David BlaauwDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan Kuo-Hsing Cheng Tamkang UniversityTamkang, Taiwan Bi-Shiou Chiou Departmen
Trang 2The VLSI Handbook Second Edition
4199_C000.fm Page i Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 3The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Richard C Dorf
University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series
The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
The Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R Spitzer
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Joseph D Bronzino
The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson
The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G Oklobdzija
The Control Handbook, William S Levine
The CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C Dorf
The Digital Avionics Handbook, Second Edition Cary R Spitzer
The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K Madisetti and Douglas Williams
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C Dorf
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L Grigsby
The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C Whitaker
The Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C Dorf
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D Poularikas
The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, William A Goddard, III,Donald W Brenner, Sergey E Lyshevski, and Gerald J Iafrate
The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and Hussein T Mouftah
The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J David Irwin
The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G Webster
The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu
The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H Bishop
The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D Gibson
The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio
The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C Dorf
The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Alexander D Poularikas
The VLSI Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen4199_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 4Edited by
Wai-Kai Chen
University of Illinois Chicago, USA
CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Boca Raton London New York 4199_C000.fm Page iii Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 5CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-4199-X (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-4199-1 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The VLSI handbook / edited by Wai-Kai Chen.—2nd ed.
p cm.—(Electrical engineering handbook series; 38) Includes bibliographical references and index.
Trang 6Preface
We are most gratified to find that the first edition of The VLSI Handbook (2000) was well received and
is widely used Thus, we feel that our original goal of providing in-depth professional-level coverage ofVLSI technology was, indeed, worthwhile Seven years is a short time in terms of development of scienceand technology; however as this handbook shows, momentous changes have occurred during this period,necessitating not only the updating of many chapters of the handbook, but more startling, the additionand expansion of many topics Significant examples are low-power electronics and design, testing ofdigital systems, VLSI signal processing, and design languages and tools to name a few of the moreprominent additions
Purpose
The VLSI Handbook provides in a single volume a comprehensive reference work covering the broadspectrum of VLSI technology It is written and developed for practicing electrical engineers in industry,government, and academia The goal is to provide the most up-to-date information in integratedcircuits (IC) technology, devices and their models, circuit simulations, low-power electronicsand design, amplifiers, analog and logic circuits, memory, registers and system timing, microprocessorand ASIC, test and testability, design automation, VLSI signal processing, and design languages andtools The handbook is not an all-encompassing digest of everything taught within an electricalengineering curriculum on VLSI technology Rather, it is the engineer’s first choice in looking for asolution Therefore, full references to other sources of contributions are provided The ideal reader is
a BS level engineer with a need for a one-source reference to keep abreast of new techniques andprocedures as well as review standard practices
Background
The handbook stresses fundamental theory behind professional applications To do so, it is reinforcedwith frequent examples Extensive development of theory and details of proofs have been omitted Thereader is assumed to have a certain degree of sophistication and experience However, brief reviews oftheories, principles, and mathematics of some subject areas are given These reviews have been doneconcisely with perception The handbook is not a textbook replacement, but rather a reinforcement andreminder of material learned as a student Therefore, important advancement and traditional as well asinnovative practices are included
Since most of the professional electrical engineers graduated before powerful personal computers werewidely available, many computational and design methods may be new to them Therefore, computersand software use are thoroughly covered Not only does the handbook use traditional references to citesources for the contributions, but it also contains all relevant sources of information and tools that would4199_C000.fm Page v Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 7vi Preface
assist the engineer in performing his/her job This may include sources of software, databases, standards,seminars, conferences, etc
Organization
Over the years, the fundamentals of VLSI technology have evolved to include a wide range of topics and
a broad range of practice To encompass such a wide range of knowledge, the handbook focuses on thekey concepts, models, and equations that enable the electrical engineer to analyze, design, and predictthe behavior of very large-scale integrated circuits While design formulas and tables are listed, emphasis
is placed on the key concepts and theories underlying the applications
The information is organized into 13 major sections, which encompass the field of VLSI technology.Each section is divided into chapters, each of which is written by a leading expert in the field to enlightenand refresh knowledge of the mature engineer, and to educate the novice Each section contains intro-ductory material, leading to the appropriate applications To help the reader, each article includes twoimportant and useful categories: defining terms and references Defining terms are key definitions andthe first occurrence of each term defined is indicated in italic type in the text The references provide alist of useful books and articles for further reading and for additional information on the topic
Locating Your Topic
Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided A complete table
of contents is presented at the beginning of the book In addition, an individual table of contents precedeseach of the 13 sections Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents The reader is urged
to review these tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of thebook For example, see Section VIII: Microprocessor and ASIC, then Chapter 64: Microprocessor DesignVerification, and then Section 64.2: Design Verification Environment This tree-like structure enables thereader to move up the tree to locate information on the topic of interest
A combined subject and author index has been compiled to provide means of accessing information
It can also be used to locate definitions; the page on which the definition appears for each key definingterm is given in this index
The VLSI Handbook is structured to provide answers to most inquiries and to direct inquirer to furthersources and references We trust that it will meet your needs
Acknowledgments
The compilation of this book would not have been possible without the dedication and efforts of thesection editors, the publishers, and most of all the contributing authors I wish to thank all of them andalso my wife, Shiao-Ling, for her patience and understanding
Wai-Kai Chen
Editor-in-Chief
4199_C000.fm Page vi Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 8Editor-in-Chief
Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago He received his BS and MS in electrical engineering fromOhio University, where he was later recognized as a distinguished
professor He earned his PhD in electrical engineering from the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Professor Chen has extensive experience in education and industry
and is very active professionally in the fields of circuits and systems
He has served as visiting professor at Purdue University, University of
Hawaii at Manoa, and Chuo University in Tokyo, Japan He was editor
of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Series I and II,
pre-sident of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and is the founding
editor and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and
Com-puters He received the Lester R Ford Award from the Mathematical
Association of America, the Alexander von Humboldt Award from
Germany, the JSPS Fellowship Award from Japan Society for the
Pro-motion of Science, the National Taipei University of Technology
Distinguished Alumnus Award, the Ohio University Alumni Medal of
Merit for Distinguished Achievement in Engineering Education, the
Senior University Scholar Award and the 2000 Faculty Research Award
from University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign He is also the recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal, the Education Award,the Meritorious Service Award from IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and the Third Millennium Medalfrom the IEEE He has also received more than a dozen honorary professorship awards from majorinstitutions in Taiwan and China
A fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Association for theAdvancement of Science, Professor Chen is widely known in the profession for his published works whichinclude Applied Graph Theory (North-Holland), Theory and Design of Broadband Matching Networks
(Pergamon Press), Active Network and Feedback Amplifier Theory (McGraw-Hill), Linear Networks and Systems (Brooks/Cole), Passive and Active Filters: Theory and Implements (John Wiley), Theory of Nets: Flows in Networks (Wiley-Interscience), The Circuits and Filters Handbook (CRC Press), and The Electrical Engineering Handbook (Elsevier Academic Press)
Wai-Kai Chen
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Trang 94199_C000.fm Page viii Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 10David Blaauw
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan
Kuo-Hsing Cheng
Tamkang UniversityTamkang, Taiwan
Bi-Shiou Chiou
Department of Electronics Engineering
National Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
John Choma, Jr.
Department of Electrical Engineering/ElectrophysicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California
Amy Hsiu-Fen Chou
National Tsing-HuaUniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
Moon Jung Chung
Department of Computer Science
Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan
David J Comer
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringBrigham Young UniversityProvo, Utah
Donald T Comer
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringBrigham Young UniversityProvo, Utah
Daniel A Connors
Department of Computer Science
University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado
Donald R Cottrell
Silicon IntegrationInitiative, Inc
Austin, Texas
John D Cressler
School of Electrical and Computer EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia
4199_C000.fm Page ix Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 11Science and Engineering
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Jan V Grahn
School of Information and Communication Technology
KTH, Royal Institute of Technology
Kista, Sweden
Flavius Gruian
Department of Computer Science
Lund University Sweden
Maria del Mar Hershenson
Stanford UniversityStanford, California
Charles Ching-Hsiang Hsu
National Tsing-Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
Kazumi Inoh
Center for Semiconductor Research and
DevelopmentSemiconductor CompanyToshiba CorporationYokohama, Japan
Ali Iranli
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
K Irick
Department of Computer Science and
EngineeringPennsylvania StateUniversityUniversity Park,Pennsylvania
M J Irwin
Department of Computer Science and EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania
Hidemi Ishiuchi
Center for Semiconductor Research and DevelopmentSemiconductor CompanyToshiba CorporationYokohama, Japan
Mohammed Ismail
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio
Hiroshi Iwai
Frontier Collaborative Research CenterTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
Vikram Iyengar
IBM MicroelectronicsEssex Junction, Vermont
W Kenneth Jenkins
Department of Computer Science and EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania
Jeff Jessing
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringBoise State UniversityBoise, Idaho
Niraj K Jha
Department of Electrical Engineering
Princeton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey
Graham A Jullien
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, Alberta, Canada
4199_C000.fm Page x Tuesday, November 14, 2006 5:30 PM
Trang 12Contributors xi
Dimitri Kagaris
Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering
Southern Illinois University
Science and Engineering
Hankuk University of Foreign
Studies
Yongin, Kyung Ki-Do, Korea
Jihong Kim
School of Computer
Science and Engineering
Seoul National University
Richmond, Virginia
Ivan S Kourtev
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Seok-Jun Lee
DSP R&DTexas Instruments, Inc
Dallas, Texas
Thomas H Lee
Stanford UniversityStanford, California
Chi-Sheng Lin
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
Frank Ruei-Ling Lin
National Tsing-Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
Bin-Da Liu
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
Tainan, Taiwan
John Lockwood
Department of Computer Science and EngineeringWashington University
St Louis, Missouri
Stephen I Long
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, California
Kista, Sweden
Mohammad Mansour
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering American University of BeirutBeirut, Lebanon
Diana Marculescu
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Radu Marculescu
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Martin Margala
Electrical and Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MassachusettsLowell, Massachusetts
Shin-ichi Minato
NTT Network Innovation Laboratories
Kanagawa, Japan
Shahrzad Mirkhani
Electrical and Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of TehranTehran, Iran
Sunderarajan S Mohan
Stanford UniversityStanford, California
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Trang 13xii Contributors
Hisayo S Momose
Center for Semiconductor
Research and Development
Hideaki Nii
System LSI Division ISemiconductor CompanyToshiba CorporationYokohama, Japan
Umit Y Ogras
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Tatsuya Ohguro
Center for Semiconductor Research and DevelopmentSemiconductor CompanyToshiba CorporationYokohama, Japan
Mikael Östling
School of Information and Communication Technology KTH, Royal Institute of Technology
Kista, Sweden
Seok-Bae Park
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio
Alice C Parker
Department of Electrical Engineering-SystemsUniversity of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Massoud Pedram
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Patrick Reynaert
Elektrotechniek, ESAT-MICASKatholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Belgium
Mahsan Rofouei
Nanoelectronics Center
of ExcellenceSchool of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TehranTehran, Iran
Kirad Samavati
Stanford UniversityStanford, California
Naresh R Shanbhag
Electrical and Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Illinois atUrbana-ChampaignUrbana, Illinois
Li Shang
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringQueen’s University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Rick Shih-Jye Shen
National Tsing-Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
Bing J Sheu
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing CompanyTaiwan
Dongkun Shin
Samsung Electronics Co., LTD.Suwon, Korea
Trang 14Yosef Tirat-Gefen
Department of Electrical Engineering-SystemsUniversity of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Chris Toumazou
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
University of LondonLondon, UK
Spyros Tragoudas
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois
Yuh-Kuang Tseng
Industrial Research and Technology InstituteHsinchu, Taiwan
N Vijaykrishnan
Department of Computer Science and EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, Pennsylvania
Suhrid A Wadekar
Department of Electrical Engineering-SystemsUniversity of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
Chorng-Kuang Wang
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
R F Wassenaar
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of TwenteThe Netherlands
Louis A Williams III
Texas Instruments, Inc.Dallas, Texas
Wayne Wolf
Department of Electrical Engineering
Princeton UniversityPrinceton, New Jersey
Chung-Yu Wu
Department of Electronics Engineering
National Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
Evans Ching-Song Yang
National Tsing-Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
Kazuo Yano
System LSI Research DepartmentCentral Research LaboratoryHitachi Ltd
Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan
Ko Yoshikawa
CAD DepartmentComputers DivisionNEC CorporationFuchu, Tokyo, Japan
Kuniyoshi Yoshikawa
Quality Promotion CenterSemiconductor CompanyToshiba CorporationYokohama, Japan
Takashi Yoshitomi
System LSI Division ISemiconductor CompanyToshiba CorporationTokyo, Japan
Min-Shueh Yuan
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
C Patrick Yue
Stanford UniversityStanford, California