd nhiing phuong phap tai cau thanh lich sii,
"ky lie" ve qua khii bang nhiing tu lieu khac ngodi chii viet
Vi dy, theo hgc gia Nhat Ban Fukui, trong xa hdi body cua ngudi Etiopia, tir tri thiic mang tinh di truyen hgc dan gian lien quan den mdu sac vd hinh dang than thi cua con bd, tir nhiing nghi le phun sHa lay dugc tir mgt con bd nhat dinh cd thi suy dodn dugc ddng chay cua lich sii theo boat ddng chinh phyc ciia tap the tu trudng Ngodi ra, viec gin giu ky lic thdng qua tmyen mieng vd nhiing am thanh khde, cdch di chuyen noi chdn va hdng ldi trong
tl le, nguyen tdc ve co the, hon niia tii cd
su trung bay vien bao tdng ciing cd thi nghien ciiu lich sir theo kieu nhan loai hgc tim hieu y thiic con ngudi trong qud khii Trong tuong lai tir nay ve sau, chdc rdng viec kit hgp giiia lich sii va nhan loai hgc
se dugc thiic day hon mdt budc nua
Vu Minh Chi