Chapter 4 - Individual and market demand. In this chapter students will be able to: Understand how price changes affect consumption choices, differentiate between the income and substitution effects associated with a price change on the consumption of a particular good, explain the relation between income and substitution effects in the case of inferior goods.
Trang 2 Understand how price changes affect consumption choices
Differentiate between the income and substitution effects associated with a price change on the consumption of a
Trang 3 Examine network effects: the extent to which an individual consumer’s demand for a good is influenced by other
individuals’ purchases
Overview the basics of demand estimation
Derive the Consumer’s Demand Curve Mathematically
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Trang 4CONSUMPTION CHOICES
Understand how price changes affect consumption choices.
Trang 6Consumer’s Demand Curve
Trang 7 At each point on the demand curve, the consumer’s optimality condition
is satisfied:
MRSXO = PX/POwhere “O” refers to “other goods” (composite good).
The demand curve identifies the marginal benefit associated with
various levels of consumption.
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Trang 8Figure 4.2 Do Demand Curves Always Slope Downward?
Trang 10Price Change
Income effect – a change in a consumer’s real purchasing power brought about by a change in the price of a good
Substitution effect – an incentive to increase consumption
of a good whose price falls, at the expense of other, now relatively more expensive, goods
Trang 11 Income Effect: change in consumption due to a change in real income or wellbeing, with no change in relative prices
For a normal good, both effects imply more consumption at
a lower price and less consumption at a higher price
Demand curve slopes downward
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Trang 12Remarks about Income and Substitution Effects of a Price Reduction: The NormalGood Case
(See Figure 4.3)
The substitution effect is shown by the difference between the markets
at points W and J.
The income effect is shown by the change in consumption when the consumer moves from point J on U1 to point W’ on U2.
Note that the substitution effect of any price change always implies more consumption of a good at a lower price and less consumption at a higher price.
The demand curve for a normal good must therefore be downward
sloping.
Trang 13Figure 4.3 Income and Substitution Effects
of a Price Reduction: The NormalGood Case
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Trang 15Figure 4.4 TaxPlusRebate Program
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Trang 16EFFECTS: INFERIOR GOODS
Explain the relation between income and substitution effects in the case of inferior goods.
Trang 18Effects for an Inferior Goods
Trang 194.4 FROM INDIVIDUAL TO MARKET DEMAND
Explain how individual demand curves are aggregated to obtain the
market demand curve.
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Trang 20From Individual to Market Demand
Horizontal summation: add quantities of individual demand curves at each price to obtain the market demand curve
All individual demand curves slope downward => market demand curve slopes downward
If some individual demand curves slope upward => market demand curve can till slope downward
Trang 21Figure 4.6 – Summing Individual
Demands to Obtain Market Demand
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Trang 22Demonstrate how consumer surplus represents the net benefit, or gain, to
an individual from consuming one market basket instead of another.
Trang 23Consumer Surplus
Consumer surplus – a measure of the net gain to consumers from purchasing a good arising from its cost being below the maximum that consumers are willing to pay
Total benefit – the total value a consumer derives from a particular amount of a good and thus the maximum amount the consumer would
be willing to pay for that amount of the good.
Marginal benefit – the incremental value a consumer derives from consuming an additional unit of a good and thus the maximum amount the consumer would pay for that additional unit
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Trang 24[NOTE: See Figure 4.7]
Trang 25Figure 4. 7 – Consumer Surplus
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Trang 26Consumer Surplus
Trang 27Figure 4.9 – The Increase in Consumer Surplus with a Lower Price
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Trang 28Indifference Curves
Trang 294.6 PRICE ELASTICITY AND THE
PRICE–CONSUMPTION CURVE
Investigate the relationship between ownprice elasticity of demand and the price–consumption curve.
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Trang 31Figure 4.11 PriceConsumption Curves and the Elasticity of Demand
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Trang 32Derive the Consumer’s Demand Curve Mathematically.
Trang 34 It exists whenever the quantity of a good demanded by a
particular consumer is greater the larger the number of other consumers purchasing the same good
It increases the response in quantity demanded to any
change in price
The market demand is more price elastic than the individual demand curves
Trang 35Figure 4.12 The Bandwagon Effect
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Trang 36 It occurs when a consumer is less willing to purchase a
good the more widespread its usage
The quantity of a good demanded by a particular individual falls the more widely owned the good is considered to be by other consumers
The market demand is more inelastic than the individual
demand curves
Trang 37Figure 4.13 Snob Effect
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Trang 38ESTIMATION
Examine network effects: the extent to which an individual consumer’s demand for a good is influenced by other individuals’ purchases.
Trang 3939
Trang 40Table 4.1
Trang 41Figure 4.14 Ordinary LeastSquares
Regression
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Trang 42Regression Analysis
Trang 44Mathematically
The demand curve of a consumer can be derived from the firstorder conditions determining the consumer’s optimal choice:
solve for the quantity demanded of the product, as a function of the price
The demand curve depends on the exact nature of the
consumer’s preferences as expressed in the utility function
Trang 45Deriving the Consumer’s Demand Curve
Mathematically [Equations]
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Trang 46[Equations]
Trang 47The CobbDouglas Utility Function
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