Chapter 2 - Supply and demand. In this chapter students will be able to: Understand how the behavior of buyers and sellers can be characterized through demand and supply curves, explain how equilibrium price and quantity are determined in a market for a good or service, analyze how a market equilibrium is affected by changes in demand or supply,...
Trang 2Learning Objectives
Understand how the behavior of buyers and sellers can be characterized through demand and supply curves.
Explain how equilibrium price and quantity are determined in a market for a good or service.
Analyze how a market equilibrium is affected by changes in demand or supply.
Explore the effects of government intervention in markets and how a price ceiling impacts price, quantity supplied, quantity demanded, and the welfare of buyers and sellers.
Show how elasticities provide a quantitative measure of the
responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to a change in some other variable such as price or income.
Explain the mathematics associated with elasticities.
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Trang 3Understand how the behavior of buyers and sellers can be characterized through demand and supply curves.
Trang 4Demand and Supply Curves
Supplydemand model: competitive interaction of sellers and buyers
Determination of market price and quantity
Response to changes in other economic variables
Incorporate forms of government intervention, such as price controls
Quantitative as well as qualitative market changes
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Trang 5 LAW OF DEMAND: the lower the price of a good, the larger the quantity consumers wish to purchase
“Demand” versus “Quantity demanded”
Negatively slope
Assumption: all other factors remain constant
Trang 6Figure 2.1 – A Demand Curve
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Trang 8 Law of Demand: demand curve slopes downward
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Trang 9Leftward shift: decrease in demand
Trang 10Figure 2.2 An Increase in Demand
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Trang 11 Law of Supply: the higher the price of a good, the larger the quantity firms want to produce
“Supply” versus “Quantity supplied”
Upward slope
Assumption: all other factors remain constant
Trang 12Figure 2.3 – A Supply Curve
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Trang 14 Law of Supply: supply curve slopes upward
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Trang 16Figure 2.4 An Increase in Supply
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Trang 17EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITY
Explain how equilibrium price and quantity are determined in a market for a good or service.
Trang 18Determination of Equilibrium Price and Quantity
Equilibrium
a situation in which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied at the prevailing price
Trang 19Equilibrium Price and Quantity
Trang 2020
Trang 21DEMAND OR SUPPLY
Analyze how a market equilibrium is affected by changes in demand or supply.
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Trang 23Changes in Demand and Supply
Trang 24Using the SupplyDemand Model to Explain Market Outcomes
Trang 25Model to Explain Market Outcomes
Trang 262.4 GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN MARKETS: PRICE CONTROLS
Explore the effects of government intervention in markets and how a
price ceiling impacts price, quantity supplied, quantity demanded, and the welfare of buyers and sellers.
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Trang 29Figure 2.8 Rent Control
Trang 322.5 ELASTICITIES
Show how elasticities provide a quantitative measure of the
responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to a change in some other variable such as price or income.
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Trang 33 Measures the magnitude of the responsiveness of quantity demanded (or quantity supplied) to a change in a
particular determinant (price, income, or the price of a
related good or input)
Measure of sensitivity to a monetary change
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Trang 35 Point elasticity formula
Arc elasticity formula
Trang 37a Using P1 and Qd1 (top line)
b Using P2 and Qd2 (bottom line)
Point Elasticity Formula
Trang 38Example: Large Differences
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Arc Elasticity Formula
Trang 39 Elastic: > 1η
Percentage change in quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price
Unit elastic: = 1η
Percentage change in quantity demanded is equal to the percentage change in price
Inelastic: < 1η
Percentage change in quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price
Trang 40Figure 2.9 Price Elasticity of Demand and Total Expenditure
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Trang 42Table 2.1
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Trang 431. Income elasticity of demand
a measure of how responsive consumption of some item
is to a change in income, assuming the price of the good itself remains unchanged
Trang 44 formula:
(ΔQdX/QdX) / (ΔPY/PY)
(continued)
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Trang 45 formula:
є = (ΔQs/Qs) / (ΔP/P)
Trang 462.6 THE MATHEMATICS ASSOCIATED WITH ELASTICITIES*
Explain the mathematics associated with elasticities.
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Trang 48The Mathematics Associated with
Elasticities (continued)
• When a demand curve has the shape of a rectangular hyperbola:
• the price elasticity of demand is the same as every point on the curve
• total expenditure does not change as price changes
• When price elasticity is greater than 1, an increase in price causes total expenditure to fall
• When price elasticity is less than 1, an increase in price causes total expenditure to rise
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Trang 49Mathematical Equations
Trang 50Mathematical Equations (continued)
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