Chapter 6 - Exchange, efficiency, and prices. In this chapter students will be able to: Understand why voluntary exchange is mutually beneficial, explain what economists mean by efficiency in exchange and the benefits associated with the promotion of such efficiency, discuss how competitive markets promote efficient distribution of goods between consumers.
Trang 2Learning Objectives
Understand why voluntary exchange is mutually beneficial
Explain what economists mean by efficiency in exchange and the benefits associated with the promotion of such
efficiency
Discuss how competitive markets promote efficient
distribution of goods between consumers
Explore the extent to which price and nonprice mechanisms for rationing goods across consumers serve to promote
efficiency
Explain the mathematics behind efficiency in exchange
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Trang 3Economic Efficiency
With regard to exchange, economic efficiency represents a
distribution of goods across consumers in which no one consumer can be made better off without hurting another consumer
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Trang 46.1 TWOPERSON EXCHANGE
Understand why voluntary exchange is mutually beneficial.
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Trang 6Table 6.1
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Trang 7The Edgeworth Exchange Box Diagram
Edgeworth exchange box: a diagram for examining the allocation of fixed total quantities of two goods between two consumers
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Trang 8Figure 6.1 Edgeworth Exchange Box
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Trang 9 Indifference map – shows entire preference mapping
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Trang 10Figure 6.2 – Gains from Trade
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Trang 11Gains from Trade
Every point inside the shaded area: a market basket for each consumer that is preferred to Basket A (Figure 6.2)
Where the marginal rates of substitution differ: mutually beneficial trade between the parties is possible
Final outcome is not uniquely determined
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Trang 126.2 EFFICIENCY IN THE
DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS
Explain what economists mean by efficiency in exchange and the benefits associated with the promotion of such efficiency.
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Trang 13Efficiency in the Distribution of Goods
Pareto optimality – another term for economic efficiency: an efficient
distribution of fixed total quantities of goods such that it is not possible, through any change in the distribution, to benefit one person without making some other person worse off.
Contract curve – in an Edgeworth exchange box, a line drawn through all the efficient distributions
Inefficiency – an allocation of goods in which it is possible, through a change in the distribution, to benefit one party without harming the other
Equity – the concept of fairness
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Trang 14Figure 6.3 Efficient Distributions and the Contract Curve
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Trang 15Efficiency and Equity
Initial Endowment: determines which efficient points on the contract curve at attainable though voluntary exchange
Fairness requires normative considerations which are
subjective judgments
Pareto optimality cannot help make normative judgments
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Trang 166.3 COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM AND EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION
Discuss how competitive markets promote efficient distribution of goods between consumers.
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Trang 17Competitive Equilibrium and Efficient
Distribution
Price taker – firms or consumers who cannot affect the prevailing price through their respective production and consumption decisions
Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”: each trader, concerned only with furthering his or her own interest, is led to
Trang 18Figure 6.4 Competitive Exchange
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Trang 19Competitive Equilibrium and Efficient Allocation
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Trang 20Figure 6.5 A MarketDetermined
Distribution is Efficient
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Trang 216.4 PRICE AND NONPRICE
RATIONING AND EFFICIENCY
Explore the extent to which price and nonprice mechanisms for rationing goods across consumers serve to promote efficiency.
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Trang 23Figure 6.6 – Gasoline Rationing
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Trang 26Some of the Mathematics behind
Efficiency in Exchange
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Trang 27Some of the Mathematics behind
Efficiency in Exchange (continued)
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