Chapter 19 - General equilibrium analysis and economic efficiency. In this chapter students will be able to: Delineate the difference between partial and general equilibrium analysis, explain the concept of economic efficiency, outline the three conditions necessary for the attainment of economic efficiency,...
Trang 2 Examine efficiency in production and what this implies
about input usage across different industries
(continued)
Trang 3 Show how efficiency in output is related to the production possibility frontier
Demonstrate how perfect competition satisfies all three conditions for economic efficiency
Spell out the reasons why economic efficiency may not be achieved.
Trang 4EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS COMPARED
Delineate the difference between partial and general equilibrium analysis.
Trang 5 assumes that some things that conceivably could, but do not, change (“other things equal”)
Trang 6Markets Illustrated
Spillover effect – a change in equilibrium in one market that affect other markets
Feedback effect – a change in equilibrium in a market that
is caused by events in other markets that, in turn, are the result of an initial change in equilibrium in the market
under consideration
Trang 7Figure 19.1 Interdependence Between Markets: Butter and Margarine
Trang 8Analysis Be Used?
Guideline:
Partial analysis is usually accurate in cases involving a change in conditions primarily affecting one market among many, with
repercussions on other markets dissipated throughout the economy
General equilibrium analysis tends to be more appropriate when a change in conditions affects many, or all, markets are the same time and to the same degree
Pareto optimal
the condition in which it is not possible, through any feasible
change in resource allocation, to benefit one person without making some other person or persons worse off
Trang 9Explain the concept of economic efficiency.
Trang 10 Efficient – Pareto optimal; an allocation of resources when
it is not possible, through any feasible change in resource allocation, to benefit one person without making any other person worse off
Inefficient – the condition in which it is possible, through some feasible reallocation of resources, to benefit at least one person without making any other person worse off
Trang 12Performance
The notions of efficient and inefficient resource allocations emphasize the factors that affect the level and distribution
of wellbeing
BUT, given the premise that each person is the best judge of their own welfare,
we cannot conclude that any efficient position is better than any inefficient position.
Trang 13EFFICIENCY
Outline the three conditions necessary for the attainment of economic efficiency.
Trang 14 how to distribute goods among consumers
Condition for efficiency in the distribution of goods:
Trang 15Examine efficiency in production and what this implies about input usage across different industries.
Trang 16Box
…is a diagram that identifies all the ways two inputs such as labor and land can be allocated between industries in a
simplified economy
Trang 17Efficiency in Production
Efficient resource allocations in input markets lies on the contract curve which connects points of tangency between isoquants
Where the equilibrium lies on the contract curve depends on the input prices
A general equilibrium in competitive input markets will
occur at the point in which the slopes of the isoquants are equal to one another, as well as the input price ratio
Trang 18Input Markets
Trang 2019.5 THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER AND EFFICIENCY IN
Show how efficiency in output is related to the production possibility frontier.
Trang 21Efficiency in Output
The PPF shows the alternative combinations of two goods that can be produced with fixed supplies of inputs; it can be derived from the contract curve by plotting various possible output combinations directly
Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) – the rate at
which one product can be “transformed” into another
At any point on the frontier, the slope, or MRT, equals
MCc/MCF
Trang 22Figure 19.5 The Production Possibility Frontier Revisited
Trang 24Figure 19.6 Efficiency in Output
Trang 25from International Trade
Trang 2619.6 COMPETITIVE MARKETS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
Demonstrate how perfect competition satisfies all three conditions for economic efficiency.
Trang 27Efficiency
Perfectly competitive markets satisfy the 3 conditions for economic efficiency:
an efficient distribution of products among consumers
efficiency in production
efficiency in output
Trang 28 Condition 1: Efficient Distribution of Products Among Consumers
Condition 2: Efficiency in Production
Trang 29 Condition 3: Efficiency in Output
Trang 30 Adam Smith
If perfect competition prevails, then all three conditions for economic efficiency are satisfied
People pursuing their own ends in competitive markets
promote economic efficiency
Trang 31 When resources are efficiently allocated, it is assumed that all the relevant information is known
Consumers or producers adjust their behavior based on
prices
Efficient responses occur in a market system without
anyone knowing why prices change
Trang 32INEFFICIENCY
Spell out the reasons why economic efficiency may not be achieved.