ADVERB MANNERS- CỰC HAY-ENGLISH VERSION

For example: Adjective Adverb of Manner favorable favorably humble humbly simple simply When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply added to the po

1 Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner are the largest group of adverbs Most adverbs of manner are closely related to corresponding adjectives Although some words can be used as either

adjectives or adverbs, in most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to the

corresponding adjectives

a Spelling rules for adding ly

In most cases, ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example:

complete completely

normal normally

surprising surprisingly

i Adjectives ending in ic

However, when the adjective ends in ic, the syllable al is usually added before the ly

ending For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

dramatic dramatically

scientific scientifically

specific specifically

ii Adjectives ending in le

When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant, the final e is usually changed to

y, to form the ly ending For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

favorable favorably

humble humbly

simple simply

When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply added to

the positive form of the adjective For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

agile agilely

However, in the case of the adjective whole, the final e is removed before the ending ly is

added:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

iii Adjectives ending in ll

When the adjective ends in ll, only y is added For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

shrill shrilly

iv Adjectives ending in ue

When the adjective ends in ue, the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is

added For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

v Adjectives ending in y

When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

happy happily

However, in the case of the adjectives shy and sly, ly is simply added to the positive form

of the adjective:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply added to

the positive form of the adjective For example:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

However, in the case of the adjective gay, y is changed to i before the ending ly is added: Adjective Adverb of Manner

See Exercise 1.

It should be noted that while most adverbs which end in ly are adverbs of manner, other types of adverb may also end in ly For instance, consequently and subsequently are

connecting adverbs The following are adverbs of frequency which are formed by adding

ly to the corresponding adjectives.

Adjective Adverb of Frequency

frequent frequently

rare rarely

usual usually

b Adverbs which do not use the ending ly

The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective, good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form best.

Adjective Adverb of Manner

It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb, the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a

predicate adjective

e.g Well used as an Adjective : I hope you are well.

Well used as an Adverb : He did well on the examination.

In the first example, well is a predicate adjective, modifying the pronoun you In the second example, well is an adverb of manner, modifying the verb did.

The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner, location, time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives

little little

loud loud or loudly

straight straight

Adjective Adverb of Location

first first

Adjective Adverb of Frequency

monthly monthly

weekly weekly

yearly yearly

See Exercise 2

It should also be noted that there are several adjectives ending in ly which have no

corresponding adverbs:

friendly

likely

lively

lonely

silly

ugly

When it is desired to use one of these words to modify a verb, an adverb phrase of manner may be used In the following examples, the adverb phrases are underlined e.g He behaved in a friendly manner

They acted in a silly way

The following table gives examples of pairs of adverbs which are closely related, but which have different meanings

Adverbs With and Without ly Endings

hard with effort hardly scarcely

high opposite of low highly very; very well

late opposite of early lately recently

near opposite of far nearly almost

wide opposite of narrow widely commonly

The meanings of these adverbs are illustrated in the following examples

e.g I worked hard.

I have hardly enough time to finish.

He threw the ball high into the air.

He is highly successful in what he does.

The class began late.

The weather has been cold lately.

I held my breath as the squirrel crept near to get the nuts.

I have nearly finished reading the book.

I opened the door wide.

That theory is widely believed.

c The differing functions of adjectives and adverbs

When an adverb differs in form from a corresponding adjective, it is necessary to

distinguish between the functions of adjectives and adverbs in order to determine which form should be used in a given situation

Whereas adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, and expressions which serve the same grammatical functions as nouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs

i Adjectives which modify nouns compared with adverbs which modify verbs

The following examples illustrate the distinction which must be made between adjectives which modify nouns and adverbs which modify verbs The adjectives and adverbs are printed in bold type, and the words which are modified are underlined

e.g Adjective: It has been a quiet afternoon.

Adverb: The afternoon passed quietly.

Adjective: She is a good musician.

Adverb: She plays the flute very well.

In the first pair of sentences, the adjective quiet modifies the noun afternoon, whereas the adverb quietly modifies the verb passed In the second pair of sentences, the

adjective good modifies the noun musician, whereas the adverb well modifies the verb plays.

In informal English, adjectives are sometimes used to modify verbs

e.g She plays good

In this example, the adjective good is used to modify the verb plays However, this use of

adjectives is considered to be grammatically incorrect

See Exercise 3

ii Adjectives which modify nouns compared with adverbs which modify adjectives

The following examples illustrate the distinction which must be made between adjectives which modify nouns and adverbs which modify adjectives

e.g Adjective: a large wooden building

Adverb: a largely wooden building

Adjective: conspicuous dark clouds

Adverb: conspicuously dark clouds

In the first pair of phrases, the adjective large modifies the noun building, and the adverb largely modifies the adjective wooden Thus, the phrase a large wooden building has the meaning a big wooden building, whereas the phrase a largely wooden building has the meaning a building mostly made of wood.

In the second pair of phrases, the adjective conspicuous modifies the noun clouds, and the adverb conspicuously modifies the adjective dark Thus, the phrase conspicuous dark clouds means that the clouds themselves are noticeable; whereas the phrase

conspicuously dark clouds means that the darkness of the clouds is noticeable.

See Exercise 4

iii Predicate adjectives which modify the subjects of verbs compared with adverbs which modify verbs

As pointed out previously, certain verbs, called linking verbs, can be followed by

predicate adjectives A distinction must be made between predicate adjectives which modify the subjects of linking verbs, and adverbs which modify verbs

A few linking verbs, such as the verb to be, can be followed by predicate adjectives, but cannot be modified by adverbs of manner In the following examples using the verb to

be, the nouns which are modified are underlined.

e.g He is happy.

The wind was strong.

In these examples, the predicate adjectives happy and strong modify the subjects he and wind.

However, there are several verbs which can be used either as linking verbs followed by predicate adjectives, or as non-linking verbs modified by adverbs of manner The

following examples illustrate the use of the verb to appear as a linking verb and as a

non-linking verb

e.g Linking Verb: His uncle appeared kind.

Non-linking Verb: His uncle appeared punctually at ten o'clock.

In the first example, kind is a predicate adjective which modifies the noun uncle In the second example, punctually is an adverb of manner which modifies the verb appeared.

The verbs below can be used either as linking or non-linking verbs:

to appear to become

to taste to turn

If the subject of the verb is to be modified, a predicate adjective is required after such verbs; whereas if the verb is to be modified, an adverb is required In the pairs of

examples below, the verbs to grow, to look and to turn are used first as linking verbs

followed by adjectives, and then as non-linking verbs modified by adverbs The

adjectives and adverbs are printed in bold type, and the words which are modified are underlined

e.g Adjective: As he became old, he grew slow at remembering dates.

Adverb: The tree grew slowly.

Adjective: They looked anxious.

Adverb: We looked anxiously up the street.

Adjective: The weather turned cold.

Adverb: She turned coldly away from the salesman.

In these examples, the predicate adjectives slow, anxious and cold modify the subjects

he, they and weather; whereas the adverbs of manner slowly, anxiously and coldly modify the verbs grew, looked and turned.

See Exercise 5

2 Adverbs used in comparisons

a The formation of comparative and superlative forms of adverbs

It should be noted that many adverbs, such as sometimes, never, here, there, now, then, first, again, yesterday and daily have no comparative or superlative forms.

i Adverbs used with More and Most

Most adverbs used in comparisons, including those formed from corresponding

adjectives by adding the ending ly, form the comparative with the word more, and the superlative with the word most For example:

carefully more carefully most carefully

frequently more frequently most frequently

ii Adverbs used with the endings er and est

Adverbs which have the same positive forms as corresponding adjectives generally also have the same comparative and superlative forms as the corresponding adjectives For example:

The adverb of time soon also uses the endings er and est:

It should be noted that adverbs formed by adding ly to one-syllable adjectives are sometimes used with the endings er and est.

e.g We walked slower and slower

They sang the softest

However, in modern English, it is generally considered to be more correct to write:

We walked more and more slowly

They sang the most softly

iii Irregular adverbs

The irregular adverbs have the same comparative and superlative forms as the

corresponding irregular adjectives:

far farther or further farthest or furthest

b Positive forms of adverbs used in comparisons

The constructions employed when adverbs are used in comparisons are very similar to those employed when adjectives are used in comparisons

i The construction with As As

When used in making comparisons, the positive form of an adverb is usually preceded

and followed by as This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

Her eyes shone as brightly as stars

If desired, an adverb may be placed before the first occurrence of as:

adverb + as + positive form + as

I can run twice as fast as you can Her eyes shone almost as brightly as stars

ii Ellipsis

Ellipsis is often employed in comparisons using adverbs For instance, in the second half

of such comparisons, instead of repeating the verb, the first auxiliary may be used, or the verb may be omitted entirely In the following examples, the words which would usually

be omitted are enclosed in square brackets

e.g I can run as fast as you can [run]

He moves as slowly as a snail [moves]

Her eyes shone as brightly as stars [shine]

c Comparative forms of adverbs used in comparisons

i The construction with Than

When used in making comparisons, the comparative form of an adverb is usually

followed by than This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

He can swim farther than I can

She sings more beautifully than her sister does

As is the case with comparisons using adjectives, comparisons using adverbs can be combined with phrases or clauses

e.g She performs better in front of an audience than she does in rehearsal.

They walked faster when they were on their way to school than they did

when they were on their way home

In the first example, the two situations being compared are distinguished by the phrases

in front of an audience and in rehearsal In the second example, the two situations being compared are distinguished by the clauses when they were on their way to school and when they were on their way home The use of ellipsis should be noted In the first example, the auxiliary does is used instead of repeating the verb performs In the second example, the auxiliary did is used instead of repeating the verb walked.

See Exercise 6

ii Progressive comparisons

The comparative forms of adverbs can be used in progressive comparisons For adverbs

with the ending er, the following construction is used:

comparative form + and + comparative form

e.g The plane flew higher and higher

The team performed better and better

The meanings expressed in these examples can also be expressed as follows:

e.g The plane flew increasingly high

The team performed increasingly well

For adverbs which form the comparative with more, the following construction is used:

more + and + more + positive form

He solved the problems more and more easily

We visited them more and more frequently

The meanings expressed in these examples can also be expressed as follows:

e.g He solved the problems increasingly easily

We visited them increasingly frequently

iii The construction with Less and Less

A similar construction, employing the expression less and less, can also be used The expressions less and less and more and more have opposite meanings.

less + and + less + positive form

He solved the problems less and less easily

We visited them less and less frequently

The meanings expressed in these examples can also be expressed as follows:

e.g He solved the problems decreasingly easily

We visited them decreasingly frequently

See Exercise 7.

iv The construction with The , the

Two clauses, each beginning with the, and each containing a comparative form of an

adjective or adverb, can be used together in order to indicate a cause and effect

relationship between two different things or events This construction is summarized below, followed by examples

comparative 1st part of comparative 2nd part of

The + form of adverb + comparison, + the + form of adverb + comparison

The more they eat, the fatter they get

The faster we skated, the warmer we felt

The following are further examples of the use of this type of construction In these examples, the comparative forms are underlined

e.g The more cleverly we hid the Easter eggs, the more enthusiastically the children

searched for them

The more I scold her, the worse she behaves.

As shown in the examples, in this type of construction the two clauses beginning with the

must be separated by a comma

d Superlative forms of adverbs used in comparisons

i The construction with The

When used in making comparisons, the superlative form of an adverb is usually preceded

by the This construction is summarized below, followed by examples.

the + superlative form

He jumped the highest of all the boys in the class

Our team plays the best of all the teams in the league

They sing the most sweetly of all the choirs I have heard

See Exercises 8 and 9

In the case of adverbs which form the superlative with the ending est, the superlative is sometimes preceded by a possessive adjective, instead of by the definite article, the In

the following examples, the possessive adjectives are printed in bold type

e.g He ran his fastest.

I did my best.

ii The construction with The Least

Adverbs may also be preceded by the expression the least This construction is