Chapter 15 - Using noncompetitive market models. In this chapter students will be able to: Determine the relative magnitude of the deadweight loss of monopoly, ascertain the extent to which, if any, monopolies suppress innovations, explore whether government intervention can promote efficiency in the case of natural monopoly,...
Trang 2 Determine the relative magnitude of the deadweight loss of monopoly
Ascertain the extent to which, if any, monopolies suppress innovations
Explore whether government intervention can promote
efficiency in the case of natural monopoly
Explore the concepts of iterated dominance and
commitment in the context of game theory models
Trang 315.1 THE SIZE OF THE DEADWEIGHT LOSS OF MONOPOLY
Determine the relative magnitude of the deadweight loss of monopoly.
Trang 4Deadweight Loss of Monopoly
Trang 5Deadweight Loss Not Large?
Estimates of the deadweight loss of monopoly in relation to GNP are not large
Reasons:
Deadweight loss is compared to the size of the whole economy (GNP), not to the size of the monopolized
sector
There are few, if any, pure monopolies in the U.S
We cannot measure the restriction in output in any
industry, only actual output
Trang 7INVENTIONS?
Ascertain the extent to which, if any, monopolies suppress innovations.
Trang 8 Worthwhile invention: one that allows a firm to produce a higherquality product at an unchanged cost or to produce the samequality product at a lower cost
Different industry structures:
Competitive conditions: initial firm can gain until other firms copy it
A worthwhile invention can be profitable for a monopolist.
Conclusions:
Profit incentives lead to the introduction of wortwhile inventions.
Monopoly power does not necessarily suppress inventions.
Trang 9Figure 15.2 – Monopoly and Inventions
Trang 10Explore whether government intervention can promote efficiency in the case of natural monopoly.
Trang 11 the case in which the average cost of a single enterprise
declines over the entire range of market demand
Production cost if minimized if one firm supplies the entire output for the industry
Economies of scale extend to very high output levels
(continued)
Trang 12 Dilemma:
Efficiency in production results from one supplier
Lack of competition may lead to less output and higher prices
Trang 13Figure 15.3 Natural Monopoly
Trang 14Theory
Public utilities – public agencies charged with regulating natural monopolies
Monopoly’s owners receive no profit
Trang 15Monopoly
Trang 16Practice
Practice: reliance on the rate of return on invested capital (accounting profit) earned by a monopoly because complete knowledge of cost and demand conditions is unattainable
Issues:
The monopolist’s incentive to minimize cost is diminished.
Regulated rates reduces the incentive to engage in research and development activities designed to develop new services or new products.
Conclusions:
Regulation is not ideal
Alternatives are likewise unattractive
Trang 19 Iterated dominance – the concept of eliminating any
strategy that is inferior to or dominated by another strategy
Nash equilibrium
Trang 20Table 15.1
Trang 21 Commitment – the strategy of adopting a particular course
of action, constraining one’s choice of strategies, in order to increase your equilibrium payoff
Trang 22(continued)
Trang 23Table 15.3