Trong tieng Viet cung co nhtrng each ndi so sanh, nhung chiing toi chu truong khdng so sanh vdi tieng Viet d phln nghien ciiu nay, ma chi tim ra nhung mlu cau tilng Viet tuong duong [r]
Trang 1CAC HINH THUrc SO SANH TRONG TIENG NHAT
TRAN SON'
Cac hinh thiic so sanh hay clcb noi so
sanh giira cai nay vdi cai kia, giira
viec nay vdi viec kia ve kha nang, sd thich,
thdi gian, miic do v.v trong tilng Nhat
phan ldn dugc sir dung cac mau cau dl diln
ta Vi d u :
Kydwa kindyori atsui deusu (Hom nay
nong hon hdm qua)
Supdtsuno nakade naniga ichiban suki
deusu ka ?
(Trong cac mdn the thao, ban thich mon
nao nhat ?)
Khi tra Idi cau bdi tren thudng chi tra Idi
ve sau la "ban thich mon nao nhat?" sakkaga
ichiban suki desu "Tdi thich nhat mon bdng
da" Tire la chi can chiing ta thay the tir nghi
van "nani"(mdn nao) bang "bdng da" con
toan bg mau cau van gitr nguyen Nhu vay,
hinh thirc so sanh trong tieng Nhat diing cac
mau cau de dien ta cac dang so sanh, cho
nen ngudi hgc can nam vtrng cac dang mau
cau de noi, hdi va tra Idi Neu ngudi hgc
nam chae cac dang mau cau ma chung toi se
gidi thieu sau day tbi chae chan cac ban se
cam thay tilng Nhat " k l ra cung khong den
noi ", tham chi khi sii dung dugc se cam
thay de dang va thii vj
Sau day la cac dang mau cau so sanh ve
sd thich, kha nang, mire do tir don gian den
phire tap
' Ph6 giao su, Tidn sT, Trirong Dai hpc Ngoai Thirong
I Dung mau cau
1 ~ { i ~ i i 9 ih) ~
Day la hinh thirc so sanh trang thai nay vdi trang thai khac Hinh thirc nay thong
thudng khdng diing dgng phii djnh
V i d u : a ) ^ B d B ^ B J: ^m^'^'-C'-t
Hdm nay dm han hdm qua
b) B:^mit^mmx'omL\^'v-r
Tieng Nhdt khd han tieng Trung Qudc
c) 6iHt^m(D^VtztlX K) h^<^
Bd tdi day sdm han mgi ngudi trong gia dinh
Chii y khong diing dang phu djnh : Vi du :
X mt5lX^)^<f^^t^A.o
2 ~ i t 9 ~ c ^ ( 5 5 i7!)K ^ ) ~
Day la hinh thirc so sanh ve sd thich, mire
do Cai sau quan trgng bon cai trudc Chu y
trudng hgp nay cung khdng dimg dgng
phii djnh
Vi du :
a) mtihx ^U(D\^i mj^vi-Q Tdi thich bien han thich nui (Tdi thich ra bien han len nui)
Tdi hay udng bia han udng rirau
c) -< N-:h-A-^-{i, x - / < - ( 7 ) p " p t ) J ^
O Viet Nam hdng bdn a cha re han hdng bdn a sieu thi
Trang 2Mau cau tren cd the danh ddi ve tir
'\ yori no hdga '' sang " no hdga
yori " Hinh thirc so sanh giiia hai thii Cai
trudc cao hon cai sau Vi du :
a) mnm(D\^ o mmm^ ^ m^\
May bay nhanh han tau Shinkansen
b) mnU'<:'i'j<1jtK m t T i | - C l T <
Di tau Shinkansen tien han di may bay
i^ilLv\
Cha Hdn viet khd han dgc
3 ~ ^ ~ ^ E-hh (<Z)}5 5 ) ;a5~
Hinh thirc nay neu ra hai trudng hgp de
ngudi nghe lira chgn Khi tra ldi thudng chi
cln tra ldi v l sau, luge bdt ve trudc, hoac
ddng y ca hai thi diing mau "dochiramo "
hole ''dochirademo " Vidu :
a) hf£tim:r.^h='-^-t_ t^h
Hdng trd vd cd phe, anh thich dans ndo ?
Tdi thich cd phe
b) -HHIB ^ B B I B b}ihhtm^-h^^
Thir bdy vd chii nhgt anh rdnh hdm ndo ?
Hai ngay dd hdm ndo tdi ciing rdnh
c) '^-yiJ-^ir^(Dt^^(Dt }ih
Chai bdng da vd xem bdng da anh thich
ddng ndo ?
Tdi thich cd hai
4 N m Efl) t^ (^) \^h\th^
Hinh thiic nay ngudi ndi mudn the hien
thii gi (loai nao) hay nhlt hoac tdt nhlt trong
mgt pham vi nhlt djnh Trg tir "de" diing
trong mlu cau nay la chi pham vi Vi du :
a) (D^X\ m ^ — # ^ ? # T - i " / 0 \
Trong cdc loai hoa qua, bgn thich thir gi nhdt ? (thich nhdt thir gi?)
Tdi thich xodi nhdt (thich nhdt xodi)
b) ^—:3^^sv^6v^6fe'9^i"/5^ :L(D
Banh gatd cd nhieu loai, chi thdy loai ndo ngon nhdt ?
c) nrntyy^^^^-^^^^ ^i^
Dien thoai, FAX, mail, anh thdy ngirdi ta sir dung loai ndo nhieu nhdt ?
5.' ~(^< h^X« h-<.< h-^^t)
Hinh thiic nay khi trinh bay mdt viec nao
dd ta cd thi so sanh vdi viec khac de thay sir khae nhau Cach ndi nay cd thi chuyin sang each ndi d mlu cau 1 " wa yori (mo) "
V i d u : a) ^ ^ { l B t ¥ i ^ i b : 2 ^ ^(Dlh
So vdi nam ngoai, hinh nhu tinh hinh thu hoach liia nam nay khd han
b) ii:mt^'m_L^^ ¥i^#^;0^:S
Nir gidi cd tudi thg trung binh cao han nam gidi
Hoa mai so vdi hoa Anh dao thi thdi gian
nd ddi hem, cd mui tham han
6 ~ < p 3 V ^ / ^ f 3 ~ l 5 5 / 6 ^ ~
Mau cau nay ngudi ndi mudn so sanh viec minh khdng mudn va mudn bay td y mudn ciia minh Tat nhien ve sau la ve ngudi ndi thay can thiet va mong mudn Vi du :
a) g ^ ^ 5 / ^ < / ^ 5 < _ ^ w ^ -±n
72 NGHIEN CflTU OONG BflC fl SO 4(98) 4-2009
Trang 3Nghien cim khoa hgc
Niu mdt tu do thi cir sdng đc thdn sudt
đi cdn han
b) h/u^A:j^^(Drxm< < h\^^f£h
Neu phdi lam viec dirdi quyen dng Trirdng
cira hdng dy thi cir xin đi chd khac cdn an
c) z.hfimnf^'M.^^\^o <^^^i^
N£u phdi dung nhirng dung cu bdt tien
nhu the thi thd Idm bdng tay cdn nhanh han
7 ~ J ; ' 9 h ( t p L 6 ) ~
Hinh thirc nay diing d l so sanh giiia X va
Y {Xyorimo mushiro Y) thi Y d miic do ao
ban
V i d u :
a) @ f e ^ ^ t t 6 J : ' 9 t^ ( O L 6 ) ^ ^
Thd chit cdn han chiu nhuc
Vdo miia li hdi thi tjtd a nhd nghi thodi
mdi cdn han di du lich
c) f:M«J:<^^6^'r6;0\ m ^ E
Tinh hinh kinh ti chdng nhirng khdng tdt
len, nguac lai cdn xau dị
d) C - ^ * t J; 5 ^ ^ S o - C V ^ 5 t 5 ^ t - C •
Khdng phdi tdi dinh lam phien cdc anh,
nguac lai tdi mudn hap tdc vdi cdc anh
Cau c) va d) cd thi khdng dimg "yorimo"
ma chi diing "mushiro" thi trong cau tilng
Viet cd thi djch nghTa ''mushiro" Ik ""nguac
lar
8 ~ , ^ v ^ 9 c J : «9 ( t f U 6 ) ~
Hinh thirc nay diing d l so sanh each thi
hien hoac phan doan ve hai sir viec nao dọ
Co nghTa la each noi X cting dugc, nhung neu dem so sanh vdi Y thi each noi Y thoa dang hon Vi du :
a) i ? ^ > t $ ^ t t ^^(D%^t\^0i:V)
Anh Nomura gidng nhu la mdt cdn bd ngdn hdng hem Id mdt gido vien
b) ^(Dm^\^ - ^ # ^ r ^ t t ^ i ^ 9 J : " ) tix^-kK(Dfz.m^mt^fifz-x 9 fiv^^u
Cudn truyen tranh ndy la tdc phdm nhu la viet cho ngirdi ldn diins han Id đnh cho tre con
c) mtt^^^^f^^tz^t^^^ốọ
Chdng qua anh ta phdt bieu Id de td ra khd ndng ciia minh, diing han Id de gian hod sir tranh ludn
d) M ^ { i ^ A ^ V l 9 _ i J 2 ^ M ^ ^ f : V^<tV^9ilSC/'fo
Tdi cdm thdy cd ta đng yeu han Id mot ngudi dep
o{Sí) -r^t n^^-\^)
Mau cau nay diing trudc tinh tir, dgng tir
dl so sanh hai sir viec, hai trang thaị Sir viec, trang thai sau d miic cao hon nhieu so vdi sir viec, trang thai trudc Vi du :
a) MM(DB^^^ ^W^^'yTO}^
d In-đ-ne-xl-a mdt han nhieu so vdi d Nhdt Bdn trong miia hẹ
b)
m^^.^^D^^iiizM^i<%t'-^ m^^.^^D^^iiizM^i<%t'-^ f 5 o - C < t L § o
Dira em trai giiip đ viec nhd cdn tdt hom nhieu so vdi chi gal nd
NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl SO 4(98) 4-2009 73
Trang 4' ' f f
Neu vdt vd nhu the thi tha chet qudch dl
cdn han
Ba cau tren cd the thay the "yohodo"hay
"yoppodo" bang "zutto" hoac "harukani"
deu cd nghTa la "ban the nhieu"
10 ~ ^ 5 ^ ^ ~ ; ^ ^ v ^
Mau cau nay dimg de so sanh hai tinh
trang khdng khac nhau nhieu lam.Ngudi ndi
mudn neu ra rang tinh trang nay khdng bang
tinh trang kia, tiic la miic do cd chenh nhau
theo cam giac ciia ngudi ndi Vi du :
a) ^ 0 tm/5^^^v^T-ro x h ^ 0 «
Hdm nay gid cUng to Nhimg hdm nay
khdng ret bdng hdm qua
^\c^^^t^X\-tM_^^ki
Khu phd ndy bdy gid ciing ddng ngirdi,
nhirng khdng ddng vui bdng hdi xua
c) ^(D'rT hmmn hflt:Llv^^^X
De kiim tra ndy khdng de nhu ban nghi
n ^\^}£ ( < ?3V^) ~ N f i / i V ^
Mau cau "V hodo(kurai) ~ Nwa nai
"thudng la each ndi so sanh chii quan ciia
ngudi ndi v l mdt sir viec nao dd so sanh vdi
mire binh thudng thi sir viec nay ndi trdi hon
ca Mau cau nay cd t h i thay "hodo" bang
"kurai" Vi du :
a) S o T V ^ S c ^ t S V ^ ^ i 9 ( Z ) f c 5 ^
Khi gap khd khdn khdns cd gi vui bdng cd
ldi ddng vien cua bgn
b) ^Hfl:(7^f^6^^C^V^fe^V^tV^t)
Khdng cd loai d mai ndo ngon bdng d mai
dng bd tdi lam
Khdns cd gi vui bdng sau bira cam tdi la vira dgc sdch vira nghe
nhgc minh ua thich
d) ^ : %\^t)f^-k,o
Vg : Ndng qua anh nhi ? Chdng : (f! Khdng cd miia he ndo ndng
nhu nam nay
Hoac cd t h i dirng trong cau the hien tinh hinh khach quan :
d Viet Nam khdng cd nggn nui ndo cao bdng nui Fuji
-b) 4^ —f-^ ^^Tff(::{i^ — ^ ^ l i ^ A
O thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh khdng cd cdl
hd ndo ldn nhu hd Tay
O Nhdt Bdn ngodl nui Fuji ra khdng cdn nggn niii ndo cao duac nhir the
cau c) diing them "hokani" trudc "nai" cd nghTa la "ngoai(nggn niii ay) ra khdng cdn (nggn mii nao) cao bang (nggn niii ay) niia."
12 ~ < bV^ (fS^) ~
Mau cau nay diing trong trudng hgp ngudi ndi mudn nhan manh mire do cua trang thai ay nhu the nao Phan ldn ddng
tu-di trudc "kurai' thudng la ddng tir kha nang hoac ddng tir + tai (mudn ) Cach diing
giong vdi ''hodo'\ nen cd the thay the
"'kurar bang "hodo", nghTa tuong duong
V i d u :
74 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG BflC fl SO 4(98) 4-2009
Trang 5Nghien cim khoa hgc
a) S ^ i ^ i ^ l ' - g ^ l ^ L / t o A^-CPil-r//-::
l^< i b l ^ 9 t L L V \ (Tlicb'-j t O K )
To/ ^a dfd rro^g ky thi qudc gia Tdi vui
sudng den mire mudn keu that to
b) ujii(^T-ffiT-t)j^tt6< hh^(Dm
i'^KX-to (r{5<^-J t i O K )
Dudng nui Id con dudng ddc thoai thoai
den tre con ciing dl dirac
c) # ( 7 D 9 { i l U g l 9 ( ^ t T o T t 9 - ^
-bOK)
//d/72 qua, tdi di leo nui, met qua den mire
khdng the nhdc ndi cdl chan
13 ~ f ^ t ) ^ b T
Mau cau nay diing trong trudng hgp muon
noi rang : dieu dd la nhu vay
Nhung mgt dieu khac cdn hon the nira
Tieng Viet cd the diing tir "hon ca" hoac
"han thi" Vidu :
a) ri-^pp^Mmpii^ii^uc t.^^-r
Vdn de rdc thai Id vdn de cap thiet han tdt
ca_ cdc vdn de khde
h)^(Do K'Mt^m^-t^ tmo m^ii'^
(D\t ^ii(7)^^^^-ro;^^l9•/•&o/c<^V^
Hdm qua tdi cd thu bdo tin bgn tdi sdp
cudi, nhung dieu cdn vui han the Id benh tdt
cua bgn tdi da khdi hdn
c) ^^(Dm^^^\ L ; ^ ^ L # ^ 1 ^
tLXmx.t^^fz\^(D\-t Ul^(DM^f^o
Miia he a Nhdt Bdn ndng Nhung cdi khd
chiu han cd cdi ndng la do dm cao
14 ^\Z in) hfzh-^S:^^
Mau cau nay dugc sir dung khi ngudi noi
to y danh gia tblp :" Cai dd khdng cd gia trj
den mire thi dau ! "Phln ldn dugc sir dung
vdi cac ddng tir"ngacnhien"(odoroku)
"kham phuc" (kanshinsuru), "dang khen" (homeru),
"tan duong"(sh6san) v.v Vi du :
a) '^(D^^fj:hXfz\^LfLZ t l t t l
Anh ta cd tdi cdn gi ddu ! Chd ddng kinh ngac
(D^t^(D^0fz m^'b-r^i^i-t'^fz^h^i
Birc tranh ndy duac, nhirng hinh nhu bdt chudc kieu ve ciia hog si ndi tieng Khdng ddng khdm phuc
Ddng sau su thdnh cdng ciia anh Yamada
cd sir giup da ciia cha me anh ta Chd cd gi ddng tdn duang cd
15 Nfi\^%xh {-^xnx^fi 1/VJ\ -^X\tX^fS:<Xh)
Mau cau nay diing trong trudng hgp ngudi noi muon dien dat suy nghT rang: " luy khong dat dugc mire ay, nhung cung da dat dugc d mire thap hon" Co nghTa la "toi thilu", "it nhat" cung dat dugc nhu vay
Vi du :
a) \^?i^::t\uvmhfi^^^xh - i l
Coi nhu mdi ldn dirac nghi deu khdng ve duac thi cir mdi tudn ggi dien thoai mdt ldn
cd duac khdng ?
b) ±^{^t^hti^j:\^'^Xi,M^^^t L
x:^yr°~y^mL^ti\^\
Col nhu khdng the tham gia thi dau duac, tdi cir luyen tap cho vui thoi
c) mMtnm:^^£^'tXh f^^J)-tK>
NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C k SO 4(98) 4-2009 75
Trang 6Col nhu khdng the ndi Id tuyet ddi, nhirng
theo tdi khd ndng thdnh cdng khd cao
II Diing dong
til-1 Diing dgng tir ^\Z.-fy^^^\ "nikagiru"
vdi nghTa la "ichiban n'\tdt nhdt la , hoac
Id tuyet nhdt) Day la each ndi chii quan
ciia nguoi noi Vi vay khdng diing trong
trudng hgp phan doan khach quan Cach ndi
tilp CO thi diing : : V § V / ^ V ^ , N + {:^PI
So
Sau mdt ngay lam viec dirac udng I cdc
bia udp lgnh Id tuyet nhdt
b) ^j^^'m^'t^^-ofzh.mm^m-^
Niu thdy minh cd ldi thi tdt nhdt la cir
thdnh that xin ldi
Niu sa beo len thi tdt nhdt la khdng dn
nhirng thue phdm chira nhieu ca-lo
2 Diing dgng tir T-f-^^ § j "sugiru" lam
ddng tir bd trg di sau tinh tir hoac ddng tir
khac d l so sanh vdi mire tieu chuIn binh
thwdng thi nd vugt qua hoac qua miic Cach
ndi tilp cd thi nhu sau : dgng tir d doan i,
tinh tir 1 cat duoi i + sugiru Rieng "nai" ddi
thanh "nasa" + sugiru
V(i), A(cd) + i - # ^ 6 Ngoai le: /.^V^
Vi du :
a) -(D^-^n^^-^t^-r^^-to
Chile banh ga-td nay hoi nggt qua
b) #^-r#'-r fe/.g;o^;6H^o(fv^'e-ro
No qua vl dn hai nhieu
Anh ta rdt cham chi, nhirng tinh tinh hai khd khan (thieu tinh di ddm)
Tdm lai, hinh thirc so sanh trong tieng Nhat dugc sir dung nhieu mau cau va mgt vai dgng tir niia Trong tieng Viet cung co nhtrng each ndi so sanh, nhung chiing toi chu truong khdng so sanh vdi tieng Viet d phln nghien ciiu nay, ma chi tim ra nhung mlu cau tilng Viet tuong duong d l djch cac cau vi du giiip ngudi hgc va cac ban dgc mudn tim hiiu tilng Nhat cd them dilu kien tham khao Phln nghien ciru tren day mdi chi la bude dlu, nhung 15 m l u cau va 2 dgng tir cd le la nbij-ng each ndi so sanh thdng thudng va co ban Chae chan cdn mdt
sd each noi khac niia, chiing tdi hy vgng rang trong thdi gian tdi se cd nhtrng bai nghien cim sau bon, day dii hon
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO
jv f^' ' 'y^-^'yA < 6Lfc^tlilS 2001
^ 9 i ! 1 s me WWu
2 m'M^^ -nmt fp^m^ ^}ihfm
t' oii'^B ^fg^m^s 3 £ f u
3 mim ^5t^l±T/V^ 2007 ¥ 5 ^
31 B^f&mf
1992^10^ 27 Bmnmmi
76 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG BflC fl SO 4(98) 4-2009