Chapter 13 - Monopolistic competition and oligopoly. In this chapter students will be able to: Explain how price and output are determined under monopolistic competition, describe the characteristics of oligopoly and the cournot model, compare several key noncooperative oligopoly models; including Stackelberg and the dominant firm;...
Trang 2 Explain how price and output are determined under
monopolistic competition
Describe the characteristics of Oligopoly and the Cournot Model
Compare several key noncooperative oligopoly models, including Stackelberg and the dominant firm
Show how price and output are determined under the
cooperative oligopoly model of cartels
Trang 3MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Explain how price and output are determined under monopolistic
competition.
Trang 5 The demand curve facing each firm is downwardsloping but fairly elastic, reflecting a firm’s market power.
Trang 6Figure 13.1 – Monopolistic Competition
Trang 7 Deadweight loss is analytically reduced if the
interdependence between individual firms’ demand is taken into account
Trang 8of Monopolistic Competition
Trang 9Three reasons why government intervention is probably not warranted:
Any deadweight loss is likely to be small, due to the presence of competing firms and free entry
Any possible inefficiency cost must be weighed against the product variety produced and the benefits of such variety to consumers
The costs of intervention must be balanced against the potential gain from expanding output
Trang 1013.2 OLIGOPOLY AND THE COURNOT MODEL
Describe the characteristics of Oligopoly and the Cournot Model.
Trang 11Oligopoly – an industry structure characterized by:
a few firms producing all or most of the output of some good that may or many not be differentiated
mutual interdependence: a firm’s actions have an
effect on its rivals and induce a react by the rivals
barriers to entry which can influence pricing behavior
many theoretical models
Trang 12 Duopoly – an industry with two firms
Cournot Model – a model of oligopoly that assumes each firm determines its output based on the assumption that any other firms will not change their outputs
Equilibrium is reached when neither firm has any incentive
to change output
Trang 13Figure 13.3 The Cournot Model
Trang 14 Reaction Curve – a relationship showing one firm’s most profitable output as a function of the output chosen by the other firm(s)
Cournot equilibrium occurs at the intersection of two reaction curves:
Total output is usually between that of pure monopoly and competition
Price exceeds MC
Trang 15Figure 13.4 – The Cournot Model with Reaction Curves
Trang 16The assumption that each firm takes the output of a rival
firm as constant is implausible if the market is adjusting toward equilibrium.
Trang 17Compare several key noncooperative oligopoly models, including
Stackelberg and the dominant firm.
Trang 18 The Stackelberg Model – a model of oligopoly in which a leader firm selects its output first, taking the reactions of
follower firms into account
Dominant Firm Model – a model of oligopoly in which the leader or dominant firm assumes its rivals behave like
competitive firms in determining their output
Trang 19 Residual demand curve – a firm’s demand curve based on the assumption that the firm knows how much output rivals will produce for each output the firm may choose
Key point: a firm’s conjectures in an oligopoly about how rivals will respond can affect firms’ outputs, profits, and total industry output
Which model is better, the Stackelberg model or the
Cournot model? It depends upon the particular market
Trang 20Figure 13.5 The Stackelberg Model
Trang 21 The leader assumes its rivals behave like competitive firms in determining their output.
Also known as “the dominant firm with a competitive fringe” model.
At any price, the dominant firm can sell an amount equal to the total quantity demanded at that price minus the quantity the fringe firms produce.
At equilibrium, price > MC for the dominant firm but price = MC for the fringe firm
Total output < output for a competitive industry
Trang 22Figure 13.6 The Dominant Firm Model
Trang 24Demand Curve
(continued)
Trang 25Show how price and output are determined under the cooperative
oligopoly model of cartels.
Trang 26 Cartel – an agreement among independent producers to coordinate their decisions so each of them will earn
monopoly profit
Collusion – coordinated decisions among independent
producers in an industry
Cartels are illegal under antitrust laws in the United States
Trang 27 Competitive firms are unable to raise price by restricting output
When firms act jointly to limit the amount supplied, price will increase
Firms can always make a larger profit by colluding
rather then by competing
Idealized cartel result: same as if the industry were
supplied by a monopoly that controlled the 20 firms
Trang 28Figure 13.7 – A Cartel
Trang 29 Each firm has a strong incentive to cheat on the cartel
agreement
Members of the cartel will disagree over appropriate cartel policy regarding pricing, output, allowable market shares, and profit sharing
Profits of the cartel members will encourage entry into the industry
Trang 31 Reasons for Success:
The price elasticity of demand for oil is low in the short run
The price elasticity of supply of oil from nonOPEC
suppliers is low in the short run
Oilimporting nations frequently adopted policies that strengthened OPEC’s position
In general, the magnitude of any response in consumption and production will be greater the more time consumers and
Trang 32Dominant Firm