Machinery''''s Handbook P1

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A REFERENCE BOOK

FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER,

MANUFACTURING ENGINEER, DRAFTSMAN,

TOOLMAKER, AND MACHINIST

Machinery’s Handbook

BY ERIK OBERG, FRANKLIN D JONES,

HOLBROOK L HORTON, AND HENRY H RYFFEL

CHRISTOPHER J MCCAULEY, EDITOR

RICCARDO M HEALD, ASSOCIATE EDITOR

MUHAMMED IQBAL HUSSAIN, ASSOCIATE EDITOR

2004

INDUSTRIAL PRESS INC

NEW YORK

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Oberg, Erik, 1881—1951

Machinery's Handbook

2640 p

Includes index.

I Mechanical engineering—Handbook, manuals, etc.

I Jones, Franklin Day, 1879-1967

II Horton, Holbrook Lynedon, 1907-2001

III Ryffel, Henry H I920- IV Title

TJ151.0245 2000 621.8'0212 72-622276

ISBN 0-8311-2700-7 (Toolbox Thumb Indexed 11.7 x 17.8 cm)

ISBN 0-8311-2711-2 (Large Print Thumb Indexed 17.8 x 25.4 cm)

INDUSTRIAL PRESS, INC.

200 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10016-4078

MACHINERY'S HANDBOOK

27th Edition First Printing

COPYRIGHT

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Machinery's Handbook has served as the principal reference work in metalworking,

design and manufacturing facilities, and in technical schools and colleges throughout the world, for more than 90 years of continuous publication Throughout this period, the inten-

tion of the Handbook editors has always been to create a comprehensive and practical tool,

combining the most basic and essential aspects of sophisticated manufacturing practice A tool to be used in much the same way that other tools are used, to make and repair products

of high quality, at the lowest cost, and in the shortest time possible.

The essential basics, material that is of proven and everlasting worth, must always be

included if the Handbook is to continue to provide for the needs of the manufacturing

com-munity But, it remains a difficult task to select suitable material from the almost unlimited supply of data pertaining to the manufacturing and mechanical engineering fields, and to provide for the needs of design and production departments in all sizes of manufacturing plants and workshops, as well as those of job shops, the hobbyist, and students of trade and technical schools

The editors rely to a great extent on conversations and written communications with

users of the Handbook for guidance on topics to be introduced, revised, lengthened,

short-ened, or omitted In response to such suggestions, in recent years material on logarithms, trigonometry, and sine-bar constants have been restored after numerous requests for these topics Also at the request of users, in 1997 the first ever large-print or “desktop” edition of

the Handbook was published, followed in 1998 by the publication of Machinery's book CD-ROM including hundreds of additional pages of material restored from earlier

Hand-editions The large-print and CD-ROM editions have since become permanent additions to

the growing family of Machinery's Handbook products.

Regular users of the Handbook will quickly discover some of the many changes ied in the present edition One is the combined Mechanics and Strength of Materials section, arising out of the two former sections of similar name; another is the Index of Standards, intended to assist in locating standards information “Old style” numerals, in

embod-continuous use in the first through twenty-fifth editions, are now used only in the index for page references, and in cross reference throughout the text The entire text of this edition, including all the tables and equations, has been reset, and a great many of the numerous figures have been redrawn This edition contains more information than ever before, and sixty-four additional pages brings the total length of the book to 2704 pages, the longest

Handbook ever.

The 27th edition of the Handbook contains significant format changes and major

revi-sions of existing content, as well as new material on a variety of topics The detailed tables

of contents located at the beginning of each section have been expanded and fine tuned to simplify locating your topic; numerous major sections have been extensively reworked

and renovated throughout, including Mathematics, Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Properties of Materials, Fasteners, Threads and Threading, and Unit Conversions New

material includes fundamentals of basic math operations, engineering economic analysis, matrix operations, disc springs, constants for metric sine-bars, additional screw thread data and information on obscure and historical threads, aerodynamic lubrication, high speed machining, grinding feeds and speeds, machining econometrics, metalworking fluids, ISO surface texture, pipe welding, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, gearing, and EDM.

Other subjects in the Handbook that are new or have been revised, expanded, or updated

are: analytical geometry, formulas for circular segments, construction of four-arc ellipse, geometry of rollers on a shaft, mechanisms, additional constants for measuring weight of piles, Ohm’s law, binary multiples, force on inclined planes, and measurement over pins The large-print edition is identical to the traditional toolbox edition, but the size is increased by a comfortable 140% for easier reading, making it ideal as a desktop reference Other than size, there are no differences between the toolbox and large-print editions.

PREFACE

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PREFACE

The Machinery's Handbook 27 CD-ROM contains the complete contents of the printed

edition, presented in Adobe Acrobat PDF format This popular and well known format enables viewing and printing of pages, identical to those of the printed book, rapid search- ing, and the ability to magnify the view of any page Navigation aids in the form of thou- sands of clickable bookmarks, page cross references, and index entries take you instantly

to any page referenced.

The CD contains additional material that is not included in the toolbox or large print tions, including an extensive index of materials referenced in the Handbook, numerous useful mathematical tables, sine-bar constants for sine-bars of various lengths, material on cement and concrete, adhesives and sealants, recipes for coloring and etching metals, forge shop equipment, silent chain, worm gearing and other material on gears, and other topics Also new on the CD are numerous interactive math problems Solutions are accessed from the CD by clicking an icon, located in the page margin adjacent to a covered problem, (see figure shown here) An internet connection is required to use these problems The list

edi-of interactive math solutions currently available can be found in the Index edi-of Interactive Equations, starting on page2689 Additional interactive solutions will be added from time

to time as the need becomes clear.

Those users involved in aspects of machining and grinding will be interested in the topics

Machining Econometrics and Grinding Feeds and Speeds, presented in the Machining

sec-tion The core of all manufacturing methods start with the cutting edge and the metal removal process Improving the control of the machining process is a major component

necessary to achieve a Lean chain of manufacturing events These sections describe the

means that are necessary to get metal cutting processes under control and how to properly evaluate the decision making.

A major goal of the editors is to make the Handbook easier to use The 27th edition of the Handbook continues to incorporate the timesaving thumb tabs, much requested by users in

the past The table of contents pages beginning each major section, first introduced for the 25th edition, have proven very useful to readers Consequently, the number of contents pages has been increased to several pages each for many of the larger sections, to more

thoroughly reflect the contents of these sections In the present edition, the Plastics tion, formerly a separate thumb tab, has been incorporated into the Properties of Materials

sec-section A major task in assembling this edition has been the expansion and reorganization

of the index For the first time, most of the many Standards referenced in the Handbook are now included in a separate Index Of Standards starting on page2677

The editors are greatly indebted to readers who call attention to possible errors and

defects in the Handbook, who offer suggestions concerning the omission of some matter

that is considered to be of general value, or who have technical questions concerning the

solution of difficult or troublesome Handbook problems Such dialog is often invaluable

and helps to identify topics that require additional clarification or are the source of reader

confusion Queries involving Handbook material usually entail an in depth review of the topic in question, and may result in the addition of new material to the Handbook intended

to resolve or clarify the issue The new material on the mass moment of inertia of hollow circular rings, page 248, and on the effect of temperature on the radius of thin circular rings, page 405, are good examples

Our goal is to increase the usefulness of the Handbook to the greatest extent possible All

criticisms and suggestions about revisions, omissions, or inclusion of new material, and requests for assistance with manufacturing problems encountered in the shop are always welcome.

Christopher J McCauley, Senior Editor

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The editors would like to acknowledge all those who contributed ideas, suggestions, and

criticisms concerning the Handbook

Most importantly, we thank the readers who have contacted us with suggestions for new

topics to present in this edition of the Handbook We are grateful for your continuing structive suggestions and criticisms with regard to Handbook topics and presentation.

con-Your comments for this edition, as well as past and future ones are invaluable, and well appreciated.

Special thanks are also extended to current and former members of our staff, the talented engineers, recent-graduates, who performed much of the fact checking, calculations, art- work, and standards verification involved in preparing the printed and CD-ROM editions

of the Handbook.

Many thanks to Janet Romano for her great Handbook cover designs Her printing, aging, and production expertise are irreplacable, continuing the long tradition of Hand- book quality and ruggedness.

pack-Many of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards that deal with

mechanical engineering, extracts from which are included in the Handbook, are published

by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and we are grateful for their permission to quote extracts and to update the information contained in the standards, based on the revisions regularly carried out by the ASME

ANSI Standards are copyrighted by the publisher Information regarding current tions of any of these Standards can be obtained from ASME International, Three Park Ave- nue, New York, NY 10016, or by contacting the American National Standards Institute, West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017, from whom current copies may be purchased Additional information concerning Standards nomenclature and other Standards bodies that may be of interest is located on page 2079.

edi-Several individuals in particular, contributed substantial amounts of time and tion to this edition.

informa-Mr David Belforte, for his thorough contribution on lasers.

Manfred K Brueckner, for his excellent presentation of formulas for circular segments, and for the material on construction of the four-arc oval.

Dr Bertil Colding, provided extensive material on grinding speeds, feeds, depths of cut, and tool life for a wide range of materials He also provided practical information on machining econometrics, including tool wear and tool life and machining cost relation- ships.

Mr Edward Craig contributed information on welding.

Dr Edmund Isakov, contributed material on coned disc springs as well as numerous other suggestions related to hardness scales, material properties, and other topics.

Mr Sidney Kravitz, a frequent contributor, provided additional data on weight of piles, excellent proof reading assistance, and many useful comments and suggestions concerning many topics throughout the book.

Mr Richard Kuzmack, for his contributions on the subject of dividing heads, and tions to the tables of dividing head indexing movements.

addi-Mr Robert E Green, as editor emeritus, contributed much useful, well organized rial to this edition He also provided invaluable practical guidance to the editorial staff dur-

mate-ing the Handbook’s compilation.

Finally, Industrial Press is extremely fortunate that Mr Henry H Ryffel, author and

edi-tor of Machinery’s Handbook, continues to be deeply involved with the Handbook.

Henry’s ideas, suggestions, and vision are deeply appreciated by everyone who worked on this book.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Guide to the Use of Tables and

Formulas in Machinery’s Handbook

27th Edition

BY JOHN M AMISS, FRANKLIN D JONES, AND

HENRY H RYFFEL

CHRISTOPHER J MCCAULEY, EDITOR

RICCARDO HEALD, ASSOCIATE EDITOR

MUHAMMED IQBAL HUSSAIN, ASSOCIATE EDITOR

2004

INDUSTRIAL PRESS INC

NEW YORK

Guide to Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Amiss, John Milton, 1887-1968

Guide to the use of tables and formulas in Machinery’s Handbook, 27th edition

by John M Amiss, Franklin D Jones, and Henry H Ryffel; Christopher J ley, editor; Riccardo Heald, associate editor; Muhammed Iqbal Hussain, associate editor

McCau-264 p 12.1 × 17.8 cm.

Cover title: Machinery’s handbook 27th guide.

Cover title: Machinery’s handbook twenty seventh guide.

This book should be used in conjunction with the twenty-seventh edition of Machinery’s Handbook.

ISBN 0-8311-2799-6

ISBN 0-8311-2788-0 (electronic edition with math)

1 Mechanical engineering—Handbook, manuals, etc I Title: Machinery’s handbook 27 guide II Machinery’s handbook twenty seventh guide III Jones, Franklin Day, 1879-1967 IV Ryffel, Henry H I920- V McCauley, Christopher J.

VI Heald, Riccardo VII Hussain, Muhammed Iqbal VIII Machinery’s book 27th edition IX Title.

Hand-TJ151.A445 2000

INDUSTRIAL PRESS, INC.

200 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10016-4078

MACHINERY'S HANDBOOK GUIDE

27th Edition First Printing

Printed and bound in the United States of America by

National Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

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THE PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK

An engineering handbook is an essential part of the equipment

of practically all engineers, machine designers, draftsmen, toolengineers and skilled mechanics in machine shops and toolrooms.The daily use of such a book, with its various tables and generaldata, saves a lot of time and labor To obtain the full value of anyhandbook, however, the user must know enough about the contents

to apply the tables, formulas, and other data, whenever they can beused to advantage

One purpose of this Guide, which is based on MACHINERY’S

HANDBOOK, is to show by examples, solutions, and test questionstypical applications of handbook information in both draftingrooms and machine shops Another function is to familiarize engi-neering students or other users with the HANDBOOK’S contents Athird objective is to provide test questions and drill work that willenable the HANDBOOK user, through practice, to obtain therequired information quickly and easily

MACHINERY’S HANDBOOK, as with all other handbooks, sents information in condensed form so that a large variety of sub-jects can be covered in a single volume Because of this condensedtreatment, any engineering handbook must be primarily a work ofreference rather than a textbook, and the practical application ofsome parts will not always be apparent, especially to those whohave had little experience in engineering work The questions andexamples in this book are intended not only to supplement some ofthe HANDBOOK material, but also to stimulate interest both in thoseparts that are used frequently and in the more special sections thatmay be very valuable even though seldom required

pre-Guide to Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

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THE METRIC SYSTEM

MACHINERY’S HANDBOOK contains a considerable amount ofmetric material in terms of texts, tables, and formulas This mate-rial is included because much of the world now uses the metricsystem, also known as the Système International (SI), and themovement in that direction continues in all countries that intend tocompete in the international marketplace, including the UnitedStates

An explanation of the SI metric system is found on Handbook

pages 142 to 144 and 2544 to 2548 A brief history is given of thedevelopment of this system, and a description is provided for each

of its seven basic units Factors and prefixes for forming decimalmultiples and submultiples of the SI units also are shown Anothertable lists SI units with complex names and provides symbols forthem

Tables of SI units and conversion factors appear on pages 2549

through 2587 Factors are provided for converting English units tometric units, or vice versa, and cover units of length, area, volume(including capacity), velocity, acceleration, flow, mass, density,force, force per unit length, bending moment or torque, moment ofinertia, section modulus, momentum, pressure, stress, energy,work, power, and viscosity By using the factors in these tables, it

is a simple matter of multiplication to convert from one system ofunits to the other Where the conversion factors are exact, they aregiven to only 3 or 4 significant figures, but where they are notexact they are given to 7 significant figures to permit the maximumdegree of accuracy to be obtained that is ordinarily required in themetalworking field

To avoid the need to use some of the conversion factors, variousconversion tables are given on pages 2550 through 2579 Thetables for length conversion on pages 2550 to 2562 will probably

be the most frequently used Two different types of tables areshown The two tables on page 2553 facilitate converting lengths

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up to 100 inches into millimeters, in steps of one ten-thousandth of

an inch; and up to 1000 millimeters to inches, in steps of a sandth of a millimeter

thou-The table starting on page 2554 enables converting fractionsand mixed number lengths up to 41 inches into millimeters, insteps of one sixty-fourth of an inch

To make possible such a wide range in a compact table, thereader often must take two or more numbers from the table and addthem together, as is explained in the accompanying text The tablesstarting on page 2556 and 2558 have a much more limited range ofconversion for inches to millimeters and millimeters to inches.However, these table have the advantage of being direct-reading;that is, only a single value is taken from the table, and no addition

is required

For those who are engaged in design work where it is necessary

to do computations in the fields of mechanics and strength of rials, a considerable amount of guidance will be found for the use

mate-of metric units Thus, beginning on Handbook page 141, the use ofthe metric SI system in mechanics calculations is explained indetail In succeeding pages, boldface type is used to highlight ref-erences to metric units in the combined Mechanics and Strength ofMaterials section Metric formulas are provided also, to parallelthe formulas for English units

As another example, on page 213, it is explained in boldfacetype that SI metric units can be applied in the calculations in place

of the English units of measurement without changes to the las for simple stresses

formu-The reader also should be aware that certain tables in the book, such as that on page 71, which gives values for segments ofcircles for a radius = 1, can be used for either English or metricunits, as is indicated directly under the table heading There areother instances, however, where separate tables are needed, such

Hand-as are shown on pages 1018 to 1021 for the conversion of tions per minute, into cutting speed in feet per minute on pages

revolu-1018 and 1019, and into cutting speed in meters per minute on

pages 1020 and 1021

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The metric material in the Handbook will provide considerableuseful data and assistance to engineers and technicians who arerequired to use metric units of measurements It is strongly sug-gested that all readers, whether or not they are using metric units atthe present time, become familiar with the SI System by readingthe explanatory material in the Handbook and by studying the SIunits and the ways of converting English units to them

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The Purpose Of This Book vii The Metric System viii

1 Dimensions And Areas Of Circles 1

2 Chordal Dimensions, Segments, And Spheres 4

3 Formulas And Their Rearrangement 8

4 Spreadsheet Calculations 22

5 Calculations Involving Logarithms Of Numbers 32

6 Dimensions, Areas, And Volumes Of Geometrical Figures 42

7 Geometrical Propositions And Constructions 46

8 Functions Of Angles 50

9 Solution Of Right-angle Triangles 58

10 Solution of Oblique Triangles 78

11 Figuring Tapers 88

12 Tolerances And Allowances For Machine Parts 94

13 Using Standards Data And Information 108

14 Standard Screw And Pipe Threads 113

15 Problems In Mechanics 122

16 Strength Of Materials 138

17 Design Of Shafts And Keys For Power Transmission 150

18 Splines 159

19 Problems In Designing And Cutting Gears 169

20 Cutting Speeds, Feeds, And Machining Power 196

21 Numerical Control 205

22 General Review Questions 212

23 Answers To Practice Exercises 221 INDEX 254

CONTENTS

Machinery's Handbook Guide 27th Edition

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vii Each section has a detailed Table of Contents or Index located on the page indicated

COPYRIGHT iv PREFACE v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix MATHEMATICS 1

• NUMBERS, FRACTIONS, AND DECIMALS • ALGEBRA AND

EQUATIONS • GEOMETRY • SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES

• LOGARITHMS • MATRICES • ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 138

• MECHANICS • VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, WORK, AND ENERGY

• FLYWHEELS • STRENGTH OF MATERIALS • PROPERTIES OF BODIES • BEAMS • COLUMNS • PLATES, SHELLS, AND

CYLINDERS • SHAFTS • SPRINGS • DISC SPRINGS • WIRE ROPE, CHAIN,

ROPE, AND HOOKS

PROPERTIES, TREATMENT, AND TESTING OF MATERIALS 396

• THE ELEMENTS, HEAT, MASS, AND WEIGHT • PROPERTIES OF WOOD, CERAMICS, PLASTICS, METALS, WATER, AND AIR

• STANDARD STEELS • TOOL STEELS • HARDENING, TEMPERING, AND ANNEALING • NONFERROUS ALLOYS • PLASTICS

DIMENSIONING, GAGING, AND MEASURING 629

• DRAFTING PRACTICES • ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES FOR FITS • MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND INSPECTION METHODS

• SURFACE TEXTURE

TOOLING AND TOOLMAKING 746

• CUTTING TOOLS • CEMENTED CARBIDES • FORMING TOOLS

• MILLING CUTTERS • REAMERS • TWIST DRILLS AND

COUNTERBORES • TAPS AND THREADING DIES • STANDARD TAPERS • ARBORS, CHUCKS, AND SPINDLES • BROACHES AND BROACHING • FILES AND BURS • TOOL WEAR AND SHARPENING

• JIGS AND FIXTURES

MACHINING OPERATIONS 1005

• CUTTING SPEEDS AND FEEDS • SPEED AND FEED TABLES

• ESTIMATING SPEEDS AND MACHINING POWER • MACHINING ECONOMETRICS • SCREW MACHINE FEEDS AND SPEEDS

• CUTTING FLUIDS • MACHINING NONFERROUS METALS AND METALLIC MATERIALS • GRINDING FEEDS AND SPEEDS

NON-• GRINDING AND OTHER ABRASIVE PROCESSES NON-• KNURLS AND KNURLING • MACHINE TOOL ACCURACY • NUMERICAL

CONTROL • NUMERICAL CONTROL PROGRAMMING • CAD/CAM

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 1326

• PUNCHES, DIES, AND PRESS WORK • ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING • IRON AND STEEL CASTINGS • SOLDERING AND BRAZING • WELDING • LASERS • FINISHING OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTSMachinery's Handbook 27th Edition

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

viii Each section has a detailed Table of Contents or Index located on the page indicated

FASTENERS 1473

• NAILS, SPIKES, AND WOOD SCREWS • RIVETS AND RIVETED

JOINTS • TORQUE AND TENSION IN FASTENERS • INCH

THREADED FASTENERS • METRIC THREADED FASTENERS

• BRITISH FASTENERS • MACHINE SCREWS AND NUTS • CAP AND SET SCREWS • SELF-THREADING SCREWS • T-SLOTS, BOLTS, AND NUTS • PINS AND STUDS • RETAINING RINGS • WING NUTS, WING SCREWS, AND THUMB SCREWS

THREADS AND THREADING 1721

• SCREW THREAD SYSTEMS • UNIFIED SCREW THREADS

• METRIC SCREW THREADS • ACME SCREW THREADS • BUTTRESS THREADS • WHITWORTH THREADS • PIPE AND HOSE THREADS

• OTHER THREADS • MEASURING SCREW THREADS • TAPPING AND THREAD CUTTING • THREAD ROLLING • THREAD

GRINDING • THREAD MILLING • SIMPLE, COMPOUND,

DIFFERENTIAL, AND BLOCK INDEXING

GEARS, SPLINES, AND CAMS 2026

• GEARS AND GEARING • HYPOID AND BEVEL GEARING • WORM GEARING • HELICAL GEARING • OTHER GEAR TYPES • CHECKING GEAR SIZES • GEAR MATERIALS • SPLINES AND SERRATIONS

• CAMS AND CAM DESIGN

MACHINE ELEMENTS 2214

• PLAIN BEARINGS • BALL, ROLLER, AND NEEDLE BEARINGS

• STANDARD METAL BALLS • LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION

• COUPLINGS AND CLUTCHES • FRICTION BRAKES • KEYS AND KEYSEATS • FLEXIBLE BELTS AND SHEAVES • TRANSMISSION CHAINS • STANDARDS FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS • ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS • MOTION CONTROL • O-RINGS • ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS, WIRE, AND SHEET-METAL GAGES • PIPE AND PIPE

FITTINGS

MEASURING UNITS 2539

• SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS • MEASURING UNITS • U.S

SYSTEM AND METRIC SYSTEM CONVERSIONS

INDEX 2588 INDEX OF STANDARDS 2677 INDEX OF INTERACTIVE EQUATIONS 2689 INDEX OF MATERIALS 2694 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FROM THE CD 2741

• MATHEMATICS • CEMENT, CONCRETE, LUTES, ADHESIVES, AND SEALANTS • SURFACE TREATMENTS FOR METALS

• MANUFACTURING • SYMBOLS FOR DRAFTING • FORGE SHOP EQUIPMENT • SILENT OR INVERTED TOOTH CHAIN • GEARS AND GEARING • MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

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SECTION 1 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS OF CIRCLES

HANDBOOK Pages 66 and 76

Circumferences of circles are used in calculating speeds ofrotating machine parts, including drills, reamers, milling cutters,grinding wheels, gears, and pulleys These speeds are variouslyreferred to as surface speed, circumferential speed, and peripheralspeed; meaning for each, the distance that a point on the surface orcircumference would travel in one minute This distance usually isexpressed as feet per minute Circumferences are also required incalculating the circular pitch of gears, laying out involute curves,finding the lengths of arcs, and in solving many geometrical prob-lems Letters from the Greek alphabet frequently are used to desig-nate angles, and the Greek letter π (pi) always is used to indicatethe ratio between the circumference and the diameter of a circle:

For most practical purposes the value of π = 3.1416 may be used

Example 1:Find the circumference and area of a circle whose

diameter is 8 inches

On Handbook page 66, the circumference C of a circle is given

as 3.1416d Therefore, 3.1416 × 8 = 25.1328 inches

On the same page, the area is given as 0.7854d2 Therefore, A

(area) = 0.7854 × 82 = 0.7854 × 64 = 50.2656 square inches

Example 2: From page 76 of the Handbook, the area of a

cylin-drical surface equals S = 3.1416 × d × h For a diameter of 8 inches

and a height of 10 inches, the area is 3.1416 × 8 × 10 = 251.328square inches

Example 3: For the cylinder in Example 2 but with the area ofboth ends included, the total area is the sum of the area found in

Example 2 plus two times the area found in Example 1 Thus,

π 3.14159265… circumference of circle

diameter of circle -

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DIMENSIONS AND AREAS OF CIRCLES

2

251.328 + 2 × 50.2656 = 351.8592 square inches The same resultcould have been obtained by using the formula for total area given

on Handbook page 76: A = 3.1416 × d × (1⁄2d + h) = 3.1416 × 8 ×(1⁄2× 8 + 10) = 351.8592 square inches

Example 4:If the circumference of a tree is 96 inches, what is its

diameter? Since the circumference of a circle C = 3.1416 × d, 96 =

3.1416 × d so that d = 96 ÷ 3.1416 = 30.558 inches.

Example 5:The tables starting on page 1018 of the Handbookprovides values of revolutions per minute required producing vari-ous cutting speeds for workpieces of selected diameters How arethese speeds calculated? Cutting speed in feet per minute is calcu-lated by multiplying the circumference in feet of a workpiece bythe rpm of the spindle: cutting speed in fpm = circumference infeet × rpm By transposing this formula as explained in Formulas

And Their Rearrangement starting on page 8,

For a 3-inch diameter workpiece (1⁄4-foot diameter) and for a ting speed of 40 fpm, rpm = 40 ÷ (3.1416 × 1⁄4) = 50.92 = 51 rpm, approximately, which is the same as the value given on page 1018

cut-of the Handbook

PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR SECTION 1

(See Answers to Practice Exercises For Section 1 on page 221)1) Find the area and circumference of a circle 10 mm in diameter.2) On Handbook page 1020, for a 5-mm diameter tool or work-piece rotating at 318 rpm, the corresponding cutting speed is given

as 5 meters per minute Check this value

3) For a cylinder 100 mm in diameter and 10 mm high, what isthe surface area not including the top or bottom?

4) A steel column carrying a load of 10,000 pounds has a ter of 10 inches What is the pressure on the floor in pounds persquare inch?

diame-5) What is the ratio of the area of a square of any size to the area

of a circle having the same diameter as one side of the square?

rpm cutting speed, fpmcircumference in feet -

=

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DIMENSIONS AND AREAS OF CIRCLES 36) What is the ratio of the area of a square of any size to the area

of a circle having the same diameter as one side of the square? 7) The drilling speed for cast iron is assumed to be 70 feet perminute Find the time required to drill two holes in each of 500castings if each hole has a diameter of 3⁄4 inch and is 1 inch deep.Use 0.010 inch feed and allow one-fourth minute per hole forsetup

8) Find the weight of a cast-iron column 10 inches in diameterand 10 feet high Cast iron weighs 0.26 pound per cubic inch.9) If machine steel has a tensile strength of 55,000 pounds persquare inch, what should be the diameter of a rod to support 36,000pounds if the safe working stress is assumed to be one-fifth of thetensile strength?

10) Moving the circumference of a 16-inch automobile flywheel

2 inches moves the camshaft through how many degrees? (Thecamshaft rotates at one-half the flywheel speed.)

11) The tables beginning on Handbook page 990 give lengths ofchords for spacing off circumferences of circles into equal parts Isanother method available?

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SECTION 2 CHORDAL DIMENSIONS, SEGMENTS, AND

SPHERES

HANDBOOK Pages 78, 71, and 989— 991

A chord of a circle is the distance along a straight line from onepoint to any other point on the circumference A segment of a cir-cle is that part or area between a chord and the arc it intercepts.The lengths of chords and the dimensions and areas of segmentsare often required in mechanical work

Lengths of Chords.—The table of chords, Handbook page 990,can be applied to a circle of any diameter as explained and illus-trated by examples on that page This table is given to six decimalplaces so that it can be used in connection with precision toolwork

Example 1:A circle has 56 equal divisions and the chordal

dis-tance from one division to the next is 2.156 inches What is thediameter of the circle?

The chordal length in the table for 56 divisions and a diameter

of 1 equals 0.05607; therefore, in this example,

Example 2:A drill jig is to have eight holes equally spaced

around a circle 6 inches in diameter How can the chordal distancebetween adjacent holes be determined when the table, Handbook

page 990, is not available?

One-half the angle between the radial center lines of adjacentholes = 180 ÷ number of holes If the sine of this angle is multi-plied by the diameter of the circle, the product equals the chordaldistance In this example, we have 180 ÷ 8 = 22.5 degrees Thesine of 22.5 degrees from a calculator is 0.38268; hence, the

2.156 = 0.05607×diameterDiameter 2.156

0.05607 38.452 inches

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CHORDS AND SEGMENTS 5chordal distance = 0.38268 × 6 = 2.296 inches The result is thesame as would be obtained with the table on Handbook page 990

because the figures in the column “Length of the Chord” representthe sines of angles equivalent to 180 divided by the different num-bers of spaces

Use of the Table of Segments of Circles—Handbook

page 71 —This table is of the unit type in that the values all apply

to a radius of 1 As explained above the table, the value for anyother radius can be obtained by multiplying the figures in the table

by the given radius For areas, the square of the given radius is

used Thus, the unit type of table is universal in its application

Example 3:Find the area of a segment of a circle, the center angle

of which is 57 degrees, and the radius 21⁄2 inches

First locate 57 degrees in the center angle column; opposite thisfigure in the area column will be found 0.0781 Since the area isrequired, this number is multiplied by the square of 21⁄2 Thus,0.0781 × (21⁄2)2 = 0.488 square inch

Example 4:A cylindrical oil tank is 41⁄2 feet in diameter, 10 feetlong, and is in a horizontal position When the depth of the oil is 3feet, 8 inches, what is the number of gallons of oil?

The total capacity of the tank equals 0.7854 × (41⁄2)2× 10 = 159cubic feet One U.S gallon equals 0.1337 cubic foot (see Hand-book page 2566); hence, the total capacity of the tank equals 159 ÷0.1337 = 1190 gallons

The unfilled area at the top of the tank is a segment having aheight of 10 inches or 10⁄27 (0.37037) of the tank radius The nearestdecimal equivalent to 10⁄27 in Column h of the table starting on

page 71 is 0.3707; hence, the number of cubic feet in the shaped space = (272× 0.401 × 120) ÷ 1728 = 20.3 cubic feet and20.3 ÷ 0.1337 = 152 gallons Therefore, when the depth of oil is 3feet, 8 inches, there are 1190 − 152 = 1038 gallons (See alsoHandbook page 61 for additional information on the capacity ofcylindrical tanks.)

segment-Spheres.—Handbook page 78 gives formulas for calculatingspherical volumes

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CHORDS AND SEGMENTS

PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR SECTION 2

(See Answers to Practice Exercises For Section 2 on page 221)1) Find the lengths of chords when the number of divisions of acircumference and the radii are as follows: 30 and 4; 14 and 21⁄2; 18and 31⁄2

2) Find the chordal distance between the graduations for sandths on the following dial indicators: (a) Starrett has 100 divi-sions and 13⁄8-inch dial (b) Brown & Sharpe has 100 divisions and

thou-13⁄4 inch dial (c) Ames has 50 divisions and 15⁄8 - inch dial.3) The teeth of gears are evenly spaced on the pitch circumfer-ence In making a drawing of a gear, how wide should the dividers

be set to space 28 teeth on a 3-inch diameter pitch circle?

4) In a drill jig, 8 holes, each 1⁄2 inch diameter, were spaced evenly

on a 6-inch diameter circle To test the accuracy of the jig, plugswere placed in adjacent holes, and the distance over the plugs wasmeasured with a micrometer What should be the micrometer read-ing?

5) In the preceding problem, what should be the distance overplugs placed in alternate holes?

6) What is the length of the arc of contact of a belt over a pulley 2feet, 3 inches in diameter if the arc of contact is 215 degrees?7) Find the areas, lengths, and heights of chords of the followingsegments: (a) radius 2 inches, angle 45 degrees; (b) radius 6inches, angle 27 degrees

Tiêu đề	Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition
Tác giả	Erik Oberg, Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton, Henry H. Ryffel
Người hướng dẫn	Christopher J. McCauley, Editor, Riccardo M. Heald, Associate Editor, Muhammed Iqbal Hussain, Associate Editor
Trường học	Industrial Press Inc.
Chuyên ngành	Mechanical Engineering
Thể loại	reference book
Năm xuất bản	2004
Thành phố	New York

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